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| What made popular resistance to foreign conquest in Africa different from popular resistance in India? |
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Definition
| Widespread possession of arms, codes of military honour, and long hostility to governmental control |
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| What was the Battle of Adwa, when did it take place, and why was it important? |
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| The Battle of Adwa of 1896 was the greatest African victory against foreign invaders. When the Britain encouraged the Italians to occupy Eritrea in 1889 and the advance southwards into the Christian kingdom Emperor Menelik repelled (forced them to back away) them |
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| What was the significance of Omdurman? |
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| In 1898 Britain destroyed Mahdist forces at Omdurman and took control of the Sudan. Because the battle of Adwa undermined British policy. |
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| In what year was gold discovered in the South African Republic? |
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| Did Africa play a significant role in late 19th/early 20th century European economies? |
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| What two obstacles had previously inhibited European acquisition of interior Africa? |
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Definition
| Disease, especially malaria and The absence of overwhelming military superiority |
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| What was a common feature of African polities? |
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Definition
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| Who were most often the leaders of large armed rebellions? |
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Definition
| They were established political and military authorities in major states |
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| What was the most widespread abuse during the early colonial period? |
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Definition
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| Why were colonial administrators eager to judge cases and administer the law? |
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Definition
| Because it increased their political power, implied confidence in their rule, and enabled them to impose their notions of justice. |
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| How did most European colonial regimes view local leaders? |
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Definition
| As dangerous, a threat, and security risks |
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Term
| What administrative change did the Belgians make in Rwanda and Burundi after they took control of them from the Germans following WWI? |
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Definition
| The governor-general of French West Africa urged the recruitment of chiefs possessing true authority over their peoples |
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| What were two important factors that contributed to expanding economic development in Africa? |
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Definition
| Expansion of costal commodity production (Raubwirtschaft), and railway building |
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Term
| What did railways do to benefit economic development? |
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Definition
| They cut transport costs by 90 to 95 percent, restructured trading systems, released labor, and provided outlets for inland commodity production, thereby creating distinctively colonial economies. |
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Term
| What two tribes in East Africa experienced a period of prosperity and expansion during the first part of the 1900s? |
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Definition
| The Shona of Southern Rhodesia and the Kikuyu of Kenya, they experienced this because African and Arab farming flourished as white settlement and transport improvements created markets |
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Term
| Why did Europeans take a cautious approach to abolishing slavery in Wast Africa? |
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Definition
| Because they knew that rapid emancipation had been expensive in compensation and had caused temporary economic crises followed by new forms of dependency. |
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| What, during the colonial period, was more destructive than violence? |
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Definition
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| What does Iliffe claim was the major consequence of Africa’s colonial period? |
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Definition
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| List some of the cash crops grown in Africa. |
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Definition
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| How did colonial governments view local wealthy property-owners? |
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Definition
| They saw them as politically dangerous and likely to create an equally threatening propertyless class. |
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| In Africa, what was the “treason of the bourgeoisie?” |
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Definition
| To invest out of land and into learning |
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Term
| What remains a powerful constraint on capitalist relations? |
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Definition
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| What was “oscillating migration?” |
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Definition
| Another consequence of the continuing control of land that distinguished the African rural population from their counterparts in Europe and Latin America (short term migration) |
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| By 1952, why was Africa enjoying its first prosperity for 25 years? |
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Definition
| Europe’s postwar crisis had ended |
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Term
| In what year did Kenya’s manufacturing output first exceed the value of its European agricultural production? |
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Definition
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Term
| What became Africa’s chief generator of mobility and stratification, and why? |
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Definition
| Education, it was easier to obtain and to transmit to the next generation, compared to wealth |
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Term
| What did the expansion of print popularize? |
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Definition
| Local history, custom, and folklore |
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Term
| What made Christianity attractive in the early colonial period? |
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Definition
| Its association with literacy and education |
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Term
| What does Iliffe claim was the chief motivation behind the growth of Christianity during the first half of the twentieth century? |
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Definition
| This strong element of self-emancipation by the young, poor, and female rather than a purely intellectual response to colonial enlargement of the world in which Africans lived |
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Term
| When did Britain declare Egypt independent? Explain whether or not Egypt actually was independent, and why. |
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Definition
| 1922, No, they weren’t independent because the British tried to implement their will on the Presidency and kept a lot of power. |
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Term
| Who came to power in Ethiopia after WWII? |
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Definition
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Term
| List some changes Haile Selassie above leader made in Ethiopia to help establish a modern state. |
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Definition
| He ousted his enemies who had collaborated with the Italians, disbanded provincial armies, defeated regional revolt, created a salaried bureaucracy, and introduced direct individual taxation. |
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Term
| What fostered ethnic rivalry? |
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Definition
| Stress on larger rather than smaller identities, growing competition for resources, the integration of local economies into national markets, and state penetration of the countryside |
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Term
| Why does Iliffe claim it was especially difficult to form nations in Africa? |
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Definition
| The war helped to focus African politics in the direction of territorial nationalism. AS the Nigerian Youth movement realized, nationalism was not just opposition to European control. It was the desire and attempt to create nation states like those in Europe and American that dominated the world. Nationalists had to both acquire state power and to form people into a nation, an exceptionally difficult task in Africa because the normal basis of nationality, a common language, seldom existed. |
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| According to Iliffe, why were African populations growing by 1% a year by World War II? |
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Definition
| Failing death rates and/or rising birthrates |
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Term
| According to Iliffe, what was the most important consequence of colonial occupation? |
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Definition
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| Between 1950 and 1980, Africa’s population grew from around 22 million to nearly 500 million. What drove this growth? |
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Definition
| Medical progress and increased fertility |
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Term
| What was the main reason behind the decline in death rate in sub-Saharan Africa? |
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Definition
| Lower infant and child mortality |
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Term
| By late 1950s, what had the colonial powers determined about keeping their colonies? |
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Definition
| It didn’t matter economically whether the colonies were kept or lost |
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Term
| Who led Kenyan nationalists in 1963 when power was transferred to them? |
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Definition
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| What did they claim to support? |
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Definition
| Tanganyika African National Union |
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Term
| What does Iliffe say characterized East (vs. West) African nationalism? |
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| Who became Zimbabwe’s first elected prime minister in 1980? |
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| What party took control of Mozambique in 1974? |
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Definition
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| Where did nationalist parties find their first and greatest support? |
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Definition
| In towns that had a lot of young immigrants from rural primary schools |
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Term
| What did Iliffe say helped fuel nationalism in colonies of white settlement? |
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Definition
| Population growth on scare African land |
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Term
| Until the 1970s, Africa’s economic growth had taken three main directions. What were they? |
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Definition
| (1) A continuation of the postwar cash-crop boom. (2) Mining (3) Nigeria’s manufacturing sector |
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Term
| What were some of the reasons that this modest economic success led to crisis in the 1970s? |
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Definition
| Some were beyond political control, sudden and rapid population growth, and changes in global environment, Debt |
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Term
| What was “villagising” in Tanzania between 1969 and 1976? |
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Definition
| Facilitated the provision of schools, dispensaries, and piped water |
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Term
| What does Iliffe say that African leaders believed was their greatest danger in the 1970s and 1980s? |
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Definition
| Governmental collapse, and civil war |
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Term
| What role did food production play in the emerging economic crisis of the 1980s? |
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Definition
| Most estimates suggested that sub-Saharan Africa’s per capita food output was still adequate in 1960 but declined by perhaps 1% per year during the next 25 years before the decline slowed or halted in the mid-1980s. Overall food availability, especially in North Africa, was maintained by imports, which cost some 20% of African’s export earnings during the mid-1980s. |
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| In addition to drought, what contributed to famine in the 1980s and 1990s? |
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Definition
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Term
| When did Portuguese power collapse in Angola and Mozambique? |
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Definition
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| What emerged as an alternate to Frelimo in Mozambique and what two countries created it? |
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Definition
| Renamo – Rhodesia and South Africa |
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| What three institutions did ruling elites draw upon to support their power and dominate society? |
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Definition
| (1) Single political party (2) Army (3) International Order |
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| Three stage that European govenment had to do to take control of Africa |
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| Medieval era in East AFrica |
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| Portuguese in East Africa |
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