Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
1) duct system
2) blood vessels
3) nerves
4) lymphatics |
|
Definition
| what migrates with the testes from the urogenital ridge on posterior wal of the abdomen to the scrotum during development? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what blood vessels supplies each testis? |
|
|
Term
| venous pampiniform plexus |
|
Definition
| what is the name of the veins accompanying each testicular artery? |
|
|
Term
1) testicular artery
2) venous pampiniform plexus
3) ductus deferens
4) testicular nerve(s)
5) lymphatic vessels |
|
Definition
| what are the contents of the spermatic cord? |
|
|
Term
rete = net in latin
it is the same things as the venous pampiniform plexus and serves as a countercurrent heat exchanger |
|
Definition
| what is the purpose of the rete mirable? |
|
|
Term
| because spermatogenesis requires temperatures 2-3 degress below body temp |
|
Definition
| why do you need a countercurrent heat exchanger in the testes? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the outer testicular covering that also goes into the spermatic cord? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extension of ther peritoneum with visceral and parietal layers that forms a sack/bag around the testes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| thick fibrous connective tissue capsule (serosa) that adheres to the testes |
|
|
Term
| extensions of the tunica albuginea testis extend into the body of the testes forming the CT septa |
|
Definition
| what forms the septa between the lobules of a testicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does vagina translate to from latin? |
|
|
Term
| within each lobule of the testes |
|
Definition
| where are seminiferous tubules found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of epithelium is found on seminiferous tubules? |
|
|
Term
| spermatogenic cells & Sertoli cells |
|
Definition
| what are the 2 cell types found in seminiferous tubules? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cells of the testes that replicate and differentiate into sperm |
|
|
Term
| Sertoli cells (Morrow says they are more like pyramidal or wedge shaped) |
|
Definition
| "columnar" supporting or sustentacular cells in the testes |
|
|
Term
| in the basal epithelium of the tubules |
|
Definition
| what part of the seminiferous tubules contains the Sertoli cells? |
|
|
Term
| they are large cells with a triangular nucleus and a prominent nucleolus |
|
Definition
| describe the nucleus/nucleolus of Sertoli cells |
|
|
Term
| anti-Mullerian hormone, prevents development of Mullerian ducts & female reproductive system |
|
Definition
| what do Sertoli cells secrete during fetal development? what does this do? |
|
|
Term
| they act as support or "nurse" cells for the devlopming spermatogonia |
|
Definition
| what is the purpose of Sertoli cells after puberty? |
|
|
Term
| gap junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes & Junctional complexes |
|
Definition
| how are Sertoli cells bound together? |
|
|
Term
| junctional complexes between Sertoli cells |
|
Definition
| what divides the seminiferous tubules into a basal and luminal compartment? |
|
|
Term
1)they have an extensive ER with lots of flat cisternae (makes membrane)
2) hexagonally arranged actin filaments between the ER and plasma membrane to help maintain structure |
|
Definition
| what supports the giant cell membrane of Sertoli cells? |
|
|
Term
| basal layer of the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| where does spermatogenesis occur? where are primary spermatocytes restricted to? |
|
|
Term
| luminal compartment (As separated by the sertoli cells) |
|
Definition
| what layer of the seminiferous tubules are mature spermatocytes and spermatics found in? |
|
|
Term
the sertoli cell junctional complex
- this allows physiological compartmentalization of the seminiferous epithelium so pre-mature spermatogonia & their antigens do not get out into the circulation |
|
Definition
| what forms the blood testes barrier? what is its function? |
|
|
Term
| production of sperm specific antibodies, remember the purpose of the barrier is to keep sperm from being attacked by the body |
|
Definition
| what happens if the blood-tesis barrier fails? |
|
|
Term
endo: secrete inhibin which regulates FSH release from the anterior petuitary
exo: secrete androgen binding protein to concentrate testosterone in the seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| what are the endocrine functions of Sertolic cells? what are the exocrine functions? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormone is necessary for ABP secretion? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what stimulates Sertoli cells to initiate spermatogenesis at puberty? |
|
|
Term
| myofibroblasts (they have some contractile action and are found around glandular ascini) |
|
Definition
| what cells surround the seminiferous tubules that produce collagen & elastin fibers for structural support? |
|
|
Term
| interstitial or Leydig cells |
|
Definition
| what cells, found in the interstitial space between seminiferous tubules secrete sex hromones? |
|
|
Term
| LH from the posterior petuitary mostly |
|
Definition
| what causes Leydig cells to secrete testosterone? |
|
|
Term
1) important for normal embryological develoment of male reproductive tract
2) also does growth and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics |
|
Definition
| why is testosterone important during male develoment? |
|
|
Term
1) accessory glansd
2) genetalia
3) increased muscle mass and repair
4) increased bone deposition (osteogenic)
5) increased RBC production (increases hematocrit) |
|
Definition
| describe some of the secondary sex characteristics |
|
|
Term
| ABP (androgen binding protein) |
|
Definition
| why is the level of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules 200 x more than the circulating blood levels? |
|
|
Term
Leydig cells of adult, male mammals
their function is unknown |
|
Definition
| where are crystals of Reinke found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where do seminiferous tubules converge? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where do seminiferous tubules converge? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of epithelium is found in the rete testes? |
|
|
Term
they go to efferent ductules lined by
1) ciliated columnar epithelium &
2) nonciliated columnar epithlium that resorbs excess seminal fluid to help concentrate it |
|
Definition
| where do sperm go from the rete testes and what type of epithelial cells are found there? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where do sperm become motile? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| collecting/storage area for mature spermatazoa |
|
|
Term
epi-on top of
didymus-the twins |
|
Definition
| what does epididymus mean? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the 3 parts of the epididymus |
|
|
Term
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium containing principle cells |
|
Definition
| what kind of epithelia lines the ducts of the epididymus? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are the 2 places int he body sterocilia are found? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| long modified microvilli found on principle cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what cells are involved in the resorption of seminal fluid and secrete glycerophosphocholine? |
|
|
Term
| inhibits capacitation of sperm in the male reproductive tract |
|
Definition
| function of glycerophosphocholine |
|
|
Term
| secretion, absorption, phagocytosis |
|
Definition
| functions of the epithelium in the epididymus |
|
|
Term
| ductus deferens(vas deferens) |
|
Definition
| what the epididymus empties into |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| conducts sperm from the epididymus to the urethra |
|
|
Term
| there is a gradual transition from tall, pseudostratified columnar epithelium in the head to shorter pseudostratified epithelium in the tail |
|
Definition
| what kind of epithelia lines the vas deferens |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name the dilated distal portion of the ductus deferens that unites wiht the ducts from the seminal vessicles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does the ampulla of the ductus deferencs turn into when the seminal vessicles ducts join it |
|
|
Term
has 3 smooth muscle layers
inner and outer longitudinal with intermediate circular layer |
|
Definition
| describe the muscularis externa of the ducts from the ampulla to the urethra (ejaculatory duct) |
|
|
Term
| sympathetics cause the peristaltic contractions here during ejaculation |
|
Definition
| how is the muscluaris externa of the ejaculatory ducts innervated? |
|
|
Term
| mitosis (usually in somatic cell division) |
|
Definition
| formation of two daughter cells that are identical to the original diploid parent cell |
|
|
Term
| mitosis (usually in somatic cell division) |
|
Definition
| formation of two daughter cells that are identical to the original diploid parent cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in this process four genetically unique daughter cells are produced called gametes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in females 2 or 3 gametes degenerate to form this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of a male and female gamete leads to this |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormones control spermatogenic cells? |
|
|
Term
1) diet
2) infections
3) increased testicular temperature
4) steroid hormones
5) various drugs, toxins and mutagens |
|
Definition
| besides hormones what affects spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
| herbicides and pesticides decrease sperm count |
|
Definition
| why do men in rural communities have lower sperm counts? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are the primordial germ cells of males called? |
|
|
Term
mato: when spermatogonia undergo meiosis and differentiate to form male gametes
MIO: when spermatozoa become motile |
|
Definition
| what is sperMATOgenesis? what is sperMIOgenesis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how long does it take for a spermatogonia to fully mature? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| where are spermatogonia found in the seminiferous epithelium? |
|
|
Term
| abundant cytoplasm, large round/oval nuclei |
|
Definition
| describe the cytoplasm and nuclei of spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
1) spermatogonial phase
2) spermatocyte phase
3) spermatid phase |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 phases of sperMATOgenesis? |
|
|
Term
| mitotic amplification involving spermatogonia |
|
Definition
| what happens in the spermatogonial phase of spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
| meiosis involving primary and secondary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
| what happens in the spermatocyte phase of spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
| spermiogenesis involving spermatids which turn into motile spermatozoa |
|
Definition
| what happens in the spermatid phase of spermatogenesis? |
|
|
Term
1) Type A dark(Ad)
2) Type A pale(Ap)
3) Type B |
|
Definition
| what are the 3 types of spermatogonia? |
|
|
Term
nuclei: ovoid
nucleolus: peripheral
stain: dark basophillic chromatin |
|
Definition
| describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type A dark spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
nuclei: ovoid
nucleolus: peripheral
stain: pale staining chromatin |
|
Definition
| describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type A pale spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
nuclei: spherical
nucleolus: central
stain: dispersed, pale chromatin |
|
Definition
| describe the nuclei, staining properties and nucleolus of Type B spermatogonia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which spermatogonia are thought to be undifferentiated stem cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which spermatogonia are committed to differentiate into sperm? |
|
|
Term
| they are connected by thin, cytoplasmic bridges that remain intact throughout the spermatocyte phase and most of the spermatid phase |
|
Definition
| when type A pale spermatogonia undergo mitosis to increase cell number, how are the cells connected, and how long? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of spermatogonia is formed after several mitotic divisions? |
|
|
Term
| Type A dark -> Type A pale -> Type B |
|
Definition
| describe the progression of types of spermatogoina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what are spermatogonia called when they enter the first phase of meiosis? |
|
|
Term
aka pachytene spermatocytes
nuclei have a grainy appearance due to condensed chromatin in prophase 1 |
|
Definition
| describe the nuclei of primary spermatocytes, what is another name for them? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when do homologous chromosomes form tetrads that are formed from 4 tetrads that do crossing over? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| do sperm have an s phase? |
|
|
Term
| 3 weeks, then called secondary spermatocytes |
|
Definition
| how long does the first meiotic division of a sperm take to complete? what are the primary spermatocytes called at this point? |
|
|
Term
| they enter prophase 2 with no new DNA synthesis |
|
Definition
| what do secondary spermatocytes do immediately after they are made? |
|
|
Term
| forms 4 haploid spermatids |
|
Definition
| what are secondary spermatocytes called at the end of the second meiotic division? |
|
|
Term
| small cytoplasma, small, round, dark staining nuclei |
|
Definition
| describe the cytoplasm/nucleus of spermatids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what hormones control the spermatid phase(spermiogenesis)? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what occurs when the spermatids are physically attached to Sertoli cells? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| non-motile, haploid spermatids from the second meiotic division undergo further development to become what? |
|
|
Term
| they become smaller and more elongate (bullet shaped) |
|
Definition
| when spermatids become spermatozoa, what happens to the nuclei? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in what part of the spermatid phase do spermatids develop a head and tail? |
|
|
Term
| pro-acrosomal granules containing glycoproteins coalesce into the acrosomal vesicle adjacent to the nucleus and this becomes the anterior (head) end of the spermatid |
|
Definition
| how does the head of a sperm form? |
|
|
Term
| centrioles migrate to the posterior end of the spermatid and initiate synthesis of microtubules to form the axonemal complex (which moves to form the flagellum of the tail) |
|
Definition
| how does the tail end of the sperm form? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| in what part of the spermatid phase does the beginning of the acrosome form? |
|
|
Term
| nuclear contents condense then the acrosomal vesicle spreads and undergoes a conformational change to form the acrosomal cap which contains carbohydrates and hydrolytic enzymes |
|
Definition
| how does the acrosomal cap form? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the reaction that occurs when the sperm first contacts the zona pellucida of the egg that facilitates sperm penetration |
|
|
Term
| the acrosomal (last) phase |
|
Definition
| in what part of the spermatid phase do the mid piece and acrosome of the sperm completely form? |
|
|
Term
| they are embedded in Sertoli cells with the tails in the lumen of seminiferous tubules |
|
Definition
| where are the heads of spermatids embedded? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| when the nucleus elongates and large granules diffuse throughout the acrosomal cap, what structure is completely formed? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ____ assists in spermatid elongation when microtubules surround the posterior portion of acrosome and extend caudally into the cytoplasm they arrange into a sheath called the _______ |
|
|
Term
| centrioles migrate, becomes the connecting piece/neck region of the spermatid |
|
Definition
| what migrates the the posterior margin of the nucleus to form the axoneme of the tail? what does the axoneme become modified into? |
|
|
Term
| middle piece, principle piece, and endpiece |
|
Definition
| what are the parts of the tail of a sperm? |
|
|
Term
| mitochondria migrate to form a helical sheath around the axoneme |
|
Definition
| what happens in the sperm when the manchette disappears? |
|
|
Term
| the mitochondria forming the helical sheath around the axoneme |
|
Definition
| what does the midpiece of the sperm form from? |
|
|
Term
| a fibrous sheath surrounding the bulk of the flagellum (except the caudal most end piece) |
|
Definition
| what forms the principle piece of a sperm? |
|
|
Term
1) golgi phase
2) cap phase
3) acrosomal phase
4) maturation phase |
|
Definition
| list the phases of the spermatid phase |
|
|
Term
| in the body of the epididymus (not the testis) |
|
Definition
| where does the maturation phase occur for spermatids? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what happens when excess cytoplasm is pinched off as a residual body, along with intercellular bridges which are phagocytosed by the Sertoli cells? |
|
|
Term
| 2 weeks, in the epidydimis |
|
Definition
| how long does it take a spermatoazoa to become motile? where does this occur? |
|
|
Term
| after capacitation in the female reproductive tract (removal of the glycocalyx) |
|
Definition
| when do sperm become capable of ferilization? |
|
|
Term
| glycerophosphocholine secreted by the epididymus |
|
Definition
| what inhibits capacitation in the male reproductive tract? |
|
|
Term
| 60 um long and 3 um wide at the head |
|
Definition
| how long/wide is a mature sperm? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of the sperm anatomy made primarily of the nucleus and acrosomal vesicle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| short segment of the sperm anatomy that contains centrioles and gives rise to the axoneme that produces flagellum of the tail |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| part of sperm anatomy that contains large numbers of mitochondria for locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| par of the sperm anatomy that contain flagellum and microtubules of axonemal complex for locomotion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains mature sperm and secretory products of accessory sex glands |
|
|
Term
| high, it is alkaline to neutralize the acidic pH of the female reproductive tract |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the average volume of ejaculate? |
|
|
Term
| 50-100 million sperm/ml so ~420 million sperm/ejaculate |
|
Definition
| what is the average amount of sperm per mL, per ejaculate? |
|
|
Term
| 20 million sperm or less per ejaculate (can't do medieval warfare with one guy with a flag, have to storm the castle) |
|
Definition
| what is considered infertile? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many calories per ejaculate are there on average? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the average sperm velocity? |
|
|
Term
| 25% & 25% for a total of 50% of sperm being functionless |
|
Definition
| how many sperm have abnormal morphology, how many are immotile? |
|
|
Term
males: several weeks
females: just 2-3 days |
|
Definition
| how long do sperm live in the epididymis in males? how long do they live in females? |
|
|
Term
| sperm have to take their coat off to go faster (capacitation) |
|
Definition
| what is the origin of streaking? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the term for undescended abdominal testes? |
|
|
Term
| there is degeneration of tubular epithelium, possibly due to high intra-abdominal temperature |
|
Definition
| why does cryptorchidism lead to sterility? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| name for a tumor of the germinal epithelium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the most common type of testicular tumor? |
|
|
Term
| seminoma (forms a teratoma) |
|
Definition
| what type of testicular tumor can differentiate into any tissue type, as the cells are totipotent? |
|
|
Term
| leydig/interstitial cell tumor |
|
Definition
| rare tumor that can increase testosterone production 100X depending on whether the tumor is functional or not |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rare tumor associated with intra-abdominal testis, that may present clinically with elevated estrogen production, sometimes with feminization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| all accessory sex glands have this for contraction following sympathetic stimulation during ejaculation |
|
|
Term
| pseudostratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| what kind of epithelia lines seminal vesicles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what secretes a yellowish, viscid, alkaline fluid rich in sugars (esp. fructose)? |
|
|
Term
1) sugars (esp. fructose)
2) amino acids
3) ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
4) prostaglandins |
|
Definition
| what is found in the product of seminal vesicles? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what structure has a honeycomb appearance on histological examination? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the largest male accessory sex gland? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how big is the prostate normally? |
|
|
Term
| tubuloalveolar gland with pseudostratified columnar epithelium, with thick fibroelastic capsule and an incomplete septa |
|
Definition
| what kind of glands/epithelium is found in the prostate? |
|
|
Term
| transitional, the rest is stratified squamous |
|
Definition
| what kind of epithelium lines the prostatic urethra? what about the rest of the urethra? |
|
|
Term
| urethra crest, aka seminal colliculus, aka verumontanum |
|
Definition
| raised floor of the prostatic urethra forms a ridge called the ___ ____ |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how much of the seminal fluid is produced by the prostate? |
|
|
Term
| thin, milky secretion rich in citric acid & hydrolytic enzymes(fibrinolysin), and acid phosphatase |
|
Definition
| describe the secretion product of the prostate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does fibrinolysin do? |
|
|
Term
| corpora amylacea aka prostatic sand |
|
Definition
| inspissated or calcified prostatic concretions that may develop with age |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coencentric, lamellated bodies formed by precipitation of secreted material that can be several mm in diameter |
|
|
Term
| benign prostatic hypertrophy/hyperplasia |
|
Definition
| tendency of the prostate to enlarge with age under the influence of testosterone |
|
|
Term
| the prostate has a thick inflexible capsule and can't expand outward so it presses in on the urethra |
|
Definition
| why does enlargement of the prostate cause urinary issues? |
|
|
Term
| orchiotomy, or castration |
|
Definition
| how do you treat benign prostatic hypertrophy? |
|
|
Term
| BPH is smooth enlargement, adenocarcinoma causes the prostate to be lumpy/bumpy on rectal digital exam |
|
Definition
| what is the difference between BPH and adenocarcinoma of the prostate? |
|
|
Term
| rectal palpation or PSA (prostate specific antigen) |
|
Definition
| how are prostate adenocarcinomas detected? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| which is more benign, adenocarcinoma or adenoma? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| another name for bulbourethral glands |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| paired pea-sized glands located in the urogenital diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| they are tubuloalveolar glands with simple columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| what kind of epithelium do the bulbourethral glands have? |
|
|
Term
| pre-seminal fluid rich in sugars, that provide energy for sperm |
|
Definition
| describe the product of the bulbourethral glands? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contains 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue surrounded by dense connective tissue tunic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the CT tunic directly around the erectile tissues of the penis? |
|
|
Term
| corpora cavernosum (paried) & corpus spongiosum (with the urethra) |
|
Definition
| name the erectile tissues of the penis, which contains the urethra? |
|
|
Term
| stratified columnar epithelium |
|
Definition
| what epithelium lines the penile urethra |
|
|
Term
| the distal expansion of the corpus spongiosum |
|
Definition
| what forms the glans penis? |
|
|
Term
| paraurethral mucus glands |
|
Definition
| what lubricates the penile urethra |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what is the external opening of the urethra on the glans called |
|
|
Term
| a thin layer of smooth muscle continuous with the dartos and skin(prepuce/foreskin) |
|
Definition
| what covers the glans of the penis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what supplies the vascular sinuses of the corpora in the penis? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what branch of the ANS does dilation of the arteries and engorgement of the vascular sinuses of the penis leading to erection? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what branch of the ANS when stimulated causes ejaculation? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose CT beneath the skin of the penis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| characterized by inability to develop or maintain erection |
|
|
Term
| hormonal, neurological, psychogenic factors or HTN |
|
Definition
| what can cause erectile dysfunction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| what does Morrow say the treatment for ED is? |
|
|
