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Persian Astrologer
In the 8th C there was an Arabic movement that promoted advancements in Science |
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| nothing in the universe, the world is finite |
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o Grouped animals into vertebrates and invertebrates
o Discovered Eustachian tube
• Greatest achievement in the area of reasoning and logic, deduction
• Thought the site of intelligence was in the heart, not the brain
Talked about the place of man in the Universe |
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Geocentric Idea around 130 AD
Geography and World View |
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Old Order,
health and anatomy and body functions = body humours
Believed that there were 2 separate blood systems – 1 for digestive, 1 muscles
Blood, yellow bile, phlegm, black bile
Linked to different body parts and characteristics
Heart (sanguine), liver (choleric), brain (phlegmatic) , spleen (melancholic)
2nd C |
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375-415
• Studied Astronomy in Alexandria
• Came up with the first Astrolabe
• Firm believer of Old Roman Gods
• Skinned, Chopped and Burned |
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1473-1543
challenged the theory that the earth was at the centre of the cosmos. He said that the sun was at the centre and that the earth moved in rotation around it (which helped explain night and day).
"On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres" |
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| 1571-1630 used maths to prove the planets rotated in different elliptical orbits (which implied Aristotle's circular orbits were not true) •Published ‘The Laws of Planetary Motion’ 1609 •Showed that there was a mathematical relationship between the speed of a planet’s rotation and its distance to the sun |
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(1546-1642) used telescopes to look at the surface of the moon/to observe Jupiter, Mercury and Venus. When he saw they circled the sun not the earth, he concluded that the earth was not at the centre of the universe.
•Work was published in 1610 in ‘The Starry Messenger’
1623 - Publishes 'The Dialogue' |
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(1546-1601)
said the sun and planets revolved around the earth but other planets revolved around the sun. He kept detailed records of the night sky. He rejected Aristotle but couldn't bring himself to accept Copernicus. |
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| Constantinople Falls to the Mehmet the Conqueror |
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1596-1650
-Developed a method for deductive experimentation
everything should be doubted until proven. The only thing that was certain was human existence
"ergo sum credere"
Everything except light could be proven mathematically or through rational thinking
•Book ‘Meditations’ published in 1641
Introduced Cartesian coordinates
Studied the law of diffraction, explained rainbows |
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1561-1626
Developed the inductive method for experimentation (scientific experiments and solid evidence)
•Rejected the work of Copernicus and Kepler
Wrote 'Novum Organum' |
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1642-1727
Principia Mathematica (1687) - 3 laws of motion
•Develops the theory of gravitation and the Earth’s place in the universe
method of fluxions (calculus)
Newtonian Reflecting Telescope
Binomial Theorem
Theory of time/experimented with light |
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1440-1502
•Founder of pathological anatomy |
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chemicals (15th C)
Believed that chemical medicine could be used to cure disease |
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• 1516-1564
• Believed in practical experimentation
Published ‘The Fabric of the Human Body’ in 1543
studied anatomy |
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"On the Motion of the Heart and the Blood"(1628)
•In 1615 started believing that blood circulated around the body
•Experimented on live animals and executed criminals
Proved that the heart was a pump and had valves (First shown by Arabs) |
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| provided corpses to the Edinburgh medical school |
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| Company of Barber Surgeons |
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1540 - an attempt to standardize surgeons
Red and white pole stood for blood and bandages |
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barber surgeon, made discoveries about treating wounds and invented surgical tools
Eventually became doctor to several French kings |
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| Cellular structure of plants |
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First discovery of bacteria, sperm
Made strong lenses for microscopes
Discovered protozoa, discovered blood cells and capillaries (Worked in 1670's or so)
Used word animalcules |
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set the groundwork for Darwin's work on evolution
•Talks about human origins in terms of evolution |
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•Theory of combustion
•In the 1770’s he discovered that Oxygen was needed for rusting and burning
•Confirmed that water was made of hydrogen and oxygen
•Law of matter |
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Early 1800s
•Pioneering work in magnetism and electricity
•Discovered benzene, electrolysis among many other things |
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1623-1673
•Began publishing in the 1650’s – about 14 books
oScientists and poetry
Grounds of Natural Philosophy |
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| Malleus Malificarum (The Hammer of Witches) |
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Published 1486
Book outlining the way to persecute witches |
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| Motivation for Exploration |
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•Religious zeal
•Curiosity
•Trading partners
•Nationalism
•Plunder
•Cultural Imperialism
•New fish supplies |
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| England and Northern France (Normandy |
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| Orkneys, Shetland, Faroese, Leal Greenland and Newfoundland |
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| hits Europe in 1346 - Half of European population dies, including Vikings |
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| Monarch, built a school for navigation in 1419 in Sagres |
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| Battle against Islam forces, Portuguese won the battle |
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| Founded by Portugal in 1420 off West Coast of Africa |
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| Founded by Portugal in 1427 |
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| sailed around the Cape of Good Hope in 1488 |
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| 1498-1502- Portuguese reach Calicut in India, bombard it and gain control for the next 400 years |
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| in 1610 to Hudson Bay, expecting to reach China |
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| eventually reaches Newfoundland, but believes that he’s in China |
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| arrived in 1519 and took on the might of the Aztec empire |
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| Claimed Brazil for Portugal |
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| Christian Colony in India |
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| Portuguese appeal to the Pope about the Spanish discovery of the Americas, Pope divides the Americas between Portugal and Spain, divided it by the line of Tordesillas |
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| Allowed English and French to sail west to North America |
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| 1497 - (claim of discovery) English say they’ve discovered Newfoundland |
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| organizes Northeast/Northwest exploration passages to search for the Indies |
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| 1670 - establishes the Hudson’s Bay Company, names area around Hudson’s Bay ‘Rupertsland’ after his cousin |
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| hired to find the Western Passage to the East, but find the St. Lawrence River (1535-1541) |
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1541-42 - (French noble) is sent to create a settlement
2/3 of his people die to scurvy |
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| Five Degrees of Brutality |
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oIf people had no reason or no knowledge of God
oWhat they ate (if they ate things from the dirt/insects they were devil worshippers)
oIf they had any morals (did they wear clothes?)
oIf people lived as part of nature (didn’t live in proper houses)
oIf they lacked government or rulers |
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| Adam Smith, William Ferguson and Hume |
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Developed the Stages of Evolution
-Four stages – hunting, pastoral, agricultural and commercial (had to develop in that order) |
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| Second wave of Exploration 1763-1793 |
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Scientific/Map making voyage 1768
1772 Sent to find Australia, observes Natives
3rd Voyage up north, gets killed |
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New England Accounts
Penn Accounts |
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- a poor view of native peoples
- sympathetic view |
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Jesuit Relations
Lahontan
Lafitau
Charlevoix |
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- Jesuits lived among the Huron and Iroquois
- wrote of them for profit
- wrote "Moeurs des Sauvage Ameriquain"
- "History of New France" |
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| 1569 - standard map projection for nautical purposes because of its ability to represent lines of constant true bearing |
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| early modern European navigation chart, usually with rhumb lines, shorelines and place names. |
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| map of the known world to Western society in the 2nd century A.D |
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