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| Repelled attacks of Quadi and Marcomanni during the Barbarian attack |
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| Soldier emperor, defeated and captured by Shapur II, showed the weak gov of the time |
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| Ruler of Persia, defeated and captured Valerian |
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| First of the “Barracks Emperors” |
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| Created the Tetrarchy to stabilize Rome, worked until his retirement ; put fixed prices on goods to try to stop inflation |
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| Origionally named Saul, preached Christianity to non-Jews which confused people |
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| Son of a tetrarch, a traditionally ambitious Roman, took over and sole emperor |
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| Shut down all pagan religions, wanted unity throughout the empire |
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| Last non-Christian emperor, tried to undo Constantine’s work because he saw the church’s power rising |
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| First of Byzantine Emperors but also last of Roman Emperors, heavily Christian, had a highly complex state and code of law in Latin, said emperor is a link between empire and heaven |
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| Born in Mecca, religious leader and starter of Islam |
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| Charles “The Hammer” Martel |
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| Commander under Merovingian Dynasty, stop Muslim attack in the west, had succession problems |
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| Last emperor before the fall of Rome |
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| Unites the Franks and founds Merovingian Dynasty |
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| Got the pope to elect him king in return for help, created the Papal States and precedent for Popes to make kings |
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| Granted authority of Pepin to become king of the Franks |
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| (Carolus Magnus, “Charles the Great”), true founder of the Carolingian Dynasty, strongest ruler of the time, extended the Frankish kingdom to its greatest limits yet, crowned holy Roman Emperor |
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| Crowned Charlemagne, has power to make/break emperors |
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| Louis the German, participated in the Treaty of Verdun |
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| Participated in the Treaty of Verdun |
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| First king of Capetian dynasty |
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| German Holy roman emperor in the east |
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| William “the Conqueror” of Normandy |
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| Established the Norman empire in England, disputes over the crown of England after the death of King Edward |
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| Stood up to Henry IV and threatened to excommunicate him during the investiture controversy |
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| King of Germany during the investiture controversy, had to apologize to Pope Gregory |
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| Responsible for recognizing church system and taking measures against abuses by priests |
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| Pope during the crusades, one of the most eloquent and outspoken popes |
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| “Bridge Builder”-one of the most important, chief priest of Christian Rome |
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| Starter of the crusades, gave powerful speech and the council of clermont |
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| Norman king that gets into conflict with Thomas Beckett because he wants control of the bishops, accidently has him killed |
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| Archbishop of Canterbury, assassinated because he didn’t agree with Henry II |
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| The first monk, thought of as the perfect expression of Christian ideals |
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| One of the most powerful medieval churchmen, went out into the world to help people instead of withdraw, great speaker and rhetoric |
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| Byzantine Emperor, calls on knights from the west to help him fight |
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| (Salaheddin), took back Jerusalem for the Muslims |
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| (Richard the Lion-hearted):Acre, gained new territory in the fight against islam, negotiated trade for POW’s, gave rise to story of Robin Hood |
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| Merciless Mamluk leader and their biggest hero |
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| Emperor Fredrick Barborossa |
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| German king that chartered the university of Bologna |
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| Rethought major issues of the church, like whether God existed, using logical and philosophical reasoning |
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| Religious girl that rallied the French troops but eventually captured and killed by the English |
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| Claimed to have absolute papal authority and that they don’t have to listen to kings, but dies half way through this |
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| French pope put into power by King Phillip |
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| Idea that neighboring cultures will become more like each other |
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| Legalization of Christianity by Constantine |
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| Early form of Christianity, a “dualistic” philosophical and religious system, later condemned as heresy |
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| Movement that asked whether Jesus was human or God, influenced by Greek thinking |
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| Defines the trinity by deciding that Jesus was both God and human |
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| Rome’s new capitol under Constantine, often called Constantinople, larger version of Rome |
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| Greatest accomplishment of religious architecture at this time |
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| Chariot racing, most popular form of entertainment |
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| Church of the Holy Sepulchre |
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| In Jerusalem, said to be built over site where Jesus is buried |
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| The huge controversy on whether or not religious images were OK or not, laid the ground work for the break between east and west |
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| Major victory of Islam, claimed Palestine after this |
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| Trading kingdom of Arabia/Jordan/Syria; Ishmaelite’s- from the other son of Abraham |
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| Sacred stone in sun/star religion of Arabs |
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| Muhammad’s flight to Medina b/c he was thought of as a threat, basis of Islamic growth |
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| Book written by Muhammad, said to be words God told to him by Gabrielle, effective way to spread Islam |
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| Church built in Jerusalem that had messages aimed at Christians saying they should convert to Islam |
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| Umayyads and Abbasids, rulers of Islam after Muhammad’s death, moved the capitol to Damascus but then back to Baghdad |
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| Islam domain in Spain, “the Moors” |
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| Not in the blood line of Muhammad, wanted Umayyads to have control in the interest of stability |
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| Thought Ali should remain in power b/c he is in Muhammad’s bloodline |
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| Battle of Poitiers (Tours) |
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| Charles Martel, the Germanic commander, turn back Muslim forces; last major battle fought by Muslims in the west |
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| Visigoths attack Constantinople and are winning but never get to the city |
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| Visigoths sack Rome, many believed b/c they turned their back on pagan gods |
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| First Frankish dynasty, successful for 300 years, convert to orthodox Catholicism eventually |
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| Clovis defeats the Visigoths and secures most of southern Gaul for the Franks |
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| Easy to write and copy to manuscripts, could write in lower capitols |
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| The formation of Charlemagne’s empire split into two |
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| Legal law in which the first son inherits everything |
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| Started by Hugh Capet, not much more than feudal lords around France |
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| Started by Hugh Capet, not much more than feudal lords around France |
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| German kings to the east, very different from the French |
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| Land owned by top aristocrat is farmed by tenants and he gets paid, hereditary jobs |
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| The social/economical backbone of life in medieval Europe; Lords and their serfs- a system of mutual obligations enforced by custom |
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| Feudal politics based on social relationships b/c of the weak central gov |
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| Depiction of Harold swearing loyalty to King Edward of England |
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| Lords in the feudal system, give land to vassals to use, not to own |
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| Underlings of the feudal system |
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| The granting of symbols and authority from the lord to the vassal |
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| Duke William of Normandy deafeats the Saxons and wins his claim to be king of England, start of Norman conquest |
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| Controvery over who had the power to name and invest church officials and who will have Henry IV’s domain |
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| The idea of church and state as two swords, one as the military power of the king and one as the church controlled by the pope |
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| Laws of the church separate from laws of the king |
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| (Wars of the Cross), campaigns by Christians to take back the holy lands in the east from the control of the Muslims |
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| War like people from central Asia that take over the Abbasid dynasty, ruled the Arab world after this |
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| Overwhelming defeat of the Byzantium empire by the Turks, led to fall of Constantinople |
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| Pope Urban makes powerful speech to start the crusades and defeat the Turks in the east |
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| The “First Crusade”, peasants went out to fight so that their sins would be forgiven , end up getting massacred by the Turks |
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| Knight’s thought they could parade around and pray, eventually they mounted a siege and took Jerusalem in an absolute bloodbath |
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| (Knight’s Templar), “Knights Hospitaler”, named after the temple of Salemin |
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| Target of the crusades because legend said it had been a Christian haven since the Roman ages |
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| Most famous crusade because of the people involved, not much accomplished |
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| Capture of Jerusalem by Saladin |
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| Tragic episode, started using ships to enter the east, Phoenicianspaid to join, Constantinople gets taken over to for a new Latin Kingdom |
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| Former slaves trained in military affairs, take control of Egypt |
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| (guilds) become basis of economic activity |
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| A closed group of specific workers, only ones in the field, gave way to monopolies |
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| Tranees in guild profession |
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| Written by St. Augustine in response to pagan believers, most effective form of philosophy of the time |
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| Tied to the Arch, wanted bigger, airier structures with more light but stone too heavy for windows so churches like dark forts |
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| Architectural innovations, pointed arches distribute weight up for taller structures, flying buttresses |
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| Transition forms, flying buttresses and pointed arches |
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| First “pure” Gothic cathedral, lighter and more airy church, lots of stained glass |
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| In Paris, the “mature” Gothic cathedral |
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| People that go around beating themselves and others hoping to save themselves from plague or the end of the world. |
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| England VS France, King od England thought he should be king of France also |
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| Began with William the conqueror’s victory at the battle of hastings, pivotal event in English history |
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| Battle won by the Turks, felt like heroes b/c fighting for Christianity but felt abandoned by the Christians in the west |
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| France during the time of Clement V’s papacy |
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| Two popes for a time, people thought the pope was in the King’s pocket so they elected another pope |
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