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| leader of Mongolian Empire from 1209 to 1227 |
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| Venetian merchant and author of Travels, which detailed his Eastern adventures to a European audience |
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| in the Ottoman Empire, an Islamic political and military leader, analogous to an emperor in other cultures |
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| 15th century Mongolian leader who captured the Ottoman sultan |
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| Prince Henry the Navigator |
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| mapmaker and designer of navigational instruments who financed many Portuguese exploratory voyages |
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| Ottoman sultan who conquered Constantinople in 1453 |
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| Italian-born explorer who sailed under Spanish flag and “discovered” Hispanolia in 1492 |
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| Portuguese explorer, sailed around “Cape of Good Hope,” suggesting a sea route around Africa |
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| first European to circumnavigate the globe |
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| Spanish for “conqueror,” refers to Spanish soldiers fighting in New World for “God, gold, and glory” |
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| Mexican empire conquered by Spain in 15th century |
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| Dominican missionary who opposed Indian slavery |
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| Giovanni Pico della Mirandola |
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| Italian Renaissance Neoplatonist who wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man |
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| 16th century Dutch scholar who produced a Greek translation of the New Testament |
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| Lord Chancellor of England, wrote Utopia, was martyred for refusing to recognize Henry VIII as head of the Church in England |
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| German monk who posted 95 Theses on church door at Wittenberg in 1517, seen as beginning of Reformation |
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| Pope during beginning of Protestant Reformation, authorized sale of indulgences to fund construction of St. Peter's in Vatican City |
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| Holy Roman Emperor during Reformation |
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| Swiss priest who claimed that man is bound by God's laws as found in the Gospels, not by man-made canon law |
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| Protestant group that emphasized pacifism and rejected infant baptism |
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| French theologian who emphasized predestination and man's inherently evil nature; also essentially ruled over Geneva for a time |
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| English king who declared himself head of the Church in England because Pope Clement VII would not annul his marriage to Catherine of Aragon |
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| Archbishop of Canterbury who granted Henry VIII's annulment from Catherine of Aragon and married him to Anne Boleyn |
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| son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour, solidifies Church of England |
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| Daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn, returned England to Protestant rule and reigned for 45 years |
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| Spanish priest who founded the Society of Jesus |
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| “Bloody Mary”; Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon who temporarily restored England to Catholicism |
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| Eighteen year Church council that met to address Protestant problems |
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| French Bourbon king who converted to Catholicism to appease French Catholic majority |
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| edict issued by Henry IV of France declaring France a Catholic nation but allowing Protestants religious toleration |
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| most religiously diverse part of 16th century Europe, where Catholics, Lutherans, Calvinists and Anabaptists practiced a degree of toleration |
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| regarded as Europe's most powerful naval force at the time, destroyed in the English Channel in 1588 |
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| document which declared that each German prince could determine the religion (Catholic or Lutheran) of his region |
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| treaty that ended the Thirty Years' War, allowing religious toleration for all parties |
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| minister to Louis XIV, centralized the power of the French government by revoking the Huguenots' right to self-defense |
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| 17th century French absolutist king, built the palace at Versailles; called himself “the Sun King” |
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| “the wisest fool in Christendom,” English king who succeeded Elizabeth I and asserted that the king was answerable to God alone |
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| English Calvinists who sought to “purify” the Anglican Church and rid it of its Catholic influences |
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| formally called “The Society of Friends,” a Protestant group that relied on the “divine light” of inspiration rather than Scripture |
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| son of James I, king during English Revolution, beheaded in 1640 |
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| English political philosopher associated with contract theory of government whereby the people authorize the government to protect their natural rights to “life, liberty, and property” |
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| English political scientist who wrote Leviathan, upholding the necessity of absolute monarchy to protect humanity from itself |
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| French for “room,” fashionable 18th century meeting places for educated men and women to discuss philosophy, poetry, politics, art, etc. |
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| French analog to English Parliament |
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| Louis XIV's enormously expensive palace |
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| English general who opposed the King's army in the English Revolution, oversaw Charles I's beheading, became Lord Protector of England |
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| list of grievances against Charles I filed by House of Commons in 1629; asserted the right of the people to approve or repeal the King's taxes |
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| restores English throne after Oliver Cromwell's death |
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| Catholic English king whose throne was usurped in the Glorious Revolution |
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| took James II's throne in a bloodless coup (Glorious Revolution), established the English throne as a limited monarchy |
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| English Jesuit who attempted to blow up the House of Parliament on November 5, 1605 in a plot to kill James I and restore England to Catholicism |
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| Russian czar who westernized Russia and moved the capitol from Moscow to St. Petersburg |
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| Russian czarina who annexed part of Poland |
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| 15th century Polish astronomer who discovered that the sun is the center of our solar system |
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| student of Tycho Brahe, discovered that planets have elliptical, not spherical orbits |
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| British empiricist philosopher, considered the father of the modern scientific method |
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| Italian astronomer who invented the refracting telescope, mathematically proved Copernicus's heliocentric theory, put under house arrest by the Roman Inquisition |
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| French philosopher and mathematician who wrote Discourse on Method and developed a dualistic deductive philosophy |
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| English scientist who developed calculus and mathematically described gravity |
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| French satirist who wrote Candide and fiercely attacked the institution of the Catholic Church |
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| 18th century Christian Agnostic idea that God is a “watchmaker” or creator but does not interfere in the ongoing workings of His creation |
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