Term
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Definition
| A surface in the rock record indicating a period of erosion or non-deposition. |
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Term
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Definition
| parallel to the surface - time duration is missing. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stratified rocks on older igneous or metamorphic rocks. |
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Term
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Definition
| Younger rocks on an erosional surface that has been titled, folded, or faulted. |
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Term
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Definition
| Charles Lyell - with sedimentary rocks, if inclusions (or clasts) are found in a formation, then the inclusions must be older than the formation that contains them. |
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Term
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Definition
| The relative geologic time scale |
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Term
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Definition
1756, proposed first subdivision:
Youngest Rocks-postdated flood
Flotzebirge - stratified, fossiliferous deposits of the deluge (flood)
Primitive Rocks - unfossiliferous |
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Term
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Definition
1759 - young to old
Volcanic
Tertiary
Secondary
PRimitive |
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Term
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Definition
1786 - textural subdivisions
Alluvial rocks - non marine
Secondary - erosion and deposition
Transition -
Primary or Primitive |
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Term
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Definition
Fossil Content
Fifth age - mammal remains
Fourth Age - Plant-bearing
Third Age - modern shells
Second Age = Extinct and living marine organisms
First Age - No fossils |
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Term
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Definition
| A lithologic unit differing from overlying and underlying units that can be mapped separately in the field & will have a unique assemblage of fossils if life was present at the time of deposition. |
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Term
Fossil record - Preservation methods
The entire animal or plant is preserved |
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Definition
Amber- insects stuck in sap
Ice - mammoths, etc Tundra, Siberia, Alps
Asphalt - Saber-tooth cats, Giant Sloth like La Brea
Mummification |
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Term
| Assemblages: Biocenosis - |
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Definition
| Life assemblages, animals lived and died together (Fossil record - Preservation methods The entire animal or plant is preserved:) |
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Term
| Assemblages: Thanatocenosis |
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Definition
| Death Assemblage Animals that lived at different times or places are assembled in one place after death. |
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Term
| Preservation Methods - partial remains |
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Definition
| Hard parts only - sift tissue decays, leaving only bone, teeth, shells, etc. |
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Term
| Preservation Methods - Petrification |
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Definition
| Complete removal and replacement of the organic material with mineral matter in ground water |
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Term
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Definition
| Fossil record - The filling of pore spaces of a fossil by mineral matter, after which the original organic material is removed by erosion. |
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Term
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Definition
Carbonaceous residue is left having the outline of the animal or plant -
Examples
Cambrian Burgess Shale, Jurassic Solenhofen Limestone. |
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Term
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Definition
Indirect evidence of fossil life
Tracks and trails
Filled worm borings
casts and molds
fossilized nests. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stomach stones - polished pebbles found within a fossil stomach used to grind food |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Principle of Fossil Succession |
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Definition
| In a succession of strata containing fossils, the lowest fossils are the oldest. |
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Term
| Principle of Fossil Assemblages |
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Definition
| Assemblages of fossils are of like age, ergo the strata containing them are also of like age. |
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Term
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Definition
Easily Recognizeable
Restricted to thickness of strata(limiteed in geologic time)
Widespread in occurrence. |
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Term
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Definition
Once a species becomes extinct it never reappears
No two species are identical. |
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Term
| Environment of deposition:Continental |
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Definition
| Alluvial, Fluvial, Glacial, Lacustrine |
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Term
| Environment of deposition:Transitional |
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Definition
| Deltaic, Littoral, Barrier Island, Etc |
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Term
| Environment of deposition:Marine |
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Definition
| Shelf Deposits, turbidites, deep sea fans, etc. |
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Term
Color in Sedimentary rock indicators:
Black |
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Definition
| Carbon and/or Iron Sulfides |
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Term
Color in Sedimentary rock indicators:
Gray |
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Definition
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Term
Color in Sedimentary rock indicators:
Red, Orange, Brown |
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Definition
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Term
Color in Sedimentary rock indicators:
White |
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Definition
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Term
Color in Sedimentary rock indicators:
Yellow |
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Definition
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Term
Sedimentary Rock Textural Interpretation:
Grain size, sorting, rounding, mineral composition |
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Definition
| Evidence of depositional environment, distance from provenance, energy of water |
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Term
Sedimentary Rock Textural Interpretation:
Arrangement of grains |
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Definition
Massive beds - no grading
Graded beds (sorted by settling)
Orientation due to water flow direction (straw floating) |
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Term
Sedimentary Structures:
Stratification |
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Definition
| Layers, like the grand canyon |
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Term
Sedimentary Structures:Internal
graded bedding |
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Definition
| Coarser at bottom, fining upwards - due to settling |
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Term
Sedimentary Structures:Internal
Deltaic Cross Bedding |
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Definition
| Top-set, fore-set (widen up) Bottom set - seen in delta area |
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Term
Sedimentary Structures:Internal
Aeolian Cross bedding |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Asymmetric, formed by river, water in one direction |
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Term
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Definition
| Waves, pointed at top, symmetric. |
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Term
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Definition
| concave upwards, spalds up |
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Term
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Definition
| branches dragging bottom of river |
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Term
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Definition
| Shells turned on open side/more stable side, indicates top (rounded) and bottom (flat) |
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Term
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Definition
| Quartz Rich, Well-sorted, well-rounded, monomineralic. Far from provenance. |
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Term
| Immature clastic particles |
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Definition
| Feldspar rich, Poorly sorted, poorly rounded, rock-fragment rich, lithic clastics, clay-rich graywackes, close to provenance. |
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Term
| Carbonate Formation types |
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Definition
Chemical precipitates (chert, silica, deep ocean)
Evaporites
Bio-chemical -shells |
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Term
| Carbonate Diageneitic (after formation) |
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Definition
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Term
| Quartz Rich Sale is formed from: |
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Definition
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Term
| Feldspar Rich shale is formed from: |
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Definition
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Term
| Chlorite or mica-rich shale is formed from: |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Groups of formations, related lithological or temporal attributes |
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Term
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Definition
| Specific lithologic or paleontoligic differences within a formation - part of a formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| Rock type changes laterally along bed |
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Term
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Definition
| Changes in fossil assemblages, shallow to deep water marine beds |
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Term
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Definition
| (on lap) fines up - sea level rising |
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Term
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Definition
| (off-lap) coarsens up, sea level declining |
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Term
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Definition
| A vertical column of sediments will correspond to horizontal facies changes when moving in the direction of the dip of the rock. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by rapid deposition of rock material along the coastline that coastal processes cannoth remove |
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Term
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Definition
| worldwide condition changes - ice ages, sub-marine mountain growth displacing water |
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Term
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Definition
| Earth movement causes the former land level to rise or sink. |
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Term
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Definition
| Uplift or depression of the earth's crust, affecting large areas of land or ocean bottom. may lead to shallow inland seas. |
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Term
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Definition
| a unit of classification for organisms: like characteristics, common background, breed and have fertile offspring. |
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Term
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Definition
| a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment. |
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Term
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Definition
| he adaptation of an organism or organ to a special function or environment: |
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Term
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Definition
| when an organism departs very little from the general or standard form of its ancestors. |
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Term
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Definition
| branching out of types from a single root |
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Term
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Definition
| the appearances of a new character in an organism due to the sudden change in its genetic material, usually caused by some mutagenic agent. |
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Term
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Definition
| Complete termination of a particular species, never to reappear. |
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Term
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Definition
| when numerous species disappear at approximately the same time. End of the Paleozoic (240 mya) end of the mesozoic (64mya) |
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Term
| Linnaean Classification of organisms |
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Definition
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
ORder
Family
genus
Species
Variations |
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Term
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Definition
Natural order:
Elements, plants, then animals |
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Term
| St Augustine, St Thomas Quinas, Bruno |
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Definition
| rejected special creations, not look for miracles but laws of nature |
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Term
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Definition
| system of biological nomenclature |
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Term
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Definition
| defined species ans breeding |
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Term
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Definition
Charles' grandfather
Small changes recognized generation to generation
Species adapted to environment by food gathering
Sexual selection and shells important
wrote ZOONOMIA "New characteristic which were acquired to fit the organism to its environment were passed on to it's descendants. |
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Term
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Definition
| Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny |
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Term
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Definition
Yellow and green sweet peas
Hereditary factors in pairs, from both parents
Dominant and recessive characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
Ammonoid Cephalopods sutures
nautiloid - smoother line
Goniatite - waves
Ceratite - upper crenelations
Ammonite - upper and lower crenelations |
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Term
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Definition
| Horse as evidence for evolution from fossil record. |
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Term
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Definition
Straight-line evolution
organism starts simple, gets larger and grotesque. (trilobites) |
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