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| 987-1328, France, descendants of King Hugh Capet of France, descendant of the Carolingians and the Merovingians. Tight, paranoid government and associative kingship. |
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| massive embroidered cloth that depicts the events leading up to the Norman conquest of England |
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| Benedictine monastery in France. Known for strict adherence to the Rule of St. Benedict, and was the place where the Benedictine Order was formed. Leader of Western monasticism. ~ 11th century. |
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· sale of church offices (church in shambles, corrupt popes) |
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· body of all the cardinals of the Catholic Church. Serves to advise the pope about church matters and elect successors . Part of papal reform. |
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| the practice of allowing clergy to marry. Banned during reform by Pope Leo IX |
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· the appointment of bishops and abbots by secular rulers rather than by the Church. Part of Papal reform |
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| r 1073-1085, fought with Emperor Henry IV over investiture and the primacy of papal authority |
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| r 1056-1106, fought with Pope Gregory VII over investiture and papal authority |
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| compilation of 27 statements of powers arrogated to the pope that was included in Pope Gregory VII’s register under the year 1075. |
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| commune where Emperor Henry IV did penance in 1077 to reverse his excommunication by Pope Gregory VII. |
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| r 1088 to 1099, speech at the council of Clermont in 1095, crusades, viewed blood as purifying |
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· 1095, depicted persecution of Christians by Muslims, desire for knights in Europe to seek penance for sings, Christian fighting not allowed |
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· apocalyptic lecturer during the first crusade |
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| Twelfth-Century Renaissance |
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| 1050-1250, social, political, and economic transformations and an intellectual revitalization of western Europes with philosophical and scientific roots (school systems, banks) |
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· new style of architecture in the 12th century Renaissance |
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· 4 BCE, provided inspiration for focus on physical sciences, joy from knowledge, paved the way for new ways of thinking in terms of organization and arguments |
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| people who believe in the idea that absolutes (realities) do exist |
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| people who believe that reality is abstract, that words don’t really mean anything. These two ideas (realist and nominalist) arise in the debate about the nature of the Eucharist |
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· 1033-1099, said that reason can uplift faith, the two don’t have to be separate |
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| 1079-1142, French scholoastic philosopher, theologian, and logician. Heloise’s lover. |
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| instrument for measuring angles of slope/tilt, elevation or depression of an object, used of navigations, and astronomy |
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· 1215, called by Pope Innocent III, basically laye out and organized Christian rules concerning heretics and Jews, ecclesiastical procedre, and the nature of the Holy Land |
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· Muslim thinker who had expertise in many subjects, including theology and philosophy. Defended Aristotlean philosophy against those who thought it posed a threat to Islam |
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· universities were now appearing, associated with the Churches. First one was in Paris, hotbed of violence, murder. Combined religion and Logic. Spread to Oxford and Cambridge. |
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· knighthood, aristocratic military origin of individual training and service to others. |
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o Standard law for all people
o King’s not seen as gods anymore
o Law not oral but written
o Taxes are now an assumed part of the state |
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o Assemblies, getting approval from them
o Some see this as progress (moving away from tyranny) |
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1216, England
o Big Charter
o Perfect symbol of democracy and freedom
o Origin of our own Constitution
o Army of God
o Taxes
o Subordinated King to the law
§ Clause 39,40
§ Habeas Corpus and due process
o Parliaments seen as a thing that must be done
o Conservative—not radical—feudal
o Wanted a more efficient royal justice—one law
o Stronger government, stronger king
§ Not people having more power
o 13th Century was about increasing the power of the state |
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| prototype for gothic style and some other shit |
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o He had remarkable administrators
o Saint but also King
o Used parliament
o Lived this image of Christ like
§ Imitato Christi
o Biography
§ Joinville’s Life of St. Louis
o Went on crusade in Tunis and died
o Secular state was a cult as well |
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o Wrote Saint Louis IX’s biography |
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o How “brothers” were getting by—begging, relying on charitable donations |
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o Not monks but brothas
o Denied social rank
o Had no wealth—no property, no monasteries
o They were imitating Christ
§ Imitato Christi |
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o High minded
o Went to universities
o Preached |
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o Emotional
o Not itellectual
o Went out to people in forests and preached |
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o One of 7 sons of a wealthy merchant
o After having a vision of Christ telling him to fix his house, he felt he must live like Christ as a mendicant
o Renounced his inheritance
o Pope Innocent III recognized the importance of Francis and his followers the Franciscans |
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| legendary ruler of Christian tribe lost among Muslims and pagans in the orient, king of Ethiopia, wanted to convert Mongols, appears in travel writings (William of Rubruck and Marco Polo) |
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| a hospital for the treatment of leprosy, a leper colony |
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| statue depicting the Church outside of the Strasbourg Cathedreal, wearing a crown and holding a cross |
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· statue depicting the Old Testament outside of the Strasbourg Cathedral, downturned, blindfolded and wearing a falling crown |
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· Jewish Bible, first 5 books of the Bible, the old testament |
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· Jewish law code, condemned and burned by Nicholas Donin (Jewish convert) in 1240 |
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| Jewish law code, written in Hebrew, part of the Talmud |
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| Jewish convert who claimed that the Talmud should be banned |
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| leading Jewish scholar and Rabbi, debated against the truth of Christianity against Pablo Christiani |
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| 1378 to 1417, split in Catholic church when two men simultaneously claimed to be the true pope, end of papal monarchy |
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· 1337-1453, between France and England, war of attrition, disrupted tradition, nations emerge |
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· idea that Jews were stealing Christian children for their rituals |
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| idea that Jews were torturing the Eucharist |
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| 14th century, killed 30-60 percent of Europe’s population, Yersina Pestis, job opportunities, obsession with death |
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| The Peasants’ Revolt, 1381 |
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· mark of the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval Engald, although the revolt itself was a failure.mark of the beginning of the end of serfdom in medieval England, although the revolt itself was a failure. |
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· idea that there is a population capacity, and once reached, people will have to return to subsistence-style living |
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o Hermit and spiritual leader
o First to abdicated the papal throne after he heard a voice that told him too |
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o 1294-1303
o Benedict Gaetani
o Spoke the words Celestine V heard that made him abdicate
o Clericis Laicos is issued under him
o Also issues the Unam Sanctam in 1302
o Retired to Agnani and issued an excommunication order to the French king
o Go get him at Agnani and beat him
o Townspeople then save him and he returns to rome where he dies a month later |
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o Prohibited all church/clergy taxation without papal permission |
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o 1302
o both swords of the world belong to him |
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·
o Where Pope Boniface VIII retired to and was taken from |
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o First it was the temporary new home of the pope but then became permanent under Clement V |
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o 1285-1314
o Ruler in France
o Took complete control of the church’s property
o Taxing everyone
o Very diverse
o King of England was his vassal
o When he dies it becomes of a challenge of who would rule out of his 3 sons |
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o Weapon used in the 100 years war
o English now using tactics they learned from the Scottish |
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o 1412-1431
o Heavenly voice told her to dress up like a man an fight
o Many saw her as divine and thought her claims were honorable
o Protected the dauphin
o Remained a symbol of France’s resistance
o Was eventually burned at the stake |
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o Mercenaries the kings hired to help them fight |
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o 1352
o Part of the height of Chivalric fantasy that was taken to a new extreme
o King John and 300 members take oath to never flee in battle, but were killed by guns 1 year later.
o These orders glorified noble descent and superiority
o Pride above victory |
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o 1304-1314
o Founder of Humanism |
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| an approach in study, philosophy, world view or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. |
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o Ruled with force (democracy was a myth)
o Ruled Florence like a dictator but extraordinary patron of humanists |
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o Very realistic
o Compared to Michaelangelo’s David—much younger hero
o Has a hat on but no clothes
o First nude sculpture in Europe since antiquity
o Evokes an image of Christ on top of the heard of the serpent
o Great example of new Renaissnace Humanism |
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o D.1446
o Classical architect in everyway, not even a hint of gothic art |
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o 1452-1519
o Painted the last supper
o Part of this new humanism renaissance |
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o Painted by da Vinci
o Commissioned by Ludovico il Moro |
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o 1414
o Could depose a pope
o Church as a corporation could remove its leader (pope) if they went astray
o Councils had more power and importance than the pope
o But failed after this council—very short lived
o This is also the first time that nations voted as a unit
§ First time hearing things like the “Church of England” or “Galician Church” |
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o D. 1384
o Heretic
o New transformations of the sacraments
o State alone should deal in temporal matters
o His followers were called Lollards
§ Also this was a derogatory term meaning lazy
o Encouraged faith as a personal devotion |
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o 1415
o Heretic
o His followers were called Hussites
o Connected to a national origin
o More widespread and long-lasting
o Burned at the stake
o Survives today-foundation of the Morovian Church |
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o D. 1498
o Heretic
o Said he knew the future
o Bonfire of the vanities
§ Burning of all heretical paintings
o Called a heretic and killed |
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· Brethern of Common Life |
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o Started in 1370’s
o Movement of lay people
o Lived in communes—kind of like monks
o Established schools
o Where humanist Erasmus was educated |
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o 1466-1536
o Translated new bible
§ Greek and Latin side by side
o He said not everyone should read the bible
o His translations were used by Luther |
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o D. 1546
o Had a religious awakening
o Joined a monastic order against his father’s wishes
o Wrote 95 Theses
§ Questions against the church
o Faith vs. works—crystal clear faith more important
o Scripture higher than the pope
o Papacy condemned
o Excommunicated and called an outlaw
o Began translating bible into German
o Made use of the printing press
o Protected by very powerful men
o Started to appeal to a sense of German national identity |
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o Luther condemned the church for selling indulgences and it was one of his main complaints in the 95 Theses |
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o Written by Luther
o Questions the church |
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o 1555
o Lutheran church recognized
o End of Protestant Reformation
o Cuius Regio, eius religio
§ Old idea that people should be the religion of their leader
o No mention of Calvinists or other groups
o Luther organized a church based on 3 things
§ Baptism, confession, and the last supper
o Not creating a new church, reestablish the first church |
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o 1484-1531
o Humanist educated and preached to his own community
o Explicated the bible
o Spoke about true church in his communities
o Established a morals court
o Founder of the Church of Switzerland |
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o 1509-1564
o Exile
o Church not tied to a place or certain structure
o Spread more quickly because exiles made up large majority of its members
o First organized Calvinist church called Huguenots
o Calvin broke far more radically from the medieval church—Luther did not
o Believed in predestination
o Preached humility to God alone |
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o Some are saved and some are damned.
o Don’t know whom.
o Believed by Calvinists. |
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o 1202-1204
o Conquered Constantinople
o Venetians did this to get a trading monopoly in the East
o Greeks got it back in 1261 but split into 12 principalities which created a lot of fighting |
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o 1258-1326
o Conquered all tribes around him
o Leader of a tribe
§ Raiders
o He was a warrior and lived in a warrior state
§ Ghazi state=warrior state
o Turkish |
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· The Battle of Nicopolis |
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o 1396
o Last crusade
o Backfired on the pope |
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o 1336-1405
o Crushed the Turks
o Mongol invader
o Ottoman’s eventually recover from this blow and move into Greece during the 1330’s-1340’s. |
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o 1432-1481
o Powerful warrior
o Built new castles on the line that separated Europe and Asia, cut off Constantinople from it
o Fate of Constantinople sealed
o Byzantine couldn’t enough people to protect the border of Constantinople so they put a chain in the water to stop ships
o Mehmet then says to move ships from water to land in front of Constantinople walls
o Collapse in 1453—end of Byzantine Empire.
o Installed a new greek patriarch
o Massive public work projects
§ Behaved like byzantine emperors before him |
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o System of levies
o Gives boys to the ottomans |
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o Trained to be soldiers
o Masters in all arts of wars |
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o 1520-1566
o The Magnificent
o Habsburg was their enemy
o Allied themselves with all enemies of the Habsburg
o Pact with the French
§ Gave the French enormous trading benefits
§ Handed them key holy places too
o Deeply involved in European politics |
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o 1429-1507
o Court artist
o Renaissance is happening in Istanbul (Constantinople) |
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o Ca. 1300
o Mappamundi
o World map
o Single piece of sheepskin
o North is to the left
o White=land
o Black + red=sea
o Outside of the map are pictures
§ Scene of the last judgement |
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o Invented during the 15th and 16th century as new expeditions of the world occured |
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o Chinese
o Massive ship on Indian Ocean
o Chinese
Wanted supremacy over Indian ocean trade |
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o 1394-1460
o Prince in Portugal
o Deeply pious
o Went down the side of Africa
o By 1472 after he died his ships finally made it to Cameroon |
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o 1487-1488
o Got blown off course all the way down the side of Africa
o Cape of Good Hope |
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o Portugese
o Many of his crew died on the way down the coast of Africa from scurvy
o Hit Mozambique for the first time
o Learned he could intimidate people who sailed in dhows
o Then said from Africa to India-Calicut
o But relations between the Indians and Portuguese flared when they realized that the Portuguese had no money
o Returned to Portugal as a hero |
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o De Gama first to sail there
o Met leader but tensions flared when they realized his ships had no money
o De Gama returned in early 1500’s and unleashed reign of terror here |
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o Expulsion of the Jews
o Proclaimed by Ferdinand and Isabella
o Wasn’t a total surprise
o Stopped Columbus from sailing for a day because ports were filled with those fleeing |
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o Obsessed with the Indes
o Convinced he could reach Japan by going west
o August 3, 1492 set sail with three small ships
o October 12 hit Bahamas
§ Assumed it was the Indes
o Returned in 1493 with 17 ships
§ Foundation of Spanish influence in Caribbean |
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o 1454-1512
o Got credit because he was published a lot |
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o Skirted around coast of South America
o Hit Phillipines
o Hit coast of Africa
o 1st man that circumnavigated the globe |
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o Not just one way
o Epidemics such as smallpox unleashed on native people
o Syphilis goes to Europe |
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(1564-1642) Italian Physicist, condemned for heresy for supporting Copernicus’s view that the universe was centered around the sun |
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(1473-1543) said that the earth revolved around the sun and not the other way around |
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Roman citizen of Egypt who wrote in Greek, first to predict mostly accurate representations of the solar system |
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| father of scientific theory and empiricism, wrote New Atlantis |
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· highly religious, but physicist and descriptor of gravity and laws of motion |
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| logic, reasoning where the conclusion follows from the premises |
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| relies less on logical reasoning and more on individual experience and observations. |
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| one of the founders of modern chemistry, alchemy, vacuum |
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| volume of space void of matter, contradicted natural thought |
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· Utopian novel by Sir Francis Bacon were science and piety are held in harmony by all society’s inhabitants |
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· an encyclopedic collection in Renaissance Europe of types of objects whose categorical boundaries were yet to be defined. |
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| a metaphorical device derived from the Latin Middle Ages that provides form, order, and intelligibility to the study of nature., brought god into the study of natural sciences. |
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