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| Sky God, god of heaven, lord of constellations/ |
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| Belief in one god e.g. Christianity, Judaism, Islam. One divine being capable of selecting one divine being capable of ruling. |
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| By the grace of god. D.G - often seen on coins. |
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| "deputy" - islamic title, 'commander of the faithful'. Uthman - "I am the servant of god and his deputy". |
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| sacred mountain in Hindu and Buddhist cosmology as well as in Jain cosmology, and is considered to be the center of all the physical, metaphysical and spiritual universes |
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Veneration of ancestors/emperors. The
The yellow emperor as the King's ancestor. |
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| Mandate of heaven = Tiānmìn |
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Definition
| Chinese Confucian thought: the notion that heaven (tian) conferred directly upon an emperor, the son of heaven (tianzi), the right to rule - inscribed on coins. |
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| Temple of Heaven - Tiāntán |
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Definition
| Symbolically religious temple built in Beijing, where the Emperor would pray ceremoniously and it had to be conducted perfectly or it was considered a bad omen. |
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| • Umhlanga = Swaziland’s annual “reed dance” |
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Definition
women sing and dance as they parade in front of the royal family as well as a crowd of spectators, tourists and foreign dignitaries. After the parade, groups from select villages take to the center of the field and put on a special performance for the crowd. The King's many daughters also participate in the Umhlanga ceremony and are distinguished by the crown of red feathers in their hair.
One of the main objectives of the Reed Dance is for the king to choose another wife. |
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| former capital of the ancient Hittite Empire famous for its notable urbanisation and rich ornamentation. |
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| The first great trade coin in the Greek empire (owl - sacred emblem of Athena). Remains today on the greek euro. |
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| Greek town famous in classical antiquity for silver mining which the revenues went towards establishing the great Athenian naval power. |
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| the process of extracting silver from lead |
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| Japanese town that produced 1/3 of the world's silver in 1500 - shipped much to China & Korea. |
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| Semi-circular armlets which served as a form of currency. Status determined. |
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| Governmental control of foreign trade. |
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| Mercury amalgam process to extract silver. |
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| Town that lies beneath Cerro rico (rich mountain) in modern day Bolivia. Founded by the Spanish in 1546 and from nothing became one of the richest and largest cities in the Americas because of its silver mining. |
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| Crude, temporary coins. From 'cobo de barra' - end of the bat. Produced quickly in reponse to demand. |
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| rotational labour system in the Inca Empire from 1573-. Village men were forced to work 3 weeks/ year and one year in 6 at the mines. Legal servitude which bordered on being slavery. |
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| Spanish government owned silver to the left of this line as payment for the fleet. |
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| Spanish trading ships that travelled between the Manila in the Phillipines and Mexico. |
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| Chinese tax reform that enforced the payment of all taxes in silver. Monetised the Chinese tax system and increased the value of silver in China's economy. Affected even the lowliest peasant. |
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Definition
| Worldwide inflation caused by an influx of spanish silver and its decline in value. |
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Definition
| legal and social system that evolved in W Europe in the 8th and 9th centuries, in which vassals were protected and maintained by their lords, usually through the granting of fiefs, and were required to serve under them in war. any social system or society, such as medieval Japan or Ptolemaic Egypt, that resembles medieval European feudalism |
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Definition
| Indian system of social stratification that defines large communities are classified into groups called Jatis. Identified with Hinduism. |
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| Dalits = (दलित) Untouchables |
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Definition
| Those excluded from the caste system. Associated with ritually impure jobs, such as any involving leatherwork, butchering, or removal of rubbish, animal carcasses, and waste. Dalits were commonly segregated, and banned from full participation in Hindu social life, could not attend schools etc. Modern reforms. |
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Definition
| broad social orders of the hierarchically conceived society, recognized in the Middle Ages and Early Modern period in Christian Europe: the clergy, nobles and the commoners. |
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| Imperial examination system in China - chosen on merit. Established in the Sui Dynasty (518-618CE) elected a class of scholar-bureaucrats. |
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Definition
| Rank badge - large embroidered badge sewn onto the coat of an official in Imperial China. Embroidered with detailed, colourful animal or bird insignia indicating the rank of the official wearing it. |
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| Class system - unlike castes, status can be gained and lost because of ecucation etc. The reason for dispute in Marxist theory. |
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| a social class "characterized by their ownership of capital and their related culture. The targets of Marxist revolution. |
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Term
| Imperial electors (of the Holy Roman Empire) |
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Definition
| the members of the electoral college of the Holy Roman Empire. 3 ecclesiastic leaders (archbishops) and 4 secular leaders (princes & dukes). |
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Definition
| The purchasable forgiveness for a sin, granted by the Catholic church - which Archbishop Johannes Tetzel sold overenthusiastically attracting the condemnation of Martin Luther. |
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Definition
| German priest and professor of theology who initiated the Protestant reformation by disputing indulgences and wrote the Ninety-Five Theses - which attacked the corruption of the Catholic church. |
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Term
| “Here I stand, I can do no other. God help me.” |
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Definition
| Martin Luther's famous quote. |
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Term
| Cuius regio, eius religio = “His realm, his religion.” |
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Definition
| Latin saying describing the ruler's power over religion. |
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Definition
| National legislative assembly of Spain. |
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| Ruler of the Aztec empire. |
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| Destroying elaborate catholic detail in churches./ |
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| Dutch Declaration of Independence (1581) |
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Definition
| formal declaration of independence of the Dutch Low Countries from the Spanish king, Philip II in 1581. Response to taxes and catholocism being imposed on them by Phillip II in a council where the chancellors were not from Brabant like promised. |
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Definition
| William the silent - Leader of the dutch revolt. talked persoanlly with Phillip II who spilled all his plans to him as he "held his tongue". |
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Definition
| Norman writer makes several references to sugar production in 12th century Sicily and describes not only the sugarcane plantations, but also molasses cooking and sugar refining. |
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Definition
| Barbados as a city of sugar expansion. Rapid development of plantation agriculture thanks to a new crop, rapid change in labour force with the switch to slavery and large demand in Britain for sugar. |
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Term
| vertical three-cylinder mill |
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Definition
| more effective means of milling came during the first quarter of the 1600s in the form of a new design of mill that crushed the cane between three vertically mounted rollers or cylinders. |
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Definition
| holiday celebrated on various days around the world, usually commemorating the arrival of people from the Indian subcontinent to that nation.commemorating the first arrival of indentured servants from India to the country where today they comprise 44% of Guyana's population. |
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Definition
| workers from various Pacific Islands employed in British colonies |
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Term
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Definition
| recruitment of people through trickery and kidnappings to work as labourers |
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Definition
| fibrous matter that remains after sugarcane or sorghum stalks are crushed to extract their juice. Currently used as a biofuel. |
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Definition
Carribean island, part of Haiti. European pirates made it into a launching ground for piracy activit0ies
1640s- "Brethren of the coast" |
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Definition
| Wrote "History of the Bouccaneers of America" - after visiting Tortuga. Source of pirate fiction. |
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Definition
| Welsh buccaneer who was in Tortuga in the 1650s and Jamaica in the 1600s. Raided Spanish settlements. |
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Definition
| Wooden frame for smoking meat. The way of life of pirates. Origin of word bouccaneer. |
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Definition
| Cutting sugar then letting it regrow. |
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Definition
| Animal powered mill, alternative to water power. |
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Definition
| Partially refined, strong molasses flavour. Sugar was refined in Europe. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Slaves were sent from here to St. Domingue for sugar production in payment for rum? Triangular trade. |
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Term
| • Auto da fé = “Act of Faith” = |
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Definition
| the burning at the stake of condemned heretics by the Catholic Spanish or Portugese inquisitions. |
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Term
| “nasty, brutish, and short.” |
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Definition
From Hobbes' leviathan - describing life in the state of war of every man against every man as:
solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short. |
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Term
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Definition
| Published the social contract which outlines the basis for a legitimate political order within a framework of classical republicanism. Idea of the social contract emerging out of a state of nature |
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Definition
| 1773, after officials in Boston refused to return three shiploads of taxed tea to Britain, a group of colonists boarded the ships and destroyed the tea by throwing it into Boston Harbor in resistance against the 1773 Tea Act which was signed by representatives the colonists had not elected. |
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| “We the people…” = opening words of U.S. Constitution |
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Definition
| The representation of people in the US constitution in its first line. A break from the previous "i, the ruler". |
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Definition
| France before the Revolution |
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Term
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Definition
| French Revolution, US constitution |
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Term
| Declaration of the Rights of Man |
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Definition
| a fundamental document of the French Revolution, defining the individual and collective rights of all the estates of the realm as universal. Influenced by the doctrine of natural right, the rights of man are universal: valid at all times and in every place, pertaining to human nature itself. Symbols: eye of god, red cap. |
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Term
| Liberté, Egalité, Fraternité |
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Definition
| Liberty, Equality and Brotherhood - the tricolour flag of revolution. |
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Term
| Phrygian cap = Bonnet Rouge |
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Definition
| Worldwide revolutionary symbol |
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Term
| The Supreme & Central Ruling Junta of the Kingdom |
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Definition
| the organ established to rule Chile following the deposition and imprisonment of King Ferdinand VII by Napoleon Bonaparte. It was the earliest step in the Chilean struggle for independence, and the anniversary of its establishment is celebrated as the national day of Chile. ( junta= small group ruling a country, esp. immediately after a coup d'état ) |
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Definition
| Venezuelan patriot, general and traveler considered the "Precursor" to Simon Bolivar's "Liberator." |
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Definition
| "Liberator" of Venezuela, Main figure of South American independence movement, still important today. Gives his name to Venezuelan currency. |
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Term
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Definition
| Year long revolutionary period that begins in France and affects over 50 countries. Largely fails due to the difficulty of governing a new republic. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1685 French decree that defined the conditions of slavery in the French colonial empire, restricted the activities of free Negroes, forbade the exercise of any religion other than Roman Catholicism, and ordered all Jews out of France's colonies |
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Definition
| a person of mixed black and white ancestry |
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Term
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Definition
| free men were known as ______ to distinguish them both from the former black freedmen and those mulattos who had remained slaves after the 1793 emancipation in Haiti. |
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Term
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Definition
| wealthy free man of color and the instigator of a revolt against white colonial authority in French Saint-Domingue in 1790, that foretold the massive slave uprising of August 1791 that began the Haïtian Revolution |
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Term
| Société des Amis des Noirs |
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Definition
| group of French men and women, mostly white, who were abolitionists created in Paris in 1788 and lasted until 1793. published anti-slavery literature and addressed its concerns on a substantive political level in the National Assembly |
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Term
| Société des Amis des Noirs |
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Definition
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Definition
| site of the Vodou ceremony in 1791 in attempt to overthrow French rule, which was based on slave labor |
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Definition
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| His brother-in-law Napoleon I then appointed him commander of the expedition to re-establish control over the French colony of Saint-Domingue and under secret orders he arrested Toussaint L'ouverture. |
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Definition
| Leader of the Haitian revolution after L'ouverture's betrayal and one of the founding fathers of Haiti as the first ruler of an independent Haiti under the 1801 constitution |
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Definition
| The Omeca people of tochtepec, who paid tributes in rubber - where 1600 rubber balls and 400 human statues were found. |
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Definition
| Until c1900 nearly all rubber comes from this tree which in Brazilian rainforest is difficult to access. |
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Definition
| Dissolved 'India rubber' with tar wool to create a waterproof cloth used for lifeboats etc. |
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Definition
| Mixing and heating rubber with, in ancient times -latex and juice and sunlight, and later sulphur to make it more durable and less sticky. |
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Term
| Abir Company (Anglo-Belgian India rubber company) |
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Definition
| company which harvested natural rubber in the Congo Free State, the private property of King Leopold II of Belgium. founded with British and Belgian capital and was based in Belgium. Massive deforestation and mass killings - "red rubber". |
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Definition
| director of singapore botanic garden & spent many years promoting rubber as a commercial product, and in 1895, discovered a means of tapping which did not seriously damage the rubber trees (herringbone method). He was largely responsible for establishing the rubber industry on the Malay peninsula |
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Term
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Definition
| prefabricated industrial town established in the Amazon Rainforest in 1928 by American industrialist Henry Ford for the purpose of securing a source of cultivated rubber for the automobile manufacturing operations of the Ford Motor Company in the United States. negotiated a deal with the Brazilian government granting his newly formed Companhia Industrial do Brasil a concession of 10,000 km² of land on the banks of the Rio Tapajós near the city of Santarém, Brazil, in exchange for a 9% interest in the profits generated |
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Definition
| BUtadeine-NAtrium Styrene - produced during WWII in Germany by Aushwitz sub camps as part of Germany's self sufficiency plan. during the War was used extensively by the USA to replace natural rubber supplies from the far-east, that had been captured by the Japanese. |
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Term
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Definition
| Southwest Mexican/USA desert shrub that can produce latex, but at a high cost. |
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Definition
| Pioneer auto manufacturer, who studied in USA then created DAT - later Datson. |
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Definition
| automobile marquecreated in 1931 by the DAT Motorcar Co. for a new car model, spelling it as "Datson" to indicate its smaller size when compared to the existing, larger DAT car. Later changed, by nissan, to "sun", because "son" also means "loss" (損) in Japanese, and also to honour the sun depicted in the national flag. Switch to the scooting rabit, rather than the ford hood ornament |
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Term
| Ishibashi (which means stone bridge) |
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Definition
| Founder of Bridgestone in 1931 - Had been producing 'jika tabi' - traditional japanese socks but with rubber soles to make more durable. Switched to tire making in 1930. |
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Term
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Definition
| company founded and started in 1917 in a 50/50 joint venture with B F Goodrich to produce tires, tubes and rubber products. |
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Term
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Definition
| is a multinational rubber conglomerate founded in 1931 by Shojiro Ishibashi |
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Term
| Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere |
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Definition
| desire to create a self-sufficient "bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of Western powers |
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Term
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Definition
| Southern Expansion doctrine - Asia for ASia: moving into other areas of ASia and big brothering Asian coutnries. stated that Southeast Asia and the Pacific Islands were Japan's sphere of interest and that the potential value to the Japanese Empire for economic and territorial expansion in those areas was greater than elsewhere (anti-imperialist). |
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Term
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Definition
| Japanese colonoel who wrote a pamhplet handed out to all the soldiers before being sent off to the war in South and Southeast Asia. He bashed western powers for their imperialist actions. Said England & america were preventing Japan from purhchasing valuable war resources from the southern sphere. |
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Term
| Terra nullius = “empty land” |
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Definition
| Australia - nobody there except for aborigines, vagrants who have not built houses or developed the land. - not inhabited by civilised people. |
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Term
| Mission civilisatrice = “civilizing mission” |
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Definition
| rationale for intervention or colonisation, proposing to contribute to the spread of civilization, mostly amounting to the Westernization of indigenous peoples.championed by French Republican political leader Jules Ferry- Congo, |
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Term
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Definition
| Charts of what people were called when born from parents of different races: Castizo, Mulatto, Chino Labo etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| Mohandas Gandhi's concept for Indian independence from foreign domination |
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Term
| Mohandas “Mahatma” Gandhi |
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Definition
| Leader of the Indian independence movement, made his own cloth in rebellion against buying English cloth. |
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Term
| The Paris Peace Conference |
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Definition
| 1919 Collection of peace treaties signed at the end of WWI. reshaped the map of Europe and the world, divided by races. |
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Term
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Definition
| speech delivered by United States President 1918- his view of a post-war world that could avoid another terrible conflict. |
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Definition
| All colonial claims - questions of socvereignty and interests of populations - having equal weight with the equitable claims of the government. |
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Term
| National Self-Determination |
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Definition
| Wilson's revival of national states with associated ethnicities and langauges etc. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1919 Japanese proposal for racial equality proposed by Makino Nobuaki. - risked undermining the White Australia Policy |
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Definition
| Hồ led the Việt Minh independence movement from 1941 onward, establishing the communist-governed Democratic Republic of Vietnam in 1945 |
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Definition
| family name, person who rules on behalf of the emperor, making decisions under a puppet emperor. During the Edo period as they ruled from Edo. |
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Term
| Sakoku = “Closed Country” |
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Definition
| the shutting off of Japan to the outside world, attempting to remove foreign contact. |
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Term
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Definition
| July 1853, ships that land and force the opening of ports in Japan, bringing foreign gifts and humiliation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Leader of the "foreign devils" who lead the black ships to Japan. Forced the opening of Japan from Sakoku. |
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Term
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Definition
| “Revere the Emperor, Repel the Barbarian” |
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Term
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Definition
| chain of events that restored imperial rule to Japan in 1868. Triumph of Japanese elite. The Restoration led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure, and spanned both the late Edo period (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and the beginning of the Meiji period |
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Definition
| 1871-1873. Japanese diplomatic mission which sent savants sent to learn from Europe. Leader wore great japanese credentials, others in european clothes. Part of the modernisation of Japan. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1871-1873. Japanese diplomatic mission which sent savants sent to learn from Europe. Leader wore great japanese credentials, others in european clothes. Part of the modernisation of Japan. |
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Term
| Japanese Diet = Japanese parliament |
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Definition
| 1880 - POlitical and miltary transformation. Establishment of schools etc. The word diet derives from Latin and was a common name for an assembly in medieval Germany. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1905-5. rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea. Result of the Sino-Japanese war. |
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Term
| “East Asia Co-Prosperity sphere” |
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Definition
| the desire to create a self-sufficient "bloc of Asian nations led by the Japanese and free of Western powers" Great propoganda campaign. Symbol: momotaro who weras the rising sun headband. |
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Term
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Definition
| the first currents of modern socialist thought based on idealism instead of materialism - Robert Owen's 'new Harmony' which he called "communism" - a society united in christian love with "equality in everything". |
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Term
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Definition
| developed the socio-political theory of Marxism. His ideas have since played a significant role in the development of social science and the socialist political movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Marx’s main work - a critical analysis of capitalism. Explains ways in which workers are exploited by the capitalist mode of production. Detailed example of a match factory. |
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Term
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Definition
| Believes that the working class revolution needs a professional group with the necessary skills devoted to making the world a better place. Leads the Civil war. |
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Term
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Definition
| Man of steel - Bolshevik revolutionist who led the USSR during the Cold war. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1946 to 1991 political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition between the Communist World – primarily the Soviet Union and its satellite states and allies – and the powers of the Western world, primarily the United States and its allies.chief military forces never engaged in a major battle with each other, they expressed the conflict through military coalitions, strategic conventional force deployments, extensive aid to states deemed vulnerable, proxy wars, espionage, propaganda, conventional and nuclear arms races, appeals to neutral nations, rivalry at sports events, and technological competitions such as the Space Race. |
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Term
| Sputnik = The first artificial satellite |
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Definition
| USSR's first step in the space race which attracted the world to socialism and its advancements. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1950s- Chinese communist leader who led the Chinese revolution. |
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Term
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Definition
| Chinese renewal, that would unseat and unsettle the "ruling class" and keep China in a state of 'perpetual revolution' that served the interests of the majority, not a tiny elite |
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Term
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Definition
| Collapse of Communism and the USSR. Began in Poland and continued through the USSR. |
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Term
| Tiananmen Square Massacre |
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Definition
| Student and intellectual led protest in the same year as the collapse of communism. Mass movement for political reform which was shutdown with violence and covered up by the government. |
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Term
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Definition
| long-time leader of the South African Communist Party highlighting the cooperation between Israeli administrations and apartheid-era South Africa and noting the irony of a nation of dispossessed refugees establishing a state founded on the idea of exclusion |
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Term
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Definition
| terms for the strategic rivalry and conflict between the British Empire and the Russian Empire for supremacy in Central Asia |
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Term
| Jadidism (from جديد “new”) |
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Definition
| Muslim modernist reformers within the Russian Empire in the late 19th and early 20th century.maintained that Muslims in the Russian Empire had entered a period of decay that could only be rectified by the acquisition of new kind of knowledge and modernist, European-modeled cultural reform |
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Term
| Shari’ah ( شريعة = Islamic law) |
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Definition
| the code of conduct or religious law of Islam which deals with many topics addressed by secular law, including crime, politics and economics, as well as personal matters such as sexuality, hygiene, diet, prayer, and fasting |
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Term
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Definition
| political movement started more than 100 years ago aiming to unite the various Turkic peoples into a modern political state. idea of political, cultural and ethnic unity of all Turkic-speaking people - 19th/20th centuries. |
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Term
| “All Power to the Soviets!” |
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Definition
| main political slogan of the Bolshevik Party- Article published in Pravda by Lenin in 1917 |
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Term
| People’s Republic of Bukhara |
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Definition
| short-lived Soviet state which governed the former Emirate of Bukhara during the period immediately following the Russian Revolution from 1920-1925. After the redrawing of regional borders, its territory was divided up mostly to Uzbek SSR with minor territories included to Turkmen SSR. |
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Term
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Definition
| uprising against Russian Imperial and Soviet rule by the Muslim, largely Turkic peoples of Central Asia. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey after the end of the caliphate. |
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Term
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Definition
| the name of the campaign during the 1920s-1930s which aimed to replace traditional writing systems for numerous languages with the Latin alphabet and to create for languages had no writing.Almost all Turkic, Iranian, Uralic and several other languages were romanized, totaling nearly 50 of the 72 written languages in the USSR. but in the late 1930s the latinisation campaign was canceled and all newly-romanized languages were converted to Cyrillic. |
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Definition
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Definition
| Mexican cotton - 90% of cotton used today. |
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Term
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Definition
| Invented in 1793- hook-tooth saws tear cotton fibres from the seed. 'Gin' short for engine. Produced 50 pounds of cotton fibre per day. |
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Term
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Definition
| Himself from a cotton spinning factory, he wrote aout the oppression of the working class - indictment of industrial manchester "Condition of the Working classes" 1845. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manchester, called by James Lower in 1854 |
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Term
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Definition
| All cotton fabrics with very simple designs. Indian cotton from Calicut on India's southwest coast. |
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Term
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Definition
| Manchester would make imitate indian goods because of their high quality. Quality improved and cost reduced so much as there were even reports of the Manchester imitations being preferred. |
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Term
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Definition
| England exporting a lot of goods to India, manchester cloth etc. - Change of wealth. "the british intruder who broke up the indian hand loom and destroyed the spinning wheel". |
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Term
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Definition
| major river in Central Asia first used by the Soviets in the 60s and 70s to irrigate extensive cotton fields in the Central Asian plain. |
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Term
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Definition
| Makes up about 50% of gross national income of Uzbekistan as it does well in differnet ecological niches. |
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Term
| kolkhoz = collective farms |
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Definition
| The result of Uzbek collectivisation of land into state farms "throw the kulaks out of the kolkhozy" |
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Term
| kulak = independent, wealthy farmer |
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| the class enemies, richer peasants whose land was confiscated |
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| 1929-1932- MOre than 1.8 millions better off peasants (kulaks) deported in 1930-21. |
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| Attempt to industrialise quickly, these were introduced to share agricultural machinery and technical personal. |
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| A coal miner who exceeded his quota 14x and became a hero of socialist labour and propoganda. |
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| One of many huge scale canals built to irrigate UZbek cotton filds to make cotton a great export. |
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| lake between kazakhstan and karakalpakstan that has been steadily shrinking since the 1960s after the rivers that fed it were diverted by Soviet Union irrigation projects. By 2007 it had declined to 10% of its original size, splitting into four lakes |
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| Modern Uzbekistan - reports of child slavery, Es |
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| Biggest oil field in the world in Saudi Arabia. |
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| 1879- Standard Oil (Rockefeller's company) controls 90% of US oil refining - symbolised in this cartoon. |
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| Nobel Brothers Petroleum Company was an oil-producing company that had its origins in a distillery, founded by Robert and Ludvig Nobel in Baku in 1876 who had built the first oil tanker, oil pipeline and storage reservoirs. |
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| world's first successful oil tanker |
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| The Lucas gusher which struck oil in 1901 and tripled oil production in the US overnight, making it a dominant oil producing company. |
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| first completed prototype tank that was intended to combat trench warfare but couldn't and was a symbol of the military's need for oil during the war. |
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| seven oil companies which formed the "Consortium for Iran" and dominated the global petroleum industry from the mid-1940s to the 1970s: Standard oil, gulf oil, shell and BP. In 1973 the members of the Seven Sisters controlled 85% of the world's petroleum reserves |
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| Organisation of the petroleum exporting countries cartel created in Iraq in 1960 as a reaction to the demand for quotas in the supply of petrol - Venezuela, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia. |
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| Led the 1973 arab oil embargo, severely affecting the economic health of all Western powers following the 6 day war between Israel and the Arab powers. Oil is used as a weapon of political blackmail. |
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| Persian tribe from one of the 12 ancient provinces |
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| Granted a concession by the King of Persia in 1901 to explore for oil in southern Iran. He was given oil rights to the entire country except for five provinces in Northern Iran. In exchange the Iranian government was given 16% of the oil company's annual profits ensuring British concern with Iran's stability. |
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| First modern oil wells of the Middle East were struck here (Mosque of Solomon) in 1908.Settlement occured as a result of petroleum industry development in the Middle East on negotiations between D'arcy and the Arabs. |
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| Anglo-Persian Oil Company |
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| founded in 1908 following the discovery of a large oil field in Masjed Soleiman, Iran. It was the first company to extract petroleum from the Middle Eastand in 1954 it became the British Petroleum Company (BP). |
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| Where The Anglo-Persian Oil Company built their first pipeline terminus oil refinery 1910s-1920s which necessitated an equally vast population: more than 220,000 people in 1956. |
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| 1916- Secret agreement between UK & French governments (with the assent of Imperial Russia) that defined Middle Eastern spheres of influence after the expected downfall of the Ottoman Empire. It divided Arab provinces of the Ottoman empire into future areas of British and French influence. |
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| Empires are falling as imperial interests take a backseat to this. |
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| President of Iran who wants to nationalise the oil industry as an answer to poverty, disease and backwardness. Overthrowed by a coup d'etat organised the CIA under 'operation ajax'. |
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| 1956- an offensive war fought by France, Britain, and Israel against Egypt after Egypt's president Gamal Abdel Nassar nationalised the Suez canal. First major crisis in the Middle east post WWII and the beginning of the end of British ties to Egypt. |
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| First President of Turkey - implemented the use of a new latin alphabet instead of old arabic script and generally tried to modernise Turkey, pulling away from Muslim values. |
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| Arab Socialist Ba’ath Party |
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| Arab socialist party meaning rebirth, founded by bourgeois teachers, intelligentsia, Muslim and christian created - promoted Arab nationalism. |
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| Al-Nakbah = “the catastrophe” |
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| The founding of Israel - when approximately 711,000 to 725,000 Palestinian Arabs left, fled or were expelled from their homes, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War and the Civil War that preceded it |
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| Dar al-Islam = “Abode of Islam” |
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| The Islamic world (world of submission to God's will) - where Muslims can practice their religion freely. As opposed to Dar-al-harb (house of war - the west). |
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| 1921-2008 : "Awakening of religious scholars" by traditionalist Sunni Islam group in Indonesia, Nahdlatul Ulama. Mass killings of Indonesian communists. |
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| Hizb ut-Tahrīr = “Party of Liberation” |
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| international pan-Islamic political organisation whose goal is for all Muslim countries to unify as an Islamic state or caliphate ruled by Islamic law and with a caliph head of state elected by Muslims |
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| Islamic concept of "ignorance of divine guidance" referring to the condition Arabs found themselves in pre-Islamic Arabia, i.e. prior to the revelation of the Qur'an to Muhammad - anyone not following Islam and the Qur'an. |
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| Wrote "in the shade of the qur'an" and was the leading Islamic theologian of the Egyptian Muslim Brotherhood in the 1950s and '60s. "the whole world is steeped in jahliyyah" - a return to the original form. Inspires a series of important and dedicated movements. |
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| Islamist militia group meaning 'students' that ruled large parts of Afghanistan from September 1996 onwards. Imitators throughout Muslim world: Al Kaeda etc. Flag of the original caliphate. |
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| a group of Sharia Courts who united themselves to form a rival administration in Somalia,they controlled most of southern Somalia and the vast majority of its population. |
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| Modern middle eastern protests not relating to Muslim, but national movements aimed at breaking down the religious divisons. Egypt protests 2011 |
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| Shi’a religions festival- Day of mourning for the death of Ali. National holiday in some countries where muslims go as far as cutting themselves to share in the pain of the martyrdom of Ali. |
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| Mohammad Ali Shah was responsible for the first Iranian flag. Copied some forms of european influence and not others. Helped by the Uk and USSR to attack constitutionalists. |
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| father and son Reza Shah Pahlavi and Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi. Reza Shah was a moderniser who imitated the great western powers and was eventually overruled by by an Islamic revolution led by Ruhollah Khomeini. |
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| Tudeh = Iranian Communist Party |
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| Iranian Communist Party. Threat during the cold war as they were on the border of the USSR. |
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| SAVAK = the Shah’s secret police |
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| Iran's security and intelligence secret police, established by reza Pahlavi by the suggestion of the UK government and CIA .most hated and feared institution" because of its practice of torturing opponents of the Pahlavi regime. e.g. fingernail remover. |
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| Ruhollah Mousavi Khomeini |
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| leader of the 1979 Iranian Revolution which saw the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran. Became the country's Supreme Leader—a position created in the constitution as the highest ranking political and religious authority of the nation. Changed the flag to the tricolour flag of today, with a symbol of a rose (Islam) and word allah. Iran second to islam. |
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| Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) = Jang-e-tahmīlī |
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| 1980-1988 gulf war : following a long history of border disputes, and fears of Shia insurgency among Iraq's long-suppressed Shia majority influenced by the Iranian Revolution. 3x as many casualties in Iran who were thought of as martyrs as they fought with "pure heart and innocence" (young children) rather than the "tainted royal army". Iran's Pan-Islamism and revolutionary Shia Islamism and Iraq's Arab nationalism were central to the conflict |
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| current President of the Islamic republic of Iran won 62% of the vote in 2009 against his reformist opposition causing huge protests over rigged vote allegations. |
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| Failed protests after 2009 presidential election controversy. The events have also been nicknamed the "Twitter Revolution" because of the protesters' reliance on Twitter and other social-networking Internet sites to communicate with each otherWidespread editorial analyses assert that the 2009 election marks the official end of the Islamic Republic and the beginning of the Abadgaran Regime.[42][43] All three opposition candidates claimed that the votes were manipulated and the election was rigged, and candidates Mohsen Rezaee and Mousavi have lodged official complaints. |
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• Balochistan
• Ahwazistan
• Kurdistan
Pan-Iranism |
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| roughly defined geo-cultural regions wherein there forms a prominent majority population, culture, language, and national identity have historically been based. |
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| Commodities die out because of no supply or demand. Collapse of cod fishing in 1990s due to overfishing and poor administration caused 50,000 to be unemployed and needed 3.9 billion dollars of assistance. |
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| Plant which the oil of is used as biodiesel |
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| Plant which the oil of is used as biodiesel particularly in jet planes. |
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| Alternative to fossil fuels that requires huge amounts of land in order to replace small amounts of fuel when only 10% of world is arable farmland |
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| Lake in Africa which levels rise and fall due to irrigation projects. Economically important in providing water to the 20 million people that live around it. |
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| Alaskan reservoir where company S2C global systems announced that it was moving forward with a plan to ship 2.9 billion to 9 billion gallons of fresh lake water a year from Blue Lake to the west coast of India in 2010 -the world’s first regular, bulk exports of water via tanker. |
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| Rare earth metal which lies hidden behind other minerals not necessarily rare. Every cell phone has up to 3 grams of rare earths. |
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