Term
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Definition
| bacteria; no membrane bound organelles |
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Term
| How many types of cells in the human body? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does cytoplasm contain? |
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Definition
| organelles, inclusions, matrix |
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Term
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Definition
| living structures, permanent, perform specific functions |
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Term
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Definition
| hydrophobic end and hydrophilic end(faces outwards); phospholipids with few cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| on the outside of the phospholipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| found in the lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| cross the entire lipid bilayer |
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Term
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Definition
| glycocalyx, formed by glycoproteins and glycolipids |
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Term
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Definition
| increase surface area; small intestine and proximal convoluted tubule, brush border |
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Term
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Definition
| double membrane organelle, contains DNA, oxidative enzymes, Liver cells (1000 per cell) |
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Term
| What are the main components of the cell? |
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Definition
| Organelles, inclusions, matrix |
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Term
| Mention 3 features of an organoid |
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Definition
| living structures, permanent, and specific function |
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Term
| List membranous organoids |
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Definition
| Cell membrane, mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
| Which organoid has a double membrane |
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Definition
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Term
| List non-membranous organelles |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main lipid of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the types of proteins in the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you know about the cell coat and its function? |
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Definition
| made up of glycoprotiens and glycolipids; cell recognition and adhesion |
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Term
| What are the functions of the cell membrane? |
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Definition
| cellular homeostasis, selective permeability, transport of nutrients and oxygen and removal of waste, endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, exocytosis, cell membrane receptors, cell coat |
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Term
| What are the types of enzymes inside the mitochondria and their functional significance? |
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Definition
| oxidative enzymes that produce ATP |
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Term
| What is the functional significance of DNA inside of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Only organelle that can divide and replicate on its own |
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Term
| Which cells of the body contain large numbers of mitochondria? |
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Definition
| Liver (can be 1000 per cell) |
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Term
| What is the function of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum? |
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Definition
| Protein synthesis, starts glycosylation and sulphation |
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Term
| Mention a cell that contains abundance of RER and its function |
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Definition
| plasma cell, makes and transports protiens |
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Term
| What are the main components of Golgi apparatus (3)? |
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Definition
| flattened saccules, transfer or microvesicles, secretory vesicles |
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Term
| What are the functions of Goli apparatus? |
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Definition
| Adding sugar, packaging and concentration of secretory proteins, forms lysosomes, recycling reusable membrane proteins |
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Term
| What are the enzymes inside lysosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the functions of lysosomes during life? |
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Definition
| intracellular digestion, get rid of worn out organelles, release enzymes out of cell |
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Term
| What are the function of lysosomes after death? |
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Definition
| post-mortum autolytic changes |
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Term
| Give examples of cells rich in lysosomes |
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Definition
| neutrophils and marcophages |
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Term
| What are the functions of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
| steroid hormone synthesis, drug detoxification, glycogen metabolism, calcium release and capture (muscle contraction) |
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Term
| What is the function of attached ribosomes? |
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Definition
| form proteins that are secreted or stored in the cell |
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Term
| What is the function of free ribosomes? |
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Definition
| form proteins that remain in the cell as cytoplasmic functional elements |
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Term
| Name 3 structures that contain microtubules |
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Definition
| centrioles, cilia, flagella, mitotic spindle |
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Term
| What is the structure of a centriole? |
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Definition
| 9 sets of triplets of microtubules (27) |
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Term
| What is the structure of a cilium? |
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Definition
| hair-like motile process, 9 sets of duplets with two in the middle of microtubules (20) |
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Term
| What is the structure of a microvillus? |
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Definition
| non-contractile actin microfilaments |
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Term
| What are the different types of microfilaments and their functions? |
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Definition
| Actin (contractile in muscle, non-contractile in microvilli) and myosin (contractile) |
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Term
| List the cytoplasmic inclusions that may be found in the cell |
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Definition
| glycogen, lipids, pigments |
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Term
| What are the four basic components of the nucleus? |
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Definition
| nuclear membrane, nuclear matrix, nucleolus, and chromatin |
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Term
| What is the chemical nature of the nucleolus? |
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Definition
| aggregates of RNA and protein |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of RNA and their role in protein synthesis? |
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Definition
| mRNA (transcription), tRNA (translation), rRNA (ribosomes) |
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Term
| What is the chemical nature of chromatin? |
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Definition
| double strands of DNA forming a double helix |
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Term
| Where is the genetic material of the cell located? |
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Definition
| In the chromatin inside the nucleus |
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Term
| What are the 2 types of chromatin? Which is the biologically active type? |
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Definition
| Heterochromatin and Euchromatin (active) |
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Term
| What is the number of chromosomes in the body cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number of chromosomes in ovum/sperm? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the clinical significance of karyotyping? |
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Definition
| detects genetic anomalies |
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Term
| What are the main 2 stages of the cell cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do you know about the 3 phases of the interphase? |
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Definition
| G1-cell growth, S - DNA synthesis, G2 - duplication of centrioles |
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Term
| What are the cells that have no cell cycle? |
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Definition
| Nerve cells and cardiac muscle cells |
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Term
| What are the 4 stages of mitosis? |
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Definition
| Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase |
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Term
| What happens during prophase? |
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Definition
| centrioles move to poles, nuclear membrane and nucleolus disappear, coiling of chromosomes |
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Term
| What is the hallmark of metaphase? |
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Definition
| spindle formation with chromosomes lining up |
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Term
| What happens during anaphase? |
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Definition
| seperation of chromatids, migration, circular furrow at equator |
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Term
| What characterizes telophase? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number of chromosomes in daughter cells after mitosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where does meiosis take place? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the number of chromosomes in daughter cells after meiosis? |
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Definition
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