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Definition
1) centralized political power
2) social differentiation
3) craft specialization
4) coercive military/police force
5) official religion
6) bureaucracy
7) writing system
8) urban centers controlling periphery |
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| Judeo-Christian view of history |
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| divine creation, linear history, known trajectory, judgment day, punctuated by unique events, young earth, degeneration, predetermination, human progress denied |
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| the believe that humans are heading on a downward spiral since time of creation |
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| the belief that all men are created equal, and that everyone has the innate capacity to use reason and progress. undermined by scientific racism in 1800s |
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| When everyone does the same thing in a society, all kinship groups are self-sufficient and have everything they need to sustain themselves and their families |
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| systematic human efforts to modify the environments of plants & animals to increase their productivity and usefulness |
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| manipulation of plants and animals sufficient to cause genetic or morphological changes |
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| the intentional growing of plants from seeds, bulbs or shoots |
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| wrote the article, "The Accidental Conqueror" whose theory was that the Old World had a more advantageous situation than the New World, with easily domesticated plants/animals and such agricultural innovations traveled easier east to west rather than north to south (as in new world) |
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| 10,000-8,200BCE. Jordan valley, a marginal region that required inhabitants to grow cereal grains instead of foraging. No social stratification but didn't develop into a more complex society. Died out after 8200BCE |
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| Palestine to Persian Gulf. Had big 4 in development of agriculture, etc. Wheat, barley, sheep & goats. Where Mesopotamia emerges |
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| 8000BCE. Called a super village, next to Spring of Moses. Walled village, had ancestor worship and sense of ethnic identity. Oldest dense accumulation of humans. |
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| 6500-5400BCE. Located in Southern central Turkey by a volcano, which supplied obsidian needed for tools. Gave them a trade advantage with other groups. Had cereal grains and domesticated animals. Egalitarian society (like others) and intense ritual activity. Usually precedes state. |
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| 5000-3000BCE. Millet-based agriculture. In Yellow River valley of China. Same markers of pre-state-level society. |
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| village within Yangshao, had moat around village, possible for defense? |
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| 5500-4000BCE. Located in South China. Significant because we have a lot of archaeological evidence saved by bacteria. Had wooden houses on stilts, impressive tools. Shows development of society |
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| 10,000-350BCE. Exception to rule, dealt an impressive ecological card; had sea resources, timber, ideal climate so there was no need to develop agriculture or domesticate animals. Foraged for all their subsistence and thrived. Shows us that villages & agriculture are not directly correlated. |
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| society with little status differentiation (minus those of age and gender) so there is no ruling class or groups that can claim political power through superior control over resources. Generally seen in cases of hunter-gatherers. |
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| Occurred in 17th and 18th century. Put more focus on reason and the power of man rather than the power of God; more secular way of looking at history and the ancient world |
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| 1818-81. Expert in Native American kinship systems, had three stages of humanity: savagery, barbarism, civilization. Associated certain characteristics and materials to each phase. Called a materialist approach. All about technology. |
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| 1927- . Had a coercive theory including warfare over resources and land in explaining rise of state-level society. Also included environmental conscription, which enabled one group to take over another within an enclosed space and make the loser subordinate. |
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| phrase coined by John Lubbock, using Darwin's theory of natural selection to explain rise of upper and middle classes (and capitalism) over the working class. Also enabled scientific racism to justify slavery (europeans better than other ethnic groups) |
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| believed that socialism would take over through a violent revolution of the working class over the bourgeois class. Had a theory of history that used the idea of a class struggle. |
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| Includes the forces of production (means of production & organization) and relations of productions (social organization, labor value, use of goods) |
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| reinforces existing relations of production. Mystifies contradiction of society, makes unnatural seem natural and normal so oppressed workers don't know the difference (can include religion) |
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| Marxist stages of history |
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| tribal. asiatic. ancient. feudal. bourgeois. communist. |
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| Historian of China; had a theory about hydraulic societies vs. non-hydraulic. Impact and importance of irrigation on the rise of state-level society. Depended on the region and linked into a feedback loop that leads to the state |
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| Environmental conscription (Robert Carneiro) |
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| prime land bounded by mountains, seas or deserts. promotes population growth and fission of different groups. Warfare was about land & resources, leads to a political revolution. |
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| the concentration of resources in key areas is tantamount to circumscription. |
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| high densities of population around a region are as constraining as mountains & deserts |
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| Sees society as an organism that want to maintain homeostasis within a feedback loop. Can be things such as infanticide to keep population down or the runaway change could potentially permanently alter society |
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| when a society undergoes an irreversible change. |
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| When societies are in competition for trade and resources, both societies benefit from increased complexity; several states rise together (ex, China) |
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| some cultures are dealt a "better hand" initially, or have a more effective "game plan" ideology. Both a materialistic and ideological theory. |
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| 3600-3100BCE. Had cities in a settlement hierarchy (big city with satellite villages), occupational specialization, monumental architecture. Beginning of state-level societies. Had central religion with a city god and a temple. |
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| 2850-2334BCE. King lists so we can see their political structure. We know they engaged in trade, diplomacy and warfare between multiple city-states. |
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| 2334-2193BCE. King was Sargon the Great. First empire in the world, was a different ethnic group than Sumerian kings. |
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| 2112-2004BCE. King, Ur-Nammu. North and East extension of Akkadian empire. Created provinces and established a system of taxation. |
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| 2334-2279BCE. King of Akkadian empire. Conquered many cities, first "emperor" |
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| 2254-2230BCE. Created the ideology of a god-king that his subjects could worship. Having a large amount of land gave him the feeling of having powers of a deity. |
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| 2212-2094BCE. Greatest king of Imperial Ur. set up taxation system, established mechanics of the empire. |
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| 1792-1750BCE. Was a semitic-speaking amorite. Had a giant empire through military conquest. King of northern and southern Mesopotamia, which differed ethnically. Called himself a shepherd, not a god. Also had a centralized taxation system and military conscription. |
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| Code of law for Babylonia. Gave examples and precedence for councils and judges to base decisions off of. Shows that the role of the written word was more about economic and political reasons than for cultural innovation. |
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| Harappan city that was planned on a grid system, with water access and sewage for the people. Had no identifiable palaces or temples, shows that Harappan culture probably was not one of great status differentiation. |
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| complex site in the Indus River valley, also with a citadel and subtowns. |
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| Site in Indus valley, buildings made of stone. Same town setup as Mohenjo-Daro. Large public places and reservoirs for water supply. |
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| precious red stone that comes from Indus Valley foothills, traded throughout the ancient world, we can tell that cultures interacted because of the presence of carnelian in Egyptian and Mesopotamian tombs. |
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| blue precious stone from Afghanistan. Also another marker of cultural diffusion via trade throughout the ancient world. |
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| found in a house in Mohenjo-Daro. Shows an elite individual, so perhaps there were some formations of classes in Harappan culture, but not large enough to permeate all of society, perhaps just luxury goods. |
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| 2649-2152BCE. Capital at Memphis, burials at Sagaurra. This was the "Age of Pyramids" where the pyramids at Giza were constructed to pay tribute to the Pharaohs who were kings on earth and responsible for maintaining their lives. |
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| 2055-1650BCE. Capital at Thebes. Held crops in reserve and existed in the Delta region of Egypt. Engaged in conquest & trade in other parts of Africa & Middle East. Collapsed under ecological stress. |
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| 1640-1550BCE. Outside group that took over region, brought with them the chariot, new tools and new ideas. |
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| 1550-1070BCE. Height of the Egyptian civilization. Expanded the empire and replaced pyramids with the Valley of Kings. |
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| c.4000BCE.One of the proto-kingdoms of Upper Egypt. Had an elite cemetery so we know that there was wealth differentiation. Grew exponentially in 400 years, had painted pottery (craft specialization) and stone vases. |
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| c. 1450BCE. First female pharaoh. Ruled Egypt until her son took over. |
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| 1353-1335BCE. Known as the heretic pharaoh because he changed the Egyptian religion to worship only one god, the physical sun disc. Seen as a power grab to take away influence of the priests. Had a strange physical appearance, portrayed as being exceedingly feminine. |
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| 1333-1323BCE. Ruled as a young man, was adopted son of Akhenaten. Replaced sun disc religion with the old one. |
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| 1279-1213BCE. Some of the best Egyptian monumental architecture. Shows the pharaoh's control over extensive resources. |
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| 1500-1045BCE. Established after defeating a wicked king from the Xia. Yin site of the capital. Taken over by Western Zhou. |
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| Shang Queen's tomb in China that has large amounts of human sacrifice and jewels, shows her influence in society and the Shang's control over resources. |
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| way the Shang made their bronze vessels, which were used as a status marker- the more you were buried with, the closer you were in affiliation with the king. |
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| used by kings in Shang, had Chinese characters written on them, used to ask questions of the ancestors. Part of the huge cult of ancestor worship in China, also not used to write history, but to show that the king was always right in his divinations. |
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| 1045-771BCE. Took over Shang with Mandate of Heaven ideology. Had a feudal structure, not centralized. Believed in one heaven god, unlike Shang. |
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| Justified regicide committed by Shang nobles that became the Zhou. Said that the ruler of Shang was unfit and immoral and that their god had given them the duty of ruling Earth. Justified inequalities. |
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| 1500-400BCE. Mesoamerica complex society. Lived in a region with tropical zones and sea access; needed to trade to get stone, salt and obsidian. Became a state-level society out of a need to trade. |
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| 1250-900BCE. Thought to just be a ceremonial center, not a real urban center. Had pyramids and a ball court. Giant stone heads that resembled the rulers. Shows impressive control of resources. |
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| 900-400BCE. Site in the middle of a swamp. More giant heads, thrones and jade offerings. Had evidence of Olmec mythology and cosmology. |
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| AD 100-600. First state-level society in Northern Peru. Multi-valley state with a feudal hierarchy. Capital at Cerro Blanco, had satellite village at Sipan. Ruling ideology was that of King controlling sun and moon. Advanced metallurgists as well. Had "Huaca del sol" |
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| Feudal nobles of Moche civilization, had elaborate burial tombs with gold, jewels, jade. |
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| A sign for a complete word. Example: $ for "dollar" in English. |
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| A logogram that seems to depict a particular object in the form of a mnemonic. |
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| Punning logogram in which a picture or something easy to draw is used to represent a word that is difficult to draw (Bee + leaf = belief) |
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| A phonetic system in which visual symbols represent each syllable of the language, usually a combo of vowels and consonants. i.e., cuneiform and linear B |
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| a set of phonetic signs in which vowels and consonants are represented by separate signs. Fewest symbols. |
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| the same text written in 2 different languages. Also a triscript, like the Rosetta Stone. |
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| a sign which helps to identify or classify the meaning of the word, but which is not intended to be read aloud. |
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| 1799. Found on accident by the French in Egypt. Had writing in hieroglyphics, Demotic and Greek. |
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| Jean-Francois Champollion |
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| Deciphered the Rosetta Stone by comparing it to Coptic, which he knew already. |
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