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| Greek wrote De Re Militari in 4th century. |
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| Francisco di Giorgio Martini |
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| Designed many angle bastion fortifications |
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| Wrote Ten books on Architecture in mid-15th. First to attempt to map a city (Rome) from a bird's eye view |
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| Wrote Treatise on Architecture in mid-15th |
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| Wrote The Art of War and The Prince in early 16th |
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| A new way of building walls, designed specifically against cannons. Created with math. Was a secret of Italy until 1554 when 2 handbooks on the angle bastion came out. |
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| Charles the bold, Duke of Burgundy |
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| Was like Alexander the Great in his treatment of artists |
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| Mercenaries who specialized in ground fighting. First companies formed by Emperor Maximilian in order to invade Italy. Famous for their bright and overly dramatic clothing. Were Swiss. |
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| Ruled England from 1558-1603. The English Translation of Machiavelli's The Art of War is dedicated to her. |
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| An Italian military engineer, he wrote many books on aspects of the military. Famous one is Tables on Army Formation about infantry formation. |
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| Wrote Geography in 2nd century. Created longitude and latitude and a way to map the round Earth on flat paper. Triggered an explosion of cartography and its advancement after its rediscovery in the west. |
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| Hired Leonardo da Vinci to create angle bastions for Imola along with mapping it. Son of Pope Alexander VI, with his father's papal support conquered and attempted to create a state for himself. |
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| Wrote The Education of a Christian Prince in early 16th, dedicated to Charles V. Also wrote Julius Excluded from Heaven and the Free Will. Martin Luther was very against Erasmus's opinions detailed in the Free Will. Also translated the Greek New Testament. His version is used by Martin Luther. Supported moral ruling, rejected any conduct that was against Christian morality. |
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| Wrote On the Institution of the Prince and presented it to Francis I in 1519. Middle point between Erasmus's Education of a Christian Prince and Machiavelli's The Prince. Says Prince above all rules except Gods |
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| 1516 Between King Francis I and the Church. Gave Francis power over the church in France. A reason the French throne was so against Protestantism because of its power of Catholicism |
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| Six Books of the Commonwealth, written 1576. Said that the King must do everything he can to ensure the survival of the state. Similar to the Prince. |
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| The Reason of State, late 16th. Said that the interest of the state was above all else. The prince's morality was in a realm different from normal humans. Similar to the Prince. |
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| 1519-1574. First Medici Duke of Florence. A puppet of the Hapsburg Empire. Turned the Republican government building into his private residence. Promoted to Grand Duke of Tuscany by the Pope for building a Ghetto for Jews and allowing the inquisition into Florence. Created many mines, started silk manufacturing, and was a patron art and music. Created a very large and most advance bureaucracy of its time to rule Tuscany. Started a art and a language academy. |
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| 95 Theses in 1517, also wrote On the Jews and Their Lies in 1543 |
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| Early to mid 15th century. Wrote Annotations on the New Testament |
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| 1519 between Martin Luther vs Johann Eck on Papal authority, free will, and Luther's 95 theses. |
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| German University founded by Fredrick III |
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| Luther translated the bible into German in 1521. He based it on Erasmus' second Greek edition. It was widely read and facilitated the emergence of a modern German literary language |
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| 1509-64, wrote Institutes of the Christian Religion |
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| A distinguishing feature of John Calvin's theology. Predestination says that God has already determined whether or not you go to heaven or hell. |
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| A feature of protestantism, removed art from churchs, thought that the purity of the Bible was threatened by images |
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| Resident of Nuremberg, went to Venice to study Italian art and perspective. One of Germany's most renowned artist. Supported Luther but didn't like iconoclasm. |
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| Wrote Nova Reperta in 1580's. Book about new inventions such as cannons, printing press, and Americas |
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| Gutenberg, Fust, and Schoffer |
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| Formed the Gutenberg Press in 1450s. Gutenberg was goldsmith and made the movable type, Schoffer was a copyist and set the type, and Fust was also a goldsmith and provided the money. |
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| His copy shop went out of business because of print shops. Wrote Illustrated life of 15th century men after his shop went out of business. |
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| Formed the Aldine Press in Venice in 1494. Published classical texts along with famous humanist authors. Had the trademark of a dolphin and anchor which was supposed to mean hurry slowly. Also created two latin fonts: Roman and Italic. Italic was supposedly based on Petrarch's handwriting. |
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| Originally part of the Eastern church, supported the reconciliation of the two and was granted the title of Cardinal by Pope Eugene IV. |
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| Printed 1520, contained the Bible in 4 languages - Greek, Latin, Arabic and Hebrew. |
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| Wrote Book of Chronicles (Nuremberg Chronicle)in 1493. Was a physician and humanist. Was in a humanist circle with Conrad Celtis. The Chronicles were the first major printed work to mix text and pictures. |
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| Hypnerotomachia Poliphili |
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| Printed by the Aldine Press in 1499. It was a humanist romance. Dedicated to Guidobaldo da Montefelro of Urbino. |
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| A philosopher who wrote the Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere in 1962. Coined the term public sphere, based on the German book fairs, a space that encouraged exchange, free thought, and democracy. |
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| Index of Prohibited Books |
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| First official edition was created in 1564 by during the Council of Trent. Included Machiavelli, Lorenzo Valla, and Boccaccio. |
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| He perfected the technique of oil painting. Was appointed court painter by Duke Phillip of Burgundy. Also served as a diplomat and valet de chambre. Phillip was also his daughter's godfather. Part of the start of painters entering courtly circles. Painted Arnolfini Marriage |
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| Designed angle bastion fortresses |
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| Painted The Birth of Venus in 1492. Also painted Calumny of Apelles in 1494-5. Merged humanism, poetry, and painting. |
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| Oration at Ingolstadt in 1492. First German to be named poet laureate, crowned by Frederick III. Persuaded Emperor Maximilian to establish in 1501 a college of poets and math in Vienna. Claimed that Hercules was German. |
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| Develop vocabulary for classifying art styles and techniques. |
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| French King, lost bid for title of Holy Roman Emperor to Charles V. After a humiliating defeat by Charles V, he is jailed in Madrid. After freed he reforms the French military to be the exact same as Roman practices |
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| Ruled the largest collection of European land since Charlmagne. Inherited Burgundian lands from grandmother, Spain from mother and was the Holy Roman Emperor. Competed with the Francis I for the Emperor title. Made Titian his court painter and awarded him a knighthood. Also called him a modern day Apelles |
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| Wrote the Courtier in 1527. Castiglione worked at several courts including the Montefeltro court in Urbino when Guidobaldo ruled. Also worked for pope. |
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| Part of the courtly groups of Urbino and Manuta, he wasn't a noble or humanist. Wrote books for the market and rejected patronage. Wrote polemic and pornography. |
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| Wrote Venice, Most Noble and Singular City in 1581 |
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| Guidobaldo da Montefeltro |
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| Castiglione was one of his courtiers. Son of the condottieri Federico. Was painted by Raphael. |
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| Wife of Guidobald da Montefeltro. Childless so the duchy was passed to her relative Francisco della Rovere |
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| A member of the Venitian nobility. He studied humanism at the courts of Ferrara, Manutua, and Urbino. Met Castiglione at Urbino and was in the Courtier. Spokesman for neo-platonic love and the vernacular. |
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| Son of Lorenzo the Great, fled Florence in 1494 and went to Urbino. Brother of Pope Leo X and uncle of the Lorenzo de' Medici (the one Machiavelli dedicated the prince to). Married into the French royal family. Spokesman for women rights in the Courtier |
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| Coined in the Courtier, have to make thngs look easy, make it look second nature. |
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| Wrote the poem Malpiglio (On the Court) in 1585. Went crazy later in life and claimed the reason was from the stress of trying to please the prince and competing with other courtiers |
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| Collected many pieces of art, based on what style was used to paint it. Did that to show off their artistic literacy |
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| Duke of Ferrara, sided with the Louis XII against the Holy League. Recast Michelangelo's bronze statue of Pope Julius into a cannon called The Julia |
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| Wrote Lives of the Artists. Also painted Duke Alessandro de' Medici the illegitimate son of Pope Clement VII. Alessandro is first Medici to be painted in armor. He used the painting to establish legitimacy. |
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| Germania 98th century. Roman writer who praised the Germans for being pure. Rediscovered by Poggio |
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| Aneas Silvius Piccolomini (Pope Pius II) |
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| He saw the Gutenberg bible and was very impressed by it. Poet Laureate by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III |
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| Wrote Italia Illustrata in 1474 with several Pope's patronage. A geography of Italy's 18 provinces, links the past with the prest with etymology and archaeology. Decades of History in 1483, recounts Italian history from the fall of Rome to present. Didn't write about other European countries since he saw Italy as the successor of Rome. |
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| Emperor Frederick Barbarossa lost to Italians at Legano |
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| 1452-93. Crowned Pope Pius II as poet laureate. Married Elanor of Portugal. Last Holy Roman Emperor to be crowned in Rome. AEIOU, convinced that letters had power. In German and Latin was an acronym for Austria deserves to rule all. Makes the Habsburg throne based on lineage instead of election. |
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| 1493-1519. Created the Fraktur font. Had a relationship with Hans Burgkmair in the same way Alexander the Great had with Apelles. |
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| Married Emperor Maximilian I and brought Burgundy into the Habsburg Empire. |
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| King of Naples; England(through marriage to Queen Mary); the II of Spain; Portugal |
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| King of Bohemia and Hungary and Holy Roman Emperor |
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| Created a banking company in Augsburg. Supplied a lot of money in order to bribe electors and get Charles V to become elected Holy Roman Emperor |
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| 1389 Ottomans won the battle against the Serbs. This with the battle of Nicopolis brought most of the balkans under Ottoman control |
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| 1396 Ottomans against the Crusades. Defeat of the crusading army brought the Kingdom of Bulgaria to an end. Also encouraged Philip the Good of Bugundy to start the Order of the Golden Fleece. |
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| Conquest of Constatinople |
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| 1571. Andrea Barbaro was the Venetian Ambassador to Constantinople. Negotiated a truce for Venice after the Battle of Lepanto. The Habsburg, Papal, Venetian and other Catholic forces defeated the Ottoman fleet. |
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| Frontier warrior for the faith |
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| Architect who designed Suleyman's Mosque in Istanbul. References to Resanissance architecture but also reflects forms from the ancient Temple of Solomon. |
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| Wrote Four Books of Architecture. Also designed the Church of the Redeemer in Venice. Looks similar to the mosque by Mimar Sinan. A big patron of his was the Venetian ambassador to the Ottoman, Andrea Barbaro. |
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| The Ottoman took Christian boys converted them and trained them to enter one of 4 institutions. The Palace, the Scribes, the Religious Order, or the Military. The military formed the Janissary Corp who were loyal only to the Sultan. Allowed the Sultan to weaken the Turkish nobility. |
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| Millet (confessional community) system |
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| Various religious communities within the Ottoman Empire could govern themselves although their leader had to swear loyalty to the Sultan. Their religious toleration encourage Jews to flee Europe (inquisition) and go to the Ottomans. |
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| Married Charles of Orleans, cousin of King Louis XII. Regent in early 16th century. Mother of Marguerite and Francois. Starts a French Alliance with the Ottomans. |
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| Wrote Heptameron; Reflection of the Sinful Soul. The older sister of Francis I. Tutored by her mother Louise of Savoy in Latin and Italian Literature. A patron of French Poets. Encouraged her brother to be tolerant of Protestants. |
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| Founded in 1530 by Guilaume Bude. |
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| Defense and Illustration of the French Language in 1549. Convinced the King to start the French Academy that sets up the rules of the French language. |
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| A group of 7 classical scholars and poets. Named after the group of Alexandrian poes and tragedians. Had patronage from French King. Formed around Jean Dorat who was a tutor at the court of Francis I and was a Greek professor at the College of France. Supported the use of the French vernacular. |
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| Wrote La Franciade in 1572. A member of the Pleiade. Was about the birth of the French Nation. Attempts to legitimize the powers controlling France. Sets France birth to be like Rome's from a wandering Trojan. |
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| St. Bartholomew Day Massacre |
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| 1572 Protestant's are killed by Catholics. |
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| Motto was "What do I know". Invented the form of writing essays. |
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| Issued by Henry IV in 1598, revoked by Louix XIV in 1685. Granted religious tolerance. |
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| 1494, Pope Alexander XI set up the treaty, drawing a line down the globe and giving the land to either side to Spain and Portugal. |
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| 1529 Another treaty, negotiated after the world was for sure round. Between the Spanish Emperor Charles V and the Portugal King. Negotiated without papal help. |
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| Made a new system of map drawing, the basis of our modern maps. |
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| Wrote On the Revolutions in 1543 |
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| Starry Messenger 1610, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems 1632. Condemned in 1633. Invented the telescope and confirmed Copernicus's theory. |
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| First person to recognize that the Americas were new land and not part of Asia. |
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| Artist, drew Columbus sailing to America. |
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| Hired by the Vespucci family to paint Forest Fire, which showcased the theory of people slowly getting civilized. |
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| Wrote On the Vicissitudes and Variety of Things in 1576. Professor at the French College. First to say that the indians "can be civilized". Thought civilization started in the east because of the despotic rulers. |
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