Term
|
Definition
| A fluid suspension of plasma and cells. Considered a specialized discontinuous (formed in one place and functions in another) connective tissue. |
|
|
Term
| What is a normal hematocrit level? |
|
Definition
| 54% plasma, 45% RBC's, 1% white cells. |
|
|
Term
| How much blood is in the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Proteins (liver), water, and ions (kidneys). Albumin is major serum protein. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fluid remaining after plasma has clotted. |
|
|
Term
| How many of each cell type are there? |
|
Definition
| RBC's 5-10 billion, WBC's- 5-7 million, Platelets- 200-400 million. |
|
|
Term
Stains:
Red to Orange
Purple to black
Pink to Tan
Blue-Gray |
|
Definition
Acidophillic= Eosinophillic
Basophillic
Neutrophillic
Polychromatophillic |
|
|
Term
| What are some defining characteristics of RBC's? |
|
Definition
| 7-8 micrometers in diameter. Biconcave disc, sometimes found in stacks called rouleaux. Membrane-cytoskeleton interactions give the cell it's stability. Cytoplasm has mostly Hb, to carry O2 to tissues. |
|
|
Term
| How do membrane-cytoskeleton interactions influence cell shape? |
|
Definition
| cytoskeleton (peripheral protein network) are anchored to integral membrane proteins. These membranes are the anion transport protein (band 3) and glycophorin. These interactions determine cell shape. Influenced by calcium ions and ATP. |
|
|
Term
| What proteins comprise the cytoskeleton inside the RBC and what are their functions. |
|
Definition
| band 4.1 links short actin filaments to spectrin tetramers. Spectrin-actin complex links to two integral membrane proteins.: the anion transporter, band 3 is connected by ankyrin, and to glycophorin by band 4.1. These linkages stabilize the lipid membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What function does Band 3 have? |
|
Definition
| It is an anion antiporter and facilitates the transport of HCO3- and Cl- across the membrane. |
|
|
Term
| What is band 3 connected to? |
|
Definition
| it connects to the actin-spectrin complex via ankyrin. |
|
|
Term
| What does band 4.1 connect? |
|
Definition
| Band 4.1 connects spectrin tetramers to actin. it connects this complex with glycophorin. |
|
|
Term
| What does Carbonic Anhydrase do and where is it located? |
|
Definition
| It catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid which then dissociates to bicarbonate. CO2+H2O= H2CO3= HCO3- + H+. It is in this form that the CO2 is moved out of the body. Band 3 facilitates this antitransport across plasma membrane. |
|
|
Term
| Where do RBC's derive their energy? |
|
Definition
| No organelles- derive energy from gylcolysis. |
|
|
Term
| Name five clinical correlation regarding RBC's |
|
Definition
| Anemia, Polycythemia, Sickle Cell Anemia, Thalassaemia, Hereditary spherocytosis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inherited: Alteration in synthesis of alpha or beta chain of Hb. Overproduction of one chain leads to precipitates, bind membrane, and decrease fluidity in local areas (Heinz bodies). Spleen kills cells and marrow overproduces RBCs. Even skull bones which leads to SKULL ENLARGEMENT. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a reduction in hemoglobin per unit of blood. Ways it can happen is decreased cell size, number, or amount of Hb per cell. Increases RBC production. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An increase in hematocrit due to low oxygen stress or high altitude. Can create thick blood. |
|
|
Term
| What is Sickle Cell Anemia? |
|
Definition
| Genetic- altered gene of Hb. Hb S is less soluble when deoxygenated- may polymerize and stick to membrane. Increased viscosity of the cytoplasm and the adhesions on the membrane lead to influx of calcium and sickling of cells. heart failure or thrombosis. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of granulocytes and what types are there? |
|
Definition
| They function in chemotaxis, phagoctosis, killing stuff, and inflammation. There are three types: Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils, Eosinophils and Basophils. Eosinophils stain red to orange and Basophils stain blue. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 10-15 micrometers in diameter (about three times the size of an RBC). Inactive, basophilic with 2-5 lobes connected by thin filaments. Granules (similar to peroxisomes and lysosomes) are primary and secondary. Primary granules are azurephilic and don't stain in adult cells. Secondary are less dense and contain anti-bacterial agents. |
|
|
Term
| What are the differences between primary and secondary granules? |
|
Definition
Primary granules are azurephilic and don't stain in adult PMN's. They are large, dense, and contain peroxidase, lysozyme, and myeloperoxidase.
Secondary Granulocytes are less dense and contain antibacterial agents such as lactoferrin, lysozyme, cationic compounds, peroxides, and oxygen radicals. They also contain enzymes for generating Iodide. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| DESTROY MICROBES>>> ROOOAAAR! Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, Killing, and inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| What is chemotaxis with PMN's? |
|
Definition
| Certain molecules bind to the surface of PMN's and stimulate them to move toward higher concentrations of that chemical. Usually involve marginated cells in venules or capillaries. May be stimulated by adhesion molecules (selectins and integrins) expressed by PMN's and endothelial cells. Endothelial cells upregulate the production of these adhesion molecules in response to inflammatory signals. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the movement of cells from the blood stream to tissues. |
|
|
Term
| What are some examples of chemotactic factors that attract PMN's when they are in tissues? |
|
Definition
| C5a (complement), cytokines, arachidonic acid metabolites, bacterial peptides containing N-formyl-methionine, and factors released by WBC at sites of infection. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Fuse granules with membrane surrounding microbe. This initiates the many killing reactions of PMN's. May die themselves -pus. |
|
|
Term
| Name three important facts about PMN's |
|
Definition
| They are an arm of the innate immune system. They provide defense against bacteria. They are the most numerous WBC. |
|
|
Term
| What contributes to inflammation? |
|
Definition
| killing factors from PMN's, cytokines from other WBC's, and factors from invading organisms. Extracellular matrix is depolymerized, blood flow, plasma and lymph are increased and PMN's die off- making pus!! |
|
|
Term
| What do Eosinophils fight? |
|
Definition
| Larval parasites and allergies. |
|
|
Term
| What are some distinguishing characteristics of Eosinophils? |
|
Definition
| Stain red-orange. Bi or tri-lobed nucleus. They only contain specific, secondary granules. Larger than PMN's granules. May have crystalline band as seen in TMN. They contain Major Basic Protein for killing larvae. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Eosinophils- destroy larval parasites and work in allergies. Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils kill bacteria and are innate immune system. Basophils- who knows?
Monocytes- precursors for tissue macrophages that live for many years. Platelets function in hemostasis. Lymphoctes are the main players in acquired immunity. |
|
|
Term
| How do eosinophils fight larvae? |
|
Definition
| Bind to IgG or IgE antibodies directed against larvae and degranulate all over them. The factors released by T cells, basophils, and mast cells such as histamine, are chemotactic for these cells. MBP is toxic to ascarisis, trichinosis, and schistomiasis. |
|
|
Term
| How do eosinophils modulate immune response? |
|
Definition
| They phagocytize Ag-Ab complexes. Also antagonize inflammatory factors of mast and basophils- destroy histamine. High levels of these cells are associated with allergies, especially IgE- Asthma. |
|
|
Term
| Three step plan for PMN's to seek and destroy? |
|
Definition
| Chemotaxis, phagocytosis, killing (killing factors- hydrolases and reactive oxygen species). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Maybe similar to mast cells, only with bilobed nucleus.
Contain histamine and heparin, creating pretty granule color. Hitamine, SRS, and other molecules are VASODILATORS. Has IgE receptor on membrane, similar to Mast Cells. |
|
|
Term
| What are the functions of Basophils? |
|
Definition
| May act like Mast cells. Respond to immunoligical stimuli and secrete cytokines and signal molecules, histamine. Make IL-4, important in antibody production. Activate eosinophils and lymphocytes. Responsible for immediate hypersensitivity. IgE |
|
|
Term
| Delayed Type Hypersensitivity |
|
Definition
| Mast and Basophils. Exaggerated reactions to immunilogical stimulus. Could be T cell produced. |
|
|
Term
| What are Monocytes (histocytes or reticuloendothelial cells)? |
|
Definition
| LARGEST BLOOD CELL 12-20 micrometers with kidney shaped nucleus. lacy chromatin. Has blue or gray cytoplasm with occasional vacuoles. Give rise to tissue macrophages. Phagocytize microbes and old or damaged host cell, process antigen, remove excess antigen, present to lymphocytes, secrete cytokines. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell fragments that contain no nucleus. They can have mitochondria, microtubules, and other organelles. They function in hemostasis. |
|
|
Term
| What part do platelets play in hemostasis? |
|
Definition
| keep small blood vessels from leaking- endothelial maintenance. thrombocytopenia results in blood loss. They work in clotting. Bind to collagen and EC components with receptors, which activates platelets. Platelet plug is formed, interacts with clot formation as fibrinogen is converted to fibrin by thrombin. Then they contract using platelet actin and myosin. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Small cells with a dense nucleus and little cytoplasm. Can be large with granules. K and NK cells. |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Key players in acquired immunity. |
|
|
Term
| Idiopathic/ immune thrombocytopenic purpura |
|
Definition
| lowering of platelet count in blood. Can be caused by drugs, pregnancy, infection, or immune disorders. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hematopoietic Pluripotent Stem Cells- give rise to all blood cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colony forming unit spleen also a PSC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Burst forming unit- erythrocytes- more restricted set of cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colony forming unit- erythroctes- more restricted product of BFU-E and gives rise to RBC's. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gives rise to BFU-E and CFU-E- monocytes, granulocytes, erythrocytes, and megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Colony stimulating factors- cytokines that stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation. |
|
|
Term
| What does Multi-CSF of IL-3 do? |
|
Definition
| stimulates many cell lineages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates granulocytes and monocytes. Also stimulates production and release of human H-PCSs from marrow into the blood. Used in protocols to isolate a patient's H-PSC's. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates proliferation and differentiation of T and B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| stimulates CFU-E and promotes RBC terminal differentiation. |
|
|
Term
| What is the developmental sequence in humans? |
|
Definition
| First blood cells are produced outside of embryo in the yolk sac at week 2. By week 6, the RBCs, platelets and macrophages are produced by the liver. Between weeks 8-12 marrow appears in the clavicle and primary hematopoietic site- medullary hematopoiesis. |
|
|
Term
| Where are T-lymphocytes produced |
|
Definition
| T-stem cells are produced in liver and migrate to thymus. This is the only blood cell not produced in bone marrow. |
|
|
Term
| What is extramedullary hematopoiesis? |
|
Definition
| This is when the liver and spleen take up making blood cells in the event the liver is damaged. |
|
|
Term
| What are the three possible cells that are the next generation of the GEMM cells? |
|
Definition
| GM-CFU, Megak CFU, and BFU-E |
|
|
Term
| What are the two next-generational fates of GM-CFU cells? |
|
Definition
| Monoblasts and myeloblasts. Monoblasts become promonocytes and then monocytes. Myeloblasts become promyelocytes, myelocytes, metamyelmocytes, bands, and finally segmented granulocyte. |
|
|
Term
| What are the developmental stages between CFU-S and segmented granulocyte? |
|
Definition
| CFU-S, GEMM, GM-CFU, myeloblast, promyelocyte, myelocyte, metamyelocyte, band, segmented granulocyte. |
|
|
Term
| How do I get platelets from a hematopoietic pluripotential stem cell? |
|
Definition
| H-PSC, GEMM, to Megak. CFU, megakaryoblast, promegakaryocyte, megakaryocyte, platelets! |
|
|
Term
| How do I get an erythrocyte from an H-PSC (CFU-S) |
|
Definition
| CFU-S, GEMM, BFU-E, CFU-E, Pro-erythroblast, basophilic erythroblast, polychromatophilic erythroblast, Orthochromatic erythroblast, reticulocyte, erythrocyte. |
|
|
Term
| What are the general morphological changes as cells mature? |
|
Definition
| 1. cell size decreases. 2. nucleus-cytoplasm ratio decreases. 3. nucleoli dissapear. 4. euchromatin decreases. 5. nuclear shape may alter, may become pyknotic. 6. Chromatin changes from fine to coarse and clumpy. Loss of RNA, decrease in basophilic staining. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| nucleated erythrocyte precursors. sometimes known as normoblasts. |
|
|
Term
| What happens with the nucleus during erythrocyte maturation? |
|
Definition
| Loss of nucleoli, increasing condensation of chromatin, and extrusion of nuclei. Nucleus remains spherical at all times. |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the cytoplasm when an erythrocyte is maturing? |
|
Definition
| replacement of ribosomal RNA by hemoglobin. Name of cells reflect the change in color caused by the change in dye bound. |
|
|
Term
| When do cell divisions quit happening between proerythroblasts and reticulocytes? |
|
Definition
| Orthochromatophilic erythroblasts do not divide. |
|
|
Term
| What are the nuclear changes that occur in granulocytes? |
|
Definition
| from round, to band to segmented. |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in the cytoplasm during granulocyte maturation? |
|
Definition
| appearance of primary granules on inner (concave) surface followed by appearance of secondary granules on outer (convex) surface of Golgi apparatus. In mature stages it seems like primary granules disappear, but this varies in granulocytes. |
|
|
Term
| How many days does it take for a mature neutrophil to be released? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what stage do cell divisions stop in myeloblast to segmented granulocyte formation? |
|
Definition
| Cell division occur before the metamyelocyte stage. |
|
|
Term
| What stages have similarities in granulocyte development and erythrocyte development? |
|
Definition
| cell division stops once the orthochromatophilic erythroblast stage is reached as well as when the metamyelocyte stage is reached. Also the disappearance of nucleoli signifies the transition between promyelocyte to myelocyte and proerythroblast to basophilic erythroblast. |
|
|
Term
| What is the common stem cell that both monocytes and granulocytes are derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name the stages in monocyte development. |
|
Definition
| GM-CFU, monoblast, promonocyte, monocyte. Then it journeys to tissues where it is converted into a macrophage. |
|
|
Term
| Where are platelets derived from? |
|
Definition
| Bone marrow megakaryocytes from cytoplasmic budding. |
|
|
Term
| What is endomytosis and what cell does it? |
|
Definition
| nuclear replication without nuclear or cellular divisions. This occurs in developing megakaryoblasts to promegakaryocytes. |
|
|
Term
| What occurs when a promegakaryocyte becomes a megakaryocyte? |
|
Definition
| The cytoplasm maturation is characterized by an increase volume and granularity and a decrease of RNA (and therefore basophilia). |
|
|
Term
| How are platelets produced? |
|
Definition
| They are produced by fragmentation of long, tubular extensions of the megakaryocyte cytoplasm that reach out into the bone marrow blood stream. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cellular connective tissue that produces blood cells. |
|
|
Term
| How much of adult body weight dose bone marrow make up? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| it is the active hematopoietic production site found in skull, clavicles, vertebrae, ribs, and pelvis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| inactive and fatty connective tissue found in long bones and joints. Can be recruited to return to activity. |
|
|
Term
| What pathway does blood travel through the marrow? |
|
Definition
| Arteries to venous sinuses to veins. Venous sinuses are essentially sinusoids. There is a thin discontinuous basement membrane and the venous sinuses are lined with endothelial cells connected by ZA. |
|
|
Term
| What do adventitial reticular cells do? |
|
Definition
| lie on endothelial cells and form a meshwork that organizes the hematopoietic cells into cords. |
|
|
Term
| Where are hematopoietic cords located? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure in hematopoietic cells? |
|
Definition
| Megakaryocytes sit close to vascular sinuses. They shed platelets through openings in endothelium. Erythrocytes are produced near sinus wall. Macrophages are nearby, and granulocytes are produced farther from sinus walls- they migrate over when it is time to leave. |
|
|
