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| an independent country ruled by a sultan |
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| North African peoples who intermingled with different ethnicities over many generations |
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| migrated south very slowly |
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| along key trading routes (eastern coast & sahara desert) |
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| Hunter-gatherer life to settled life |
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| increased sense of community |
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| extensive trade, spreading culture and technology and religion |
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| west coast of S. America; last Andean empire |
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| The clergy of France promoted the violence between French Catholics and Protestant Huguenots by using |
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| Italian city that the Renaissance began in |
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| Where in the late-fifteenth-century European world were African slaves the primary workforce? |
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| Atlantic island plantations |
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| How did the French king Francis I resolve the power struggle between France and the church? |
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| Francis negotiated an agreement that enabled French kings to control church positions in France. |
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| How did Martin Luther view marriage? |
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| marriage as a contract that could be broken |
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| religious order created by Angela Merici in 1535 |
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| limited religious tolerance of Calvinism in France |
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| What is virtù according to humanists of the Italian Renaissance? |
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| Quality of being able to shape the world around one |
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| most natural category of hierarchy in Renaissance Europe |
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| Where in Europe were the Jesuits most successful in converting Protestants back to Catholicism? |
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| Why was the Holy Roman emperor Charles V able to limit the spread of Protestantism in the Netherlands? |
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| Because he had grown up in the Netherlands, he was respected by the Dutch. |
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| program that tried to understand humanity through the study of classical literature |
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| Renaissance misogynists debate about women |
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| women's character/nature was devious, domineering, demanding |
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See "England," p. 437/pp. 433–434 Value
What was the general condition of England when Henry VII died in 1509? |
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| England was at peace both domestically and internationally. |
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| Why did Martin Luther attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church? |
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| He questioned church teachings on salvation and the use of indulgences. |
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| group of 6 cardinals dedicated to investigating suspected heretics |
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| political concept pioneered by Italian states in 15th century |
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| balance of power & permanent embassies |
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| Where in Renaissance Europe were shifting class divisions and new concepts of elite status most apparent? |
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| Which French king was the first to create a permanent royal army anywhere in Europe? |
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| How did Protestant and Catholic ideas about a woman's place in a marriage compare? |
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| both believed a woman was subordinate |
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| How did the Council of Trent reform the sacraments, which many Protestants objected to? |
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| reaffirmed the traditional teachings on the 7 sacraments |
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| each prince could determine the faith of his people |
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| valued significantly less than ANY male's work regardless of age |
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| What political situation of the sixteenth century influenced the Renaissance "debate about women"? |
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| prominent political rule of women in 4 major states |
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| How widespread was knowledge and acceptance of Renaissance culture among the general population of Europe? |
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| only a small, educated elite had full knowledge and acceptance of Renaissance ideas |
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| Why did Italian merchants become patrons of artists in the Renaissance? |
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| to demonstrate their wealth |
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| "true" man in Renaissance culture |
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| married head of household |
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| the long civil war interrupted trade; merchants were glad when it ended |
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| opened the doors of China to the West, encouraging Europeans to do business there |
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| fifteenth-century Portuguese royal who supported the exploration of the western coast of Africa |
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| The death of large numbers of Native Americans in European colonies in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries caused what major problem for colonial administration? |
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| Why were the port cities along the Indian Ocean safe from most violence and conquest from the seventh through the fourteenth centuries? |
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| The port cities of the area were protected by shared economic interest. |
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| How were the European voyages of exploration an extension of Renaissance thought? |
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| Exploration was a manifestation of Renaissance curiosity about the physical universe. |
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| seeked to convert native americans |
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| Why did the Spanish governor in Cuba send Hernán Cortés to Mexico in 1519? |
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| trade and explore the region |
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| Which of the following helps explain the racialization of the transatlantic slave trade? |
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| The supply of Muslim and white eastern Mediterranean slaves declined in the fifteenth century. |
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| What does the story of the Virgin of Guadalupe represent? |
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| Native American religious ideas influencing New World Catholicism |
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| After conquering Granada and ending the reconquista, where did the Spanish transfer the militaristic religious fervor they had developed during that military effort in Iberia? |
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| What caused the rise of Indian Ocean ports such as Quilon and Calicut in the late medieval period? |
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| They resupplied Arab merchants who were trading with China. |
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| Which two Italian city-states controlled the import of goods from Asia into Europe in the late Middle Ages? |
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| How did the Spanish conquests of the Inca, Maya, and Aztecs compare? |
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| The Inca and Aztecs fell more easily to the Spanish forces than the Mayans because they were urban-based empires. |
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| Which of the following was a major motive for European exploration in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries? |
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| To find new sources of wealth and a way around Ottoman-controlled trade routes |
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| Which of the following was a major factor in the ongoing tension between the Ottomans and Safavids in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries? |
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| Although the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb was successful in many battles, what group did he fail to defeat, despite numerous attempts? |
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| In 1504, a Turkish ruler named Babur captured Kabul and established a kingdom in Afghanistan. He then moved southward and captured the cities of Agra and Delhi, key fortresses of northern India. |
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| Why did artistic and intellectual advancements spread quickly among the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires? |
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| Arabic was a shared language of all three empires because of its centrality in Islam. |
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| Which of the following caused the Mughal emperor Akbar to come into conflict with religious leaders in his empire? |
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| religious tolerance of Hindus |
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| In the Indian-English system of textile production that functioned in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, what role did banker-brokers play? |
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| They supplied the raw materials and the money. |
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| What sect of Islam grew stronger in the political vacuum left by the fall of the Safavid Empire? |
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| Although the Ottomans had been very successful in fighting European armies, what city did they fail to capture in 1529? |
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| Which of these statements describes the British factory-forts formed in India in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries? |
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| The British called their trading posts factory-forts. The term "factory" designated the walled compound containing the residences, gardens, and offices of British East India Company officials and the warehouses where goods were stored before being shipped to Europe. |
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| What practice regarding the initiation of new sultans was abandoned after Suleiman's reign? |
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| Sending the sultan's sons to govern provinces with their mothers |
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| Which factor contributed to the strength of the early Safavid Empire? |
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| common ground with Shi'a faith |
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| How did Akbar establish his power over the religious authorities of his Mughal Empire? |
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| By declaring the emperor to be the supreme authority in all religious matters |
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| Which of the following is a belief held by the Sikhs of northwest India? |
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| God does not distinguish between Muslims and Hindus. |
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| Which of the following allowed Suleiman to influence European affairs, such as the Peace of Augsburg, in the sixteenth century? |
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| Ottoman power and possession of the Balkans |
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| The reforms begun by the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb were |
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| How did the Ottoman sultan Mehmet integrate the Greek Christian community into the administration of Constantinople? |
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| He appointed the Greek patriarch to represent the Greek population. |
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See "Intellectual Advances and Religious Trends," pp. 503–505/pp. 503–505 Value
Why did the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires prohibit or fail to encourage the use of printing? |
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| Muslim officials saw printing as a threat to the stability of their empires. |
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| They were appointed by and responsible to the king and ran his administration; Intendants were commissioners, each of whom served in one of France's thirty-two districts, where they recruited men for the army, supervised the collection of taxes, presided over the administration of local law, checked up on the local nobility, and regulated economic activities, thus imposing royal power throughout the kingdom. |
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| How did the Navigation Acts help the English build their colonies in North America? |
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| They gave English and colonial ships a monopoly on trade with English colonies; The Navigation Acts required most goods imported into England and Scotland be carried on English-owned ships with English crews; these laws gave English merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with the English colonies, thus preventing those in other nations from profiting from the English colonies |
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| Immorality, ignorance, and absenteeism were all problems that critics raised concerning clerics; during 16th century reforms |
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| spread his Protestant ideas in the Holy Roman Empire |
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| What role did language play in the attempts by monarchs to consolidate their power in the seventeenth century? |
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| Languages divided people in kingdoms and made it difficult to unite populations |
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| Regardless of their style of government, all European powers of the seventeenth century sought to assert central control over which of the following? |
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| taxes and role of the military |
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| How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation? |
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| The pope formed a general council to address some of the concerns raised by the critics. |
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| core concept of Enlightenment thought |
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| Use of the scientific method can lead to intellectual progress. |
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| Why did Protestant countries such as Britain and the Netherlands, rather than Catholic countries, become more accepting of science after 1640? |
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| Protestant nations lacked a central religious authority to force orthodox religious and philosophical ideas on society. |
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| Which group of people was most negatively impacted by the process of enclosure? |
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| How did new Enlightenment ideas about race depart from the previous grouping of individuals into "nations"? |
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| Enlightenment thinkers argued that racial differences were physical and innate. |
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| How did natural philosophers like Kepler and Newton understand the relationship between God, magic, and science? |
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| They believed that religion, science, and the occult were intertwined and their belief in all three was compatible. |
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| How did the Galilean scandal over the Dialogue on the Two Chief Systems of the World impact Italy's scientific advancements? |
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| The Catholic Church was more hostile to science, and science declined in Italy after 1640. |
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| an influential group of French intellectuals who proclaimed that they were bringing the light of knowledge to their fellow humans in the Age of Enlightenment; Intellectuals who wished to bring the light of knowledge to the ignorant |
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