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| North Western Corner of the Arabian Peninsula. Mecca and Medina are in it. Islam being created here and spread out into the world. Other empires did occupy the hijaz. These empires are Byzantine/East Roman Empire and Sassinad(Persian) empire-both disappear with advent of Islam from the hijaz. |
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| Inhabited by Quaresh tribe- (stratified). Muhammads birthplace. Mecca is a series of circles, the closer to the center of the circle the higher a person was. At center of city was the most of commercial activity that took place was. Religious worship also happened in the center near a black stone known as the Kaaba. |
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| Originally named Yathrib, where Muhammad’s followers migrated to. The inhabitants invited Muhammad to Medina to serve as an arbiter in a conflict driven community. Muhammad came with a message of Islam. |
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| The term given for Muhammad and his people migrating from Mecca to Medina in 622. The Islamic collective community. |
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| city that separates Asia/Europe. (Modern Istanbul). Was part of the Byzantine Empire. Byzantine Constantinople had been the capital of a Christian empire, successor to ancient Greece and Rome. Throughout the Middle Ages Constantinople was Europe's largest and wealthiest city of that time. |
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| place of worship in Mecca. It was controlled by the elite, whom strived to be closer to center for power/wealth because it was a trading center before Islam. The pagan nomadic tribe belief was that 3 gods resided there. To keep peace from the nomadic warring tribes the Kaaba was designated as a peace sanctuary with a 20 mile peace perimeter. |
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| married a wealthy widow. Arrived with message of monotheism (Islam). God’s message delivered through Muhammad and written in Quran. He is considered the seal of prophets. |
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| Muhammad followers migrate to Medina. Muhammad was invited by the Medina people to serve as arbiter with a comprehensive message (Islam). The year 622 is considered the year 0 in Islam. |
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| Death of Prophet Muhammad |
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| Rightly guided or Rashidun caliphs. |
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| Arabic work meaning replacement of gods messenger. |
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| different name of Kalifat used by English and Europeanists. |
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| Caliphate after the Rashidun, who moved capitol to Damascus from Mecca. |
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| Caliphate after Umayyads, who moved capitol from Damascus to Baghdad. In 1258 Mongols sack Baghdad from Abassaid. |
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| inability to agree on successor. Sunna’s don’t get their name until 10th century |
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| Ali- (Reign from 656-661) |
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| final rightly guided caliph, was cousin to prophet. He was married to Fatima (Muhammad’s daughter)- lost caliphate to Umayyad. |
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| son who was an Imam (title used by Shia’s as caliphate). Day of Ashura is commemorated by the Shi‘a as a day of mourning for the martyrdom of Husayn ibn Ali. He is considered the 3rd of Twelvers. |
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| Husayn gets killed in this city. In the year 680 |
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| (literal meaning is leader of prayer). Shias use this term as interchangeable with the word caliph. |
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| the 12th Imam of the twelvers. Shia’s believe he never died and will come back on the day of judgment. |
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| Shia belief that from prophet Muhammad that there are twelve divinely ordained leaders after him and the 12th is Mahdi |
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| 6th and 7th Imams in the Twelvers |
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| in Shia/ Ismaili theology. 6th Imam was Jafar al-Sadiq and he wanted his second son to succeed. Shia’s believe that his first son (Kazim) should have men the successor. |
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| The Ismāīlī get their name from their acceptance of Ismāīl ibn Jafar as the divinely appointed spiritual successor (Imām) to Jafar aṣ-Ṣādiq, wherein they differ from the Twelvers, who accept Mūsà al-Kāżim, younger brother of Ismāīl, as the true Imām |
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| (literal meaning is wool cloth) - form of Islam connected with ascetics. Distinguished by wearing woolen cloth that is modified by ascetics. Turks adopt this form because it is demographically introduced to them first. Sufism also involved singing and dancing to the point of ecstasy. |
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| person, (stereotype) person who moved about in frontier spreading Islam in a Sufi tradition. This person also ran Sufi practices, ceremonies, rituals. |
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| person, although was originally a doctorial term, frontier warring for faith of Islam. Expand area of Islam to a non-Islamic area. Gazi is the warrior who carries out the activities used to expand the area of Islam. (Non doctorial version is person who lived in frontier whose main activity was thievery and raiding-subsisted in living in the frointer and was able to survive through pagan actions. This created a social bond between dervish and gazi.) |
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| (family or dynasty) – migrated from central Asia, which were a part of the tribe Oghuz Turks. |
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| confederation of Turkish tribes that were settled in central Asia at that time period. |
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| eponymous is someone that gives their name to something. (English usage is self titled) |
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| Seljuk enters Baghdad but don’t sack it. They become rulers of the territory ruled by the Abassid. |
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He was the Senjuk leader who brought the group into Baghdad and
created an allience with the reigning king. He then married the Abassaid caliph daughter (politically very smart) |
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| nephew of Tughril Bey. He dispatches Seljuk army into eastern part of Asia minor, which prompted reaction of the Byzantines. His success extends the territory in the battle of Mamzikert |
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| Byzantine respond by sending army to keep Seljuks outside this area, which was unsuccessful. |
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| central eastern Anatolia. Seljuks capture Byzantine emperor in this city. This opens up Anatolia to a massive but gradual Turkish settlement. |
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| son of Alp Arsalan. (Name means king of kings). Last Seljuk ruler who moves capitol to Iran (Istahan). |
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| (name means organizer of kingdom). Bureaucrat that aided Malikshah who maintains integrity of Seljuk domain. He was assassinated in 1092 by a radical Shia group that belonged to Ismalia grouped that wanted to end Sunni caliphate. He exemplified the political organization that was a Senjuks successes (along with military prowess) |
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| group that smoked hash, they were assassins that were Shia that belonged to the Ismali sect. |
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| daughter of Muhammad-group who move east and they settle in Egypt near the delta Nile river. Created aggressive caliphate |
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| capitol of Fatimads- garrison city. The point where nile splits into 2 rivers, eventually becomes Cairo in 969. |
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| title that Seljuk’s gave to their rulers. |
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| geo political realignment of middle-east (political configuration of a given geography.) Central power moved from Baghdad to Syria and into Damascus and Cairo. Passage from crusaders to Mongols |
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| movement attempts of European to take away holy land and establish rule of Christianity. Jerusalem heart of the movement. |
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| Lebanese center which was established by Crusaders. |
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| was an ancient city on the eastern side of the Orontes River. It is near the modern city of Antakya, Turkey. The Crusaders in the Siege of Antioch caused the city to suffer much during the First Crusade. Although it contained a large Christian population, it was ultimately betrayed by Islamic allies of Bohemund, prince of Taranto who, following the defeat of the Turkish garrison, |
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| Seljuki founder of “fertile crescent” (area in shape of crescent). Unified Northern part of crescent. Two major cities unified under the fertile crescent were Mosul-northern Iraq and Aleppo-Northern Syria |
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| Imad zangi’s son. Continued the Fertile Crescent project and notioned view of jihad against crusaders. He mobilized army with explicit purpose of jihad. He added Damascus to the fertile crescent |
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| Salah al din al-Ayyubi- (Saldin) |
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| very successful general. He invaded Egypt previously and cancelled the Shia caliphate under Fatimad rule. In 1174 he marries widow of Nur al Din, which makes him ruler. In 1187 he wins 2 successful battle against crusaders in which he conquers Jerusalem, which made him famous. 1193 he dies and gives half century of stalemate of political power. |
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| small (time wise) dynasty- lasts less than a century, which was created by Saladin and it was based in Egypt (1171-1250). |
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| (literal meaning is minting of coin) - symbolic manifestation of sovereignty in Islam. Name of new ruler put on coin |
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| (sermon delivered after Friday prayer). Symbolic manifestation of sovereignty. Name of ruler mentioned during or begging of khutba |
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| Northwestern Israel/Palenstine- crusaders stronghold, which was the last city that belonged to crusaders under Richard the Lion heart. |
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| Turkish speaking slave army of Ayyubids who become sultans in middle of 13th century (1250) - as a result of the failed French crusade. Mamluk sultanate was established in 1250-1517. This created 1st generation elite whom reproduced by bringing new recruits from the outside, mainly slaves. Recruitment had several different forms. Recruits were brought to serve as citizens in society. The sultanate was successful because they attributed to having stake in territory that they were brought into (i.e money, market, society) |
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| Mongolian general who invades and sacks Baghdad in 1258 and put an official end to the Abbasaid caliphate. He then continues south with attempts to conquer Egypt. He is confronted by Mamluks and pushed back to Iraq. (This brings geo-political process into full transition) |
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| place where Mamluks defeat Mongol army in (1260) |
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| general that conquered Acre and removed crusaders from Middle East |
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| in pre modern society (where slaves existed). Slaves become free (the process of) offspring not considered part of elite of the society. |
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| children of manumission, who didn’t have many rights |
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