Term
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Definition
| penetrate deep into earth |
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Term
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Definition
| where seismic waves experience an abrupt change in velocity |
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Term
| mohorovicic discontinuity |
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Definition
| boundary between upper crust and mantle |
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Term
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Definition
| outer boundary of the core |
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Term
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Definition
| where s-waves dont travel through, 105 degrees |
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Term
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Definition
| 105-140 degrees, where P-waves slow down |
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Term
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Definition
| a break in Earth's crustal rocks |
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Term
| normal, reverse, lateral faults |
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Definition
| hanging wall is lower, hanging wall is higher, strike slip fault |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
strike, compass direction of line w/ horizontal plane
dip, angle from joint plane to horizontal plane |
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Term
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Definition
anticline, uparched layer rocks
syncline, downwardly folded rocks
monoclines, single bend in a horizontal strata |
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Term
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Definition
| like anticlines and synclines, but in elliptical to circular shapes |
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Term
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Definition
| where two continental crusts collide |
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Term
| ridge push and slab pull model |
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Definition
| since spreading centers are high on the ocean floor, they force oceanic crust below continental crust |
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Term
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Definition
| distinct layers, core mantle crust, based on density |
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Term
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Definition
| how the earth was during the archean |
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Term
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Definition
| rocks that formed from the cooling magma |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| oldest part of a continent |
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Term
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Definition
| where shields are blanketed by sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| largely gneisses, derived strongly from strongly heated and deformed granitic rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| volcanic rocks along with metamorphosed sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| multicellular animals that possess more than one kind of cell, have their cells organized into tissues and organs |
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Term
| requirements for sediment deposition |
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Definition
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Term
| terrestrial sediment environments |
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Definition
| lakes, rivers, alluvial fans |
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Term
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Definition
lakes, coarse at shoreline, fine at center
lenticular(thin towards the edge) |
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Term
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Definition
gravity and
water deposits that occur
along the margins of
mountainous regions where
the steep topography meets
the flat plains. |
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Term
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Definition
| alluvial fans spilling out of ravines from a mount front |
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Term
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Definition
| rivers, sediments of all sizes |
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Term
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Definition
| common sediment structure in fluvial sediments |
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Term
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Definition
| continental shelf, slope and rise, abyssal plain |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| steepest part of ocean floor |
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Term
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Definition
| as the sediments descend, it mixes with water and forms a cloud |
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Term
| history of physical earth |
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Definition
| geography, topography, climate, atmosphere |
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Term
| history of biological earth |
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Definition
| how organisms change, adapt, move |
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Term
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Definition
all rocks are composed of one or more minerals
all minerals have a particular crystal comp and structure |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| determines the shape of mineral |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| unique properties of a mineral |
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Definition
| chemical formula, crystal structure, hardness, density, color, cleavage, melting point |
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Term
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Definition
| either silicate or non silicate |
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Term
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Definition
| melt, precipitation, solid state diffusion |
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Term
| What determines which elements form which minerals? |
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Definition
| availability of elements, temperature |
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Term
| igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic rock |
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Definition
solidified from melt
detritus
solid state diffusion |
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Term
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Definition
| on surface, normal pressure and temperature |
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Term
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Definition
foliated - crystals align parallel
nonfoliated - they dont |
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Term
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Definition
how you tell the age of rock
radioactive decay
radiometric dating |
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Term
| how do isotopes occur in rocks? |
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Definition
| locked in when crystal forms |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| determining the age of a rock through half life |
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Definition
| 1/lamda multiplied by ln([d/p]+1) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| things all sed. rocks have in common |
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Definition
deposits of eroded/weathered remains of other rocks
transported and deposited somewhere else
once deposited, undergo compaction and lithification |
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Term
| clastic sedimentary rocks |
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Definition
| tiny bits and pieces of rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| most stable, stand up to weather the best |
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Term
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Definition
1. little weathering
-many different minerals
-jagged pieces
-large pieces
2. alot of weathering
-well sorted
-rounded
-stable minerals
-smaller pieces |
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Term
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Definition
| conglomerate>sandstone>siltstone>claystone |
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Term
| ways sediment is transported |
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Definition
| wind, water, ice, gravity |
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Term
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Definition
| when the finer sediment is layered on top of the coarse sediment |
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Term
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Definition
bed - more than 1 cm
lamination - less than 1 cm |
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Term
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Definition
calcite - limestone
dolomite - dolostone |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| long term preservation of organic remains |
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Term
| fossils are usually found in... |
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Definition
clastic sediments - mud and sand stones
lakes, rivers, ocean
unusual materials - amber, frozen, peat bogs, tar |
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Term
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Definition
become buried
conducive fossil environment |
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Term
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Definition
| crust>upper mantle>mantle>outer core>inner core |
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Term
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Definition
primary/compressional waves
particles move same direction as energy
can travel through solids and liquids |
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Term
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Definition
secondary or shear waves
particles move perp. to energy
only thru solids |
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Term
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Definition
speed P>S>Surface
feel first P, S, Surface |
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Term
| how density affects absolute speed of waves |
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Definition
| the denser the rock, the faster they travel, because the atoms are closer |
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Term
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Definition
| outer shell of earth, crust and upper most mantle |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| thickness of crust varies in... |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Early jurassic super continent |
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Term
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Definition
| when aesthenosphere rises within a plate boundary |
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Term
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Definition
quebec, greenstone belt
4.28 byo |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 4-5 times per million years |
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Term
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Definition
| many things, but no free oxygen, so no ozone, so very high UV |
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Term
| miller and urey experiment |
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Definition
| methane and ammonia gas and water in a test tube, heated and electrified, amino acids form |
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Term
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Definition
first sign of life, high 12c/13c ration
-organisms like 12c for building
-only carbon used for building life has 100/1 ratio that the isua formation had |
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Term
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Definition
another early sign of life
-normally found in organism to make cell walls
-methanogen |
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Term
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Definition
3.5 bya, formed stromatolites, which are alternating mounds of sediment and cyanobacteria
-uses photosynthesis to consume CO2 and form O2(free oxygen) |
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Term
| Changes because of oxygen - iron |
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Definition
| turns ferrous iron(no O2) to ferric iron (oxidized iron), because it oxidizes the iron in the water and it precipitates out |
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Term
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Definition
| simple, no nuclei, bacteria + cyano bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| complex, have nuclei, have organelles |
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Term
| locations of banded iron formations |
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Definition
| australia, south africa, north america |
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