Term
| When do pharyngeal arches appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, Pharyngeal arches play an important role in the formation of face and neck structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT found within a pharyngeal arch?
a) cartilage
b) aortic arch
c) cranial nerve
d) mesenchyme
e) glandular stroma |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, a pharyngeal cleft is found on the inside of an arch. |
|
Definition
| False, cleft is the groove on the outside |
|
|
Term
| Where would a pharyngeal pouch be found on an arch? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things make up the pharyngeal membrane? |
|
Definition
| Pharyngeal cleft and pharyngeal pouch |
|
|
Term
| True/False, each pharyngeal arch has its own blood supply. They are referred to as the cranial arteries. |
|
Definition
| False, although each arch does have its own blood supply, they are called the aortic arches, not cranial arteries |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the first pharyngeal arch is innervated by the cranial nerve number V, also known as the glossopharyngeal nerve |
|
Definition
False,
cranial nerve 5 does innervate the 1st arch, but it's called the trigeminal nerve, not glossopharyngeal, which is cranial nerve IX |
|
|
Term
| Which nerve innervates the second pharyngeal arch? |
|
Definition
| Facial nerve, cranial nerve VII |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) innervates the third pharyngeal arch. |
|
Definition
| False, the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) innervates the 3rd arch |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the Vagus nerve (cranial nerve X) innervates the fourth pharyngeal arch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, each pharygeal arch has its own blood supply and cranial nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, each pharyngeal arch has its own blood supply but each arch does NOT have its one cranial nerve |
|
Definition
False
arches have own blood supply and nerve |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the core of pharyngeal arches is composed of mesenchyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, endoderm and ectoderm create the internal and external portion of pharyngeal arches, respectively |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cells differentiate into mesenchyme? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do the neural crest cells that migrate into the pharyngeal arches come from? (2 possible places) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These cells form pharyngeal arch skeletal structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, hyoid cartilage comes from the 3rd pharyngeal arch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cells form the bones of the face and the skull? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the early brain consists of three segments, forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain, on either side of these segments, somites can be found. |
|
Definition
False,
The first part is correct, but somatomeres are on either part of the early brain, rather than somites |
|
|
Term
| True/False, Hox genes are NOT expressed anterior to rhombomere 3 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 chemotactic factors involved with neural crest cells and head development? |
|
Definition
TBX-1
Twist
VEG-F
FGF-receptor-1 |
|
|
Term
| In what way would a kinesin-like protein dysfunction affect head development? |
|
Definition
| Polarized cell growth and cell shape would be adversely affected leading to shortened mandibles |
|
|
Term
| What two things form the cranial nerves of the pharyngeal arches? |
|
Definition
| Ectodermal placodes and neural crest cells |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the 1st pharngeal arch surrounds the stomatodiem, the prospective oral cavity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The posterior boundary of the stomadeum is...? |
|
Definition
| The buccopharngeal membrane (aka oral plate) |
|
|
Term
| The buccopharyngeal membrane is another name for...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many weeks into development would the stomadeum be present? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, At the stomadeum is surrounded by the 1st pharyngeal arch, and therefore the endoderm |
|
Definition
| False, 1st part is correct, second part is ectoderm, not endoderm |
|
|
Term
| Regarding head and neck development, at 5 weeks the ectoderm is found anterior to the _________________ ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a 26 day old embryo, the skull is referred to as the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the first pharyngeal arch develop into? |
|
Definition
| 4 prominences, two maxillary, two mandibular |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the 2nd and 3rd pharyngeal arches give rise to the external ear. |
|
Definition
False,
1st and 2nd arches give rise to the external ear |
|
|
Term
| In regards to head and neck development, what gives rise to the external auditory meatus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to head and neck development, what two regions are classified as the cervical sinus? |
|
Definition
| Regions between the 2nd and 3rd arch and region between 4th and 6th arch |
|
|
Term
| What pharyngeal arch gives rise to Meckel's cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the 2nd pharyngeal groove is obliterated by the down-growth of the 2nd arch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In regards to head and neck development, where are the auditory tubes and the inner ear anatomical structures derived from |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the muscles of mastication arise from the 1st pharyngeal arch |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process used to form the mandible? What is used as the template? |
|
Definition
| Perichondral ossification using Meckel's cartilage as a template |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the mandible forms as a result of direct ossification of Meckel's cartilage. |
|
Definition
| False, perichondral ossification using Meckel's cartilage as a template |
|
|
Term
| True/False, The sphenomandibular ligament forms from Meckel's cartilage of the second pharyngeal arch. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What forms the incus and malleus of the inner ear and where does this occur? |
|
Definition
| Meckel's cartilage, first pharyngeal arch |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the ectoderm of the 1st pharyngeal arch forms the enamel of teeth, among various other structures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the epithelium over the external auditory meatus is formed by the ectoderm of both the 1st and 2nd pharyngeal arches. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the epithelium around the ear is formed by the endoderm of the 1st 4 pharyngeal arches. |
|
Definition
| False, the epithelium of the ear is formed by the ECTOderm of the first 4 pharyngeal arches |
|
|
Term
| Where does the palatine tonsillar fossa derive from? |
|
Definition
| Second pouch endoderm and mesoderm |
|
|
Term
| During what week of embryo development would the thymus develop? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the endoderm of the third pharyngeal pouch gives rise to the thymus during week 5 |
|
Definition
False,
the endoderm of the 3rd pouch DOES develop the thymus but this occurs during week 4 |
|
|
Term
What tissue does this describe:
This tissue develops from the endoderm of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch during the 4th week of gestation. Originally, it can be referred to as the endodermal tubes which goes on to invade the mesoderm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During what timeframe of gestation would the thymus lose connection with the pharynx and descend? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, both the medullary and cortical epithelium of the thymus derive from the endoderm |
|
Definition
False,
Thymus cortical epithelium - ectoderm
Thymus medullary epithelium - endoderm
(medulla means center and endoderm is on the inside)
(cortical layers line medullary layers, thus ectoderm) |
|
|
Term
| Where are the inferior parathyroids derived from? During what week of gestation does this occur? |
|
Definition
Third pharyngeal pouch
Week 5 |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the inferior parathyroids end up at the inferior pole of the dorsum of the thyroid by week 7 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the superior parathyroids develop from the 3rd pharyngeal pouch which the inferior parathyroids develop from the 4th pharyngeal pouch. |
|
Definition
False,
superior parathyroids from 4th pouch
inferior parathyroids from 3rd pouch |
|
|
Term
| True/False, both the inferior and superior parathyroids develop during the 5th week of gestation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, both the inferior and superior parathyroids end up at their respective locations on the dorsum of the thyroid by week 7 of gestation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, Chief cells, a major cell of the parathyroid, decrease blood calcium levels, while increasing the phosphate concentration in the blood. |
|
Definition
False,
Chief cells are a major cell of the parathyroids, however, they increase calcium levels and decrease phosphate levels |
|
|
Term
| This gland develops as a diverticulum from a structure located between the tuberculum impar and the hypobranchial eminence. What is the structure and what is the organ? |
|
Definition
Structure - foramen cecum
Organ- Thyroid |
|
|
Term
| What two structures does the foramen cecum lie between? |
|
Definition
| Foramen cecum is located between the tuberculum impar and the hypobranchial eminence |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the thyroid descends in front of the pharynx into the region of the junction of the trachea and the larynx. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure keeps the thyroid gland in contact with the pharynx? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These cells of the thyroid produce calcitonin? What are the cells called and where do they originate from? |
|
Definition
Parafollicular cells
Originate from the 4th and 5th pharyngeal pouch |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of calcitonin, what cells produce these, and where are these cells found? |
|
Definition
| Calcitonin protects against excess bone resorption, comes from parafollicular cells of the thyroid |
|
|
Term
| True/False, Thyroxine (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3) are secreted from parafollicular cells of the thyroid. |
|
Definition
| False, T4 and T3 are the thyroid hormones, however, they are secreted from thyroid follicles, not parafollicular cells |
|
|
Term
| The follicles of the thyroid are filled with...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the neural crest originates from the ectomesenchyme |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
At what day in gestation would the primary epithelial band be present?
a) 21 days
b) 41 days
c) 37 days
d) 30 days
e) 52 days |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What structure does the dental lamina and the vestibular lamina derive from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the epithelial band results from mitosis and changes in the orientation of mitotic cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The dental papilla arises from...? What timeframe during gestation does this stage of early tooth development occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, CP27 in an intracellular protein present in key locations during tooth development |
|
Definition
False,
CP27 is an EXTRAcellular matrix protein that is present in key locations during tooth development |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT required as part of dental placode formation:
a) transcription factor p63
b) Tumor necrosis factor
c) ectodysplasin
d) BNP-1
e) Ten Cate's jizz |
|
Definition
| D) BNP-1 BNP is secreted from the heart during a heart attack Ten Cate's jizz is needed to form the pulp horns of the primary teeth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Blue = sonic hedgehog
Overall = dental placode |
|
|
Term
| A loss of ectodysplasin will lead to what abnormal tooth development condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, early on, signaling proteins direct tooth development |
|
Definition
| False, epithelium directs tooth development early on |
|
|
Term
| True false, in regards to tooth development, the early stages are directed by the epithelium and then a transition takes place where the neural crest takes over directing tooth development |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 1st arch ectoderm can develop into two things. What are they? |
|
Definition
| Tooth bud and ectomesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| What two things can form the ectomesenchyme? |
|
Definition
| 1st arch ectoderm and enamel organ |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the ectomesenchyme goes on to form the dental organ. |
|
Definition
| False, the dental organ can form ectomesenchyme while the ectomesenchyme can go on to develop the dental PAPILLA. |
|
|
Term
| Sonic Hedgehog is a gene that is theorized to play a role in tooth development. What role is SHH thought to have? |
|
Definition
| SHH could play a role in tooth initiation |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the dental placode is not present during the bud, cap, or bell stage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the dental papilla is first seen during the bud stage of tooth development |
|
Definition
| False, 1st seen during the Cap stage |
|
|
Term
| What stage (bud, cap, bell) would enamel knots first appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the ectomesenchyme undergoes condensation when in the bud stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the teeth mature faster in the mandible versus the maxilla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What stage of tooth development (bud/cap/bell/crown) does this describe:
Ectoderm moves into the ectomesenchyme, which then condenses around the ectoderm. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are events that take place during the bud stage EXCEPT:
a) Epithelia invaginates into the ectomesenchyme
b) Ectomesenchyme condenses
c) intramembranous bone formation
d) ectoderm surrounds cells that will form dental papilla
e) enamel organ begins to appear
f) a and b
g) d and e
h) all of these events occur during the bud stage |
|
Definition
D and E
Both D and E take place during the cap stage |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the tooth germ? What stage of tooth development would this first appear? |
|
Definition
Tooth germ = dental organ
First seen during cap stage |
|
|
Term
| What 3 things differentiate from the dental organ? |
|
Definition
Enamel organ
dental papilla
dental follicle |
|
|
Term
All of the following differentiate DIRECTLY from the dental organ except:
a) enamel organ
b) Ten Cate's mom
c) dental papilla
d) dental follicle
e) stellate reticulum |
|
Definition
| stellate reticulum the enamel organ surrounds the stellate reticulum |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the enamel organ has both an outer and inner epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the enamel organ is attached to the ectoderm. If this is true, how does it attach? |
|
Definition
| True, attaches to the ectoderm by the dental lamina |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the dental lamina attaches the enamel organ to the ectoderm |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the stellate reticulum forms within the enamel organ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Within must accumulate inside the enamel organ in order for the stellate reticulum to form? |
|
Definition
| glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) |
|
|
Term
| The dentin and the pulp arise from what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Upon maturation, what does the dental follicle end up becoming? (3 things) |
|
Definition
| Cementum, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the alveolar bone is derived from the dental follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False the cementum is derived from the dental papilla |
|
Definition
| False, from dental follicle |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the periodontal ligament is derived from the dental papilla |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the enamel knot can be described as clusters of non-dividing epithelial cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False the ectoderm, more specifically the dental lamina, directs tooth type determination and sets up a field of influence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Of the theories involved in tooth type determination, what is being described:
Temporal progress has a vital role in tooth type.
Dental lamina directs tooth type and sets up a field of influence |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The odontogenic homeobox code model of tooth development and differentiation can be explained by...? |
|
Definition
| Differential gene expression via factors found in the ectomesenchyme |
|
|
Term
| Once past the bud stage, tooth type differentiation depends upon...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the bud stage, tooth type differentiation depends upon...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This stage of tooth development is known as the stage of differentiation. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During which stage of tooth development will a tooth assume its final shape? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Morphodifferentiation of the teeth means...? This occurs during what stage of development? |
|
Definition
Morphodifferentiation = tooth assuming final shape
Bell stage |
|
|
Term
| True/False, during the early bell stage, the tooth germ maintains contact with the ectoderm via the dental lamina |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Proceeding though which stage of tooth development leads to the beginning stages of enamel and dentin formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
The layer inbetween the stellate reticulum and the inner enamel epithelium is called...?
This layer contains high amounts of which of these substances:
a) glycogen
b) alkaline phosphatase
c) colony stimulating factor-1
d) endogenous protease |
|
Definition
Stratum intermedium
alkaline phosphatase |
|
|
Term
| Regarding tooth formation, the junction of the inner and outer enamel epithelium is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
During which of the following stages would the dental and lateral lamina break up?
a) bud stage
b) early cap stage
c) late cap stage
d) early bell stage
e) late bell stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What occurs as a result of the dental and lateral lamina break up during tooth development?
a) cervical loop forms
b) epithelial pearls form
c) tooth no longer connected to oral epithelium
d) b and c
e) all the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prior to the crown stage, what structure lies between the outer dental epithelium and the dental follicle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Prior to the crown stage, what structure lies between the inner dental epithelium and the dental papilla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, ameloblasts are removed during tooth eruption. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Crystalline calcium phosphate is also known as...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two organic materials found in enamel? |
|
Definition
Tyrosine rich amelogenin protein (TRAP)
Nonamelogenin proteins |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the crystal thickness of enamel has an inversely proportional relationship to enamel maturity. |
|
Definition
| False, the crystals are thicker as enamel matures |
|
|
Term
| True/False, as enamel matures, the crystals are more spread apart from one another |
|
Definition
| False, they become pushed together |
|
|
Term
| True/False, as enamel matures, the organic material is removed and most remains only in the rod sheath. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the secretory phase of amelogenesis, what is the percentage of mineralized enamel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, during the secretory phase of amelogenesis, proteins compose of 66% of the enamel. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During which phase of amelogenesis would the differentiation of cells into ameloblasts occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, during the maturation phase of amelogenesis, enamel is created and organized. |
|
Definition
| False, this is describing the secretory phase. During the maturation phase, organic material is removed. |
|
|
Term
| During amelogenesis, what induces the underlying dental papilla cells to become odontoblasts? |
|
Definition
| Internal enamel epithelium |
|
|
Term
| During amelogenesis, what induces the internal enamel epithelium to become secretory ameloblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Presecretory ameloblast is another term for...? |
|
Definition
| internal enamel epithelium |
|
|
Term
| True/False, reciprocal induction occurs with amelogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a component of the papillary layer formed during amelogenesis:
a) stellate reticulum
b) inner enamel epithelium
c) outer enamel epithelium
d) stellate intermedium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the ameloblast layer is avascular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which phase of amelogenesis would one find cells of the internal dental lamina having centrally placed nuclei |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are characteristics of the histodifferentiation phase of amelogenesis EXCEPT:
-Nuclei shift toward statum intermedium
-Abundant RER formation
-Prominent Golgi
-Junctional complexes form around cells at both ends
-All occur during the histodifferentiation phase |
|
Definition
| All occur during the histodifferentiation phase |
|
|
Term
| True/false during the differentiation stage of amelogenesis, the ameloblasts secrete enamel proteins and dentin sialoprotein. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What holds cells together during enamel formation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, organizing odontoblasts are induced by the presecretory ameloblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, during the initial secretory stage of amelogenesis, enamel rods are formed |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, during the secretory phase of amelogenesis, it is common to find both ameloblastin and amelogenin within the same secretory vesicle. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What occurs to lead to the formation of the distal Tomes' processes? |
|
Definition
| Ameloblasts moving away from the dentin |
|
|
Term
| What needs to form in order to the rod and interrod enamel morphology to begin to appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of enamel is formed by the secretions from the cell junctions? The tip of Tomes' process? |
|
Definition
cell junctions = interrod enamel
tomes process = rod enamel |
|
|
Term
| Why does the enamel in the outer third have a different orientation than the rest of the enamel? |
|
Definition
| Changes in the morphology of Tomes' processes |
|
|
Term
| True/False, rods are sandwhiched between two layers of initial and final enamel |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, enamel is produced by proximal surface of tomes' process |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During the maturation stage of amelogenesis, what two morphologies can ameloblasts be seen in? What is the primary cause for these morphologies? |
|
Definition
Ruffled border - adding inorganic material
Smooth border - removal of water and organic material |
|
|
Term
| What causes the ruffled border morphology of ameloblasts during amelogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Addition of inorganic material |
|
|
Term
| What causes the smooth border morphology of ameloblasts during amelogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Removal of water and organic material |
|
|
Term
| True/False, during amelogenesis when ameloblasts transition to ruffled ameloblasts, 50% of the ameloblasts will die as a result of necrosis. |
|
Definition
| False, everything is true except that the cells die as a result of apoptosis, not necrosis |
|
|
Term
| Which family of proteins regulates apoptosis during amelogenesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, during the maturation phase of amelogenesis, fluid and matrix proteins are removed causing the crystals of enamel to get smaller. |
|
Definition
False,
although fluid and matrix proteins are removed, the enamel crystals actually get larger |
|
|
Term
| During the maturation phase of amelogenesis, what important process (specific name) occurs regarding ameloblasts morphology? What general change in morphology occurs? |
|
Definition
Ameloblats undergo MODULATION.
Ruffled border --> Smooth border |
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of ruffled border ameloblasts:
-produces bicarbonate ions
-maintains pH for degrading matrix
-alkalizes the enamel fluid to prevent reverse demineralization
-Cells spend 20% of its lifetime in this form
-All of the above are characteristic of ruffled border ameloblasts |
|
Definition
-Cells spend 20% of its lifetime in this form
The ruffled border morphology is the form that ameloblasts spend approximately 80% of its lifetime in. |
|
|
Term
| True/False, on both proximal and distal surfaces of ameloblasts, tight junctions can be found linking cells together |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, during the maturation phase of amelogenesis, the basement membrane has been degraded. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, during the protective stage of amelogenesis, desmosomes, rather than hemidesmosomes, are formed with ameloblasts |
|
Definition
| False, hemidesmosomes are formed with ameloblasts, desmosomes should NOT be present |
|
|
Term
| True/false, basal lamina secretion occurs during the protective stage of amelogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are characteristics of amelogenins except:
-Hydrophobic
-Heterogenous
-Regulate growht in crystal thickness and width
-Form nanospheres
-All of the following are characteristic of amelogenins |
|
Definition
| -All of the following are characteristic of amelogenins |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of ameloblastin? |
|
Definition
| Promote mineral formation |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of enamelin? |
|
Definition
| Crystal nucleation and growth |
|
|
Term
How is the following statement incorrect:
The amelogenin, ameloblastin, functions to promote mineral formation, while another amelogenin, enamelin, functions to promote crystal nucleation and growth. |
|
Definition
| Ameloblastin and enamelin are both NONamelogenins, however the functions stated are correct |
|
|
Term
| What occurs during the 4th stage of amelogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Heavy mineralization of outer layer |
|
|
Term
| Regarding the organization of enamel, enamel rods run (parallel/perpendicular) to the surface of dentin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding enamel, the incremental lines of growth can be referred to as...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In a horizontal section of enamel, how do stria appear? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Hunter-Schrager bands? |
|
Definition
| Optical pattern resulting from the changes in enamel rod direction |
|
|
Term
| True/False, gnarled enamel is found in the cuspal region of the crown where the enamel rods twist and become irregular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the DEJ is a relatively flat border between the dentin and enamel |
|
Definition
| False, it is a scalloped shaped border between dentin and enamel |
|
|
Term
| True/False, tufted enamel results from abrupt changes in enamel rods at the DEJ resulting in less mineraliztion in this region |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, enamel lamellae is known to be filled with enamel proteins and/or organic debris |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is this describing: Newly formed odontoblast processes caught between enamel formbed by adjacent ameloblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the surface, Stria of Retzius are...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Up until what age does the jaw grow? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, tooth germs of permanent teeth develop on the buccal side of the primary teeth. |
|
Definition
false,
tooth germs of permanent teeth develop on the LINGUAL side of the primary teeth |
|
|
Term
| Since permanent molars are non-succedaneous, where do they develop from? |
|
Definition
| Posterior extension of dental lamina |
|
|
Term
| True/False, permanent premolars are located between the rooths of the deciduous molars prior to eruption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, maxillary molars face mesially at first until there is enough room for them to move |
|
Definition
| False, they face distally until there is enough room for them to move |
|
|
Term
| True/false, mandibular molars face distally at first until there is enough room for them to move. |
|
Definition
| False, mandibular molars face mesially at first until there is enough room for them to move, maxillary molars face distally at first until there is enough room for them to move. |
|
|
Term
| True/False, maxillary molars face distally at first until there is enough room for them to move, while mandibular molars face mesially at first until there is enough room for them to move. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, when referring to preeruptive tooth movement, eccentric growth refers to the relative growth of one part of a tooth in relation to the rest of the tooth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During eccentric tooth movement, which part of the tooth is growing? Which part is not growing? |
|
Definition
| Root is growing, crown is not |
|
|
Term
| In successional teeth, what allows the dental follicle to remain attached to the lamina propria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding tooth eruption, if there was a genetic change eliminating osteoclastic activity, what would result? Why? |
|
Definition
| Teeth would NOT erupt because the gubernacular canals would not be able to widen |
|
|
Term
| True/False, once an erupting tooth reaches the occlusal surface, external factors dictate tooth movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, teeth without roots do not have the ability to erupt |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, as long as the dental follicle is present, the gubernacular cord will develop and tooth eruption will occur, even if there isn't a tooth present |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the PDL forms prior to root formation |
|
Definition
| False, PDL forms after root formation starts |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the PDL does not play a role in tooth eruption |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, CSF-1 promotes differention of macrophages |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What effect does the RANKL-RANK complex have on osteoprotegerin activity? |
|
Definition
| RANKL-RANK complex downregulates (decreases activity) of osteoprotegerin, thus increasing osteoclastic activity |
|
|
Term
| True/false the RARNKL-RANK complex is found at the apical protion of the dental follicle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, if one wished to enhance orthodontic movement, they would want to increase RANKL and decrease osteoprotegerin |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two consequences of removing the basal dental follicle? |
|
Definition
No tooth eruption
No alveolar bone growth |
|
|
Term
| True/False, bone, connective tissue, and epithelium reabsorption move the erupting tooth into the eruption pathway |
|
Definition
| False, these 3 things form the eruption pathway, interradiucluar bone formation, root growth and PDL move the erupting tooth into the eruption pathway |
|
|
Term
| True/false, interradicular bone formation, root growth, and the PDL move an erupting tooth into the eruption pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, the dental follicle regulates the formation of the eruption pathway as well as the movement of an erupting tooth into the eruption pathway |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the formation of the eruption pathway as well as the movement of an erupting tooth into the eruption pathway? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| During mesial drift, what is occurring on the mesial wall? Distal wall? What general process occurs causing a mesial drift? |
|
Definition
Bone resorption on the mesial wall
Bone apposition on the distal wall
Interproximal wear is the general process causing mesial drift |
|
|
Term
| True/false, if looking at an x-ray of the primary dentition, prior to permanent eruption, the permanent teeth can be seen labially to the primary teeth. |
|
Definition
False,
permanent teeth are found lingually to the primary teeth prior to eruption |
|
|
Term
| What is the relationship between masticatory forces and the rate of tooth exfoliation? |
|
Definition
directly proportional
increased masticatory forces increases the rate of exfoliation. |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the mandibular teeth exfoliate before the maxillary teeth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, early tooth eruption is more likely to occur rather than late tooth eruption |
|
Definition
| false, late tooth eruption is more likely to occur rather than early tooth eruption |
|
|
Term
| True/false, during the hyalinization periord of orthodontic movement, tooth movement is stagnant (ceased) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| If the cementum did not have a greater resistance to forces versus bone, what would occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Glenoid fossa of the temporal bone
Mandibular condyle |
|
|
Term
| What type of joint is the ginglymoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A joint that binds the teeth to the tooth socket |
|
|
Term
| The undersurface of the squamous portion of the temporal bone refers to the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle inserts into the coronoid process? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The anterior process of the mandible is known as the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which muscle inserts into the anterior process of the mandible? |
|
Definition
| Temporalis (anterior process of the mandible = coronoid process) |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the TMJ's connective tissue layer is cartilagenous rather than fibrous |
|
Definition
| False, the CT layer of the TMJ is fibrous rather than cartilagenous |
|
|
Term
| Regarding the TMJ, specifically the mandibular condyle, if it is to displaced, which direction would it likely be displaced in? Why? |
|
Definition
| If the mandibular condyle is displaced, it is like to be displaced anteriorly. This is because the temporomandibular ligament prevents posterior and inferior displacement of the mandibular condyle |
|
|
Term
| True/False regarding the synovial membrane of the TMJ, type A cells are fibroblast type cells while type B cells are macrophage type cells |
|
Definition
False
type a = macrophage type
type b = fibroblast type |
|
|
Term
Which 2 muscles of mastication form a sling around the mandible AND act as elevators?
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This muscle of mastication elevates the jaw anterior and also retracts it posteriorly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the inferior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the superior head of the lateral pterygoid muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which muscles of mastication act as elevators?
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis |
|
Definition
Medial pterygoid
Masseter
temporalis |
|
|
Term
| Regarding the TMJ, what allows a person to know if they're chewing at the appropriate force? |
|
Definition
| receptors on the muscle spindles |
|
|
Term
Which muscle of mastication plays a role in the depression of the TMJ?
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which muscles of mastication are responsible for the protrusion of the TMJ?
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis |
|
Definition
Lateral pterygoid
Superior head of the masseter |
|
|
Term
Which muscles of mastication are responsible for the retrusion of the TMJ?
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
Masseter
Temporalis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| All of the muscles of mastication are involved in the movement of the jaw from left to right, and vice-versa. Which muscles of mastication are used on the same side as the direction of jaw movement? Opposite side? |
|
Definition
If moving the jaw to the left, the left masseter and left temporalis muscles are used. The right medial pterygoid and right lateral pterygoid muscles are also used.
If moving the jaw to the right, the right masseter and right temporalis are used, while the left medial pterygoid and right lateral pterygoid are used.
Thus the masseter and temporalis used is the same side as the direction of the jaw movement. While both pterygoids used are opposite to the direction of jaw movement |
|
|
Term
| The golgi tendon organs are involved in what way regarding the TMJ? |
|
Definition
| They detect musclar tension |
|
|
Term
| True/False, Ruffini's endings are found in the joint capsule of the TMJ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, the pacinian corpuscles are found in the joint capsule of the tmj |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This TMJ sensory receptor is a pressure receptor detecting joint movement |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This TMJ sensory receptor detects joint position |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a major salivary gland
-parotid
-sublingual
-submucosal
-submandibular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What active contituient of saliva acts as a barrier and also has a protective funtion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, the pH of saliva is likely to be maintained by buffering ions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT a function of Mucins in regards to saliva:
-Barrier/protection
-Lubrication
-Antimicrobial activity
-Pellicle formation
-All of the above are function of mucins |
|
Definition
pellice formation
Pellicle formation is a function of proteins, not mucins |
|
|
Term
| Lipcalins are involved in which function of saliva? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does the parotid gland enter the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
| By maxillary second molar |
|
|
Term
| True/False, the parotid gland duct travels across the lateral pterygoid muscle |
|
Definition
| False, travels across the masseter muscle |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the parotid gland is innervated both sympathetically and parasympathetically |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which nerve innervates the partoid gland? |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngeal) |
|
|
Term
| Regarding parotid innervation, the glossopharyngeal nerve is likely to synapse where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding partoid innervation, specifically the glossopharyngeal nerve, through what location do the postganglionic fibers reach the parotid gland? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding parotid innervation, what type of innervation is being described:
postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion, traveling with the blood supply. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This salivary gland enters the oral cavity lateral to the lingual frenulum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerve innervates the submandibular gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, regarding submandibular gland innervation, the facial nerve snapses in the submandibular ganglion and the postganglionic fibers reach the gland through the lingual nerve |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the parotid, submandibular, and sublingual salivary glands all achieve sympathetic innervation via the same pathway, that being, postganglionic fibers from the superior cervical ganglion, traveling with the blood supply |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, the submandibular and sublingual glands acheive all forms of innervation via the same pathways |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The sublingual salivary gland is located above what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At what location does the sublingual gland enter the oral cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, the sublingual gland is located posterior to the submandibular gland |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, salivary glands originate from endoderm buds |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The INTERlobular ducts of salivary glands are found in _____________ while the INTRAlobular ducts are found in _____________ |
|
Definition
inter = CT
intra = lobules |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells surround a salivary gland duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Regarding the cells that surround a salivary duct, which of the following is false:
-8-12 pyramidal cells surround duct
-secretory granules are apically located
-nuclei are apically located
-all of the follow are true |
|
Definition
-Nuclei are apically located
the nuclei of cells surrounding the salivary glands are basally located since the secretory granules are apically located. |
|
|
Term
| True/false, regarding saliva formation, primary saliva is isotonic and transitions to a hypertonic solution |
|
Definition
| false, isotonic --> hypotonic |
|
|
Term
| Where does saliva modification occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding salivary glands, between what two locations would one likely find myoepithelial cells? |
|
Definition
| Between basal lamina and the secretory cells |
|
|
Term
| True/false, myoepithelial cells attach to secretory cells via hemidesmosomes |
|
Definition
| false, attach via desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| Intercalated duct cells produce what two this that aid in immunity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What color would a straited duct cell stain and why? |
|
Definition
| Very light pink because of the numerous mitochondria found in the basal portion of the cell. |
|
|
Term
| The nuclei of strated duct cells are found where within the cell? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False, straited duct cells are columnar, not cuboidal |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, intercalated duct cells are cuboidal, not columnar |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, myoepithelial cells are also known as secretory cells |
|
Definition
| false, acinar cells are secretory, not myoepitelial |
|
|
Term
| True/false, fluid secretion from salivary glands is in response to an increased sympathetic nerve activity |
|
Definition
| false, parasympathetic activity leads to an increased production of saliva, sympathetic activity has the opposite effect |
|
|
Term
| True/false, contaction of the myoepithelial cells is a result of parasympathetic activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are true regarding the parasympathetic activity of salivary glands except:
-vasoconstriction
-contaction of myoepithelial cells
-fluid secretion
-exocytosis |
|
Definition
-vasconstriction
parasympathetic activity leads to vasodilation, not constriction |
|
|
Term
| True/false, parasympathetic activity is more prevalent in the salivary glands versus sympathetic activity |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common ductal obstruction of the submandibular duct? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sjogren's syndrome is an autoimmune disorder causing dry mouth. Why does this occur? |
|
Definition
| Acinar cell degeneration from inflammatory damage |
|
|
Term
| The posterior boundary of the oral mucosa is the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two areas are known as the specialized oral mucosa from an organizational standpoint? |
|
Definition
Red area of lip
Dorsum of tongue |
|
|
Term
| What two areas are known as the masticatory areas of oral mucosa from an organizational standpoint? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/False the epithelium of the mucosa component of the oral mucosa is stratified squamous |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, fine irregular connective tissue composes the lamina propria of the oral mucosa |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, the gingiva is nonkeratinized while the alveolar mucosa is keratinized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does gingival stippling indicate? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Fordyce's granules? What do they look like? |
|
Definition
| Sebaceous glands of the oral mucosa which appear as yellow spots |
|
|
Term
| True/false, a surgical incision into the masticatory mucosa does not require suturing while a simlar incision in the lining mucosa would be more likely to require suturing |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the interface between the oral epithelium and the lamina propria? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the mucoperiosteum located and what type of mucosa is it characteristic in? |
|
Definition
| Mucoperiosteum is deep to the submucosa and is characteristic of the masticatory mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What structure would allow one to differentiate between masticatory mucosa versus lining mucosa? |
|
Definition
| Mucoperiosteum, it is characteristic of the masticatory mucosa |
|
|
Term
| Epithelial proliferation of the oral mucosa is influenced by...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer lies directly superior to the basal cell layer of the oral epithelium? The presence of what structures lets one know they are in this layer? |
|
Definition
Spinous or prickle layer
presence of desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| True/false, regarding oral mucosa, tonofilaments appear in both keratinized and non keratinized epithelia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding tonofilaments, how could one differentiate keratinized from non-keratinized epithelia? |
|
Definition
| Keratinized epithelia tonofilaments aggregate to forom tonofibrils while non-keratinized epithelia tonofilaments remain dispersed |
|
|
Term
| Regading oral epithelia, the presence of lamellate granules (membrane coating) allows one to know they are in this layer of the epithelia. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What characteristic of lamellate granules (membrane coating) allows one to differentiate keratinized vs non-keratinized epithelia |
|
Definition
keratinized = lamellate granules are oval
NK = lamellate granules are round with a dense core |
|
|
Term
| What gives keratinized epithelium its basophilic appearance in the granular later? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium and cell layer is this describing:
Cuboidal or columnar cells containing bundles of tonofibrils and other cell organelles; site of most cell divisions |
|
Definition
| Basal layer or keratinized epithelium of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium and cell layer is this describing:
Larger ovoid cells containing conspicuous tonofibril bundles; membrane-coating granules appear in upper part of this layer |
|
Definition
| Prickle/spinosum layer of keratinized epithelium of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium and cell layer is this describing:
flattened cells containing conspicuous keatohyaline granules associated with tonofibrils; membrane-coating granules fuse with cell membrane in upper part; internal membrane thickening also occurs |
|
Definition
| Granular layer of keratinized epithelium of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium and cell layer is this describing:
Extremely flattened and dehydrated cells in which all organelles have been lost; cells filled only with packed fibrillar material |
|
Definition
| Keratinized layer of keratinized epithelium of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium and cell layer is this describing:
Cuboidal or columnar cells containing separate tonofilaments and other cells organells; site of most cell divisions |
|
Definition
| basal layer of NK epithelium of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium and cell layer is this describing:
Larger ovoid cells containing dispersed tonofilaments; membrane-coating granules appear in upper part of this layer; filaments become numerous |
|
Definition
| Prickle/spinousum layer of NK epithelium of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium and cell layer is this describing:
Slightly flattened cells containing many dispersed tonofilaments and glycogen |
|
Definition
| Intermediate layer of NK epithelium of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
What type of epithelium and cell layer is this describing:
Slightly flattened cells with dispersed filaments and glycogen; fewer organelles are present, but nuclei persist |
|
Definition
| Supericial layer of NK epithelium of the oral mucosa |
|
|
Term
| What type of nuclei are present, if any, in a parakeratinized epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two things contribute to the color of the oral epithelium? |
|
Definition
| Melanocytes and vascularity |
|
|
Term
| The antigen-presenting cells of the oral epithelium are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These cells of the oral epithelium respond to touch and are found in the basal layer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, color is more intense as the number of melansomes produced increases |
|
Definition
| false, the color difference of the oral mucosa is independent on the number of melanosomes produced. Color difference is a result of melanosome production but the number of melanosomes produced do not have an effect on the color difference |
|
|
Term
| These cells are known as the mechanoreceptors of the oral mucosa. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which cranial nerves are involved in the taste sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Motor innervation of the oral mucosa comes from which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Autonomic innervation of the oral mucosa comes from which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, the more posterior you are in the oral cavity, the better the sensory nerves. |
|
Definition
| False, better anteriorly vs posteriorly |
|
|
Term
| True/false, free gingiva is keratinized while attached gingiva is parakeratinized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, the alveolar mucosa is keratinized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does junctional epithelium of the oral mucosa develop from? |
|
Definition
| Reduced enamel epithelium fusing with the oral ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| Regarding junctional epithelium, what does the external basal lamina attach to? Internal basal lamina? |
|
Definition
external - lamina propria
internal - enamel and cementum |
|
|
Term
| This enamel matrix protein is expressed during enamel development and is found in the basal lamina of junctional epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the enamel matrix protein, amelotin, found? |
|
Definition
| Basal lamina of junctional epithelium |
|
|
Term
| During what period would one be likely to find the enamel matrix protein, amelotin? |
|
Definition
| During enamel development |
|
|
Term
All of the following develop from the Ectoderm except:
-palate
-cheeks
-gingiva
-tongue |
|
Definition
Tongue
tongue develops from endoderm |
|
|
Term
All of the following are developed from the ectoderm except
-palate
-cheeks
-gingiva
-epiglottis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are developed from the endoderm except:
-tongue
-epiglottis
-pharynx
-gingiva |
|
Definition
Gingiva
gingiva comes from the ectoderm |
|
|
Term
| What effect would a vitamin B or iron deficiency have on the tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of dentin is likely to be formed after a dental procedure |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of dentin is deposited after root formation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The root canal terminates as you enter this structure... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, predentin is calcified |
|
Definition
| false, predentin is unmineralized |
|
|
Term
| The main constituent of predentin is... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| By weight, what percentage of dentin is inorganic material? organic material? water? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen is found in dentin? (3 types) |
|
Definition
Type 1, 3, 4
Type 1 is majority and forms scaffold for mineral |
|
|
Term
| What is the major matrix protein of enamel? |
|
Definition
| Amelogenin (several isoforms) |
|
|
Term
| What is the major matrix protein of dentin? |
|
Definition
| Type 1 collagen along with traces of several others |
|
|
Term
| True/false, dentinogenesis begins during the bell stage |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cell line do odontoblasts come from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, dentinogenesis first starts at the root, forming root dentin, then later forms coronal dentin in the cuspal region of the developing tooth |
|
Definition
| False, coronal dentin then root dentin. everything else is correct |
|
|
Term
| During odontoblast differentiation, why do they enlarge? |
|
Definition
| To occupy the acellular zone between the dental papilla and the presecretory ameloblasts |
|
|
Term
| Regarding dentinogenesis, what are the boundaries for the acellular zone? |
|
Definition
| Dental papilla and presecretory ameloblasts |
|
|
Term
| Reverse polarity of what cells leads to the appearance of odontoblasts? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the 1st sign of dentinogenesis? |
|
Definition
Deposition of von Korff's fibers
von Korff's fibers = type iii collagen with fibronectin |
|
|
Term
| von Korff's fibers are composed of what type of collagen combined with what other constituent? |
|
Definition
| Type iii collagen with fibronectin |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the 1st sign of dentinogenesis is the deposition of a complex of fibers composed of type iii collagen with fibronectin |
|
Definition
true,
type iii collagen fibers with fibronectin = von Korff's fibers = 1st sign of dentinogenesis |
|
|
Term
| What does Hertwig's root sheath induce the formation of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, a preodontoblast will have more cytoplasmic organelles versus secretory odontoblasts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the secretions that come from secretory odontoblasts? |
|
Definition
| Type I collagen and ground substances |
|
|
Term
| Secretory odontoblasts are most similar to this cell type when thinking in terms of secretions. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the odontoblastic process that becomes embedded into the enamel? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What term refers to the small, round discrete areas of dentin calcification |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does interglobular dentin arise? |
|
Definition
| From incomplete fusion of calcospherites |
|
|
Term
| True/false, Linear dentin calcification occurs when mineralization progresses slowly. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When does globular dentin calcification occur? |
|
Definition
| When there are mineralization foci that continue to grow larger |
|
|
Term
| True/false, reparative dentin forms rapidly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since tertiary dentin forms rapidly, what cells might one find? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes the formation of sclerotic dentin? |
|
Definition
| Occluded dentinal tubules |
|
|
Term
| Regarding dentin, what is a dead tract, what causes it, and what does it appear like on a histological section. |
|
Definition
| Dead tracts are empty dentinal tubules after the odontoblast process have been disintegrated via bacteria from a carious lesion. They stain darkly on a histological section |
|
|
Term
| Tomes' granular layer is found at what dental landmark? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| These very large incremental lines in dentin reflect changes in nutritional status or disease in the individual during the period of dentinogenesis. |
|
Definition
| Contour (incremental) lines of Owen |
|
|
Term
| True/false, Odontoblast processes have multiple organelles, microtubules, and microfilaments |
|
Definition
False,
Odontoblasts don't have organelles, but they do have microtubules and microfilaments |
|
|
Term
| True/false, secretory vesicles of Odontoblast processes move along the microtubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This cell is responsible for making up the pulp matrix. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The antigen presenting cells of the pulp are? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following is NOT found in the pulp:
-Type 1 collagen
-Type 3 collagen
-Glycosaminoglycans
-Glycoproteins
-Water
-All are found within the pulp |
|
Definition
| -all are found within the pulp |
|
|
Term
| What is the plexus of raschkow? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Nerve plexus of the pulp found in the cell-free and cell-rich zones of the pulp |
|
|
Term
| True/False, Nerve growth factor positive fibers within the dentin tubules are found within the cell-free zone of the pulp |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is there a decrease in pulp volume with age? |
|
Definition
| Continued deposition of dentin |
|
|
Term
| True/false, with age the pulp's cell density increases while the amount of fibrous bundles decreases |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, with age, the pulp becomes more sensitive |
|
Definition
| false, the pulp loses axons with age, and therefore sensitivity decreases |
|
|
Term
All of the following are age changes in the dentin-pulp complex except:
-decrease in volume of pulp chamber
-increased vascular supply
-decreased cellular density
-loss of axons and pulp sensitivity |
|
Definition
-increased vascular supply
With age, there is a reduction of vascular supply within the pulp |
|
|
Term
| True/false, with age the dentin becomes increasingly brittle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, primary cementum is cellular while secondary cementum is acellular |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the name for the acellular cementum junction with dentin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do cementoblasts synthesize? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cementum has two types of striations, parallel incremental layers and horizontal striations. What is represented by each of these striations? |
|
Definition
Parallel - sequential layering of cementum
Horizontal - insertion of the PDL fibers |
|
|
Term
| True/false, cementoblasts arise from the ectomesenchyme and are on the surface of cementum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where would one find cementocytes? These cells have processes. Where are these processes found? |
|
Definition
| Cementocytes are in the lacunae in cementum while their processes are in canaliculi |
|
|
Term
| What results from the mineralization of cementoid in cellular cementum? |
|
Definition
| Cementoblasts are trapped |
|
|
Term
| Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum is also known as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of cementum is likely to be found in incisors and canines? |
|
Definition
| Acellular extrinsic fiber cementum aka attachment cementum |
|
|
Term
| True/false, cellular cementum is located apically and is necessary for supporting the tooth. |
|
Definition
| False, cellular cementum is located apically but, it isn't needed for supporting the tooth. It is involved in reparative functions |
|
|
Term
| When does secondary cementum form? |
|
Definition
| Once the tooth is in occlusion |
|
|
Term
| Secondary cementum forms in which specific region of the tooth in premolars and molars? (not a 1/3, a specific name) |
|
Definition
| Interradicular regions of premolars and molars |
|
|
Term
| HERS induces pulp to form _____________ which produce ________________ |
|
Definition
| HERS induces pulp to form odontoblasts which produce predentin |
|
|
Term
| Cells of the __________________ give rise to cementoblasts |
|
Definition
| Cells of the dental follicle give rise to cementoblasts |
|
|
Term
| Two types of cells have the ability to become cementoblasts. These are...? |
|
Definition
Neural crest origin (ectomesenchyme)
Root sheath cells |
|
|
Term
| What needs to occur in order for cementum to form on the developing root? |
|
Definition
| Dentin deposition along the Hertwig's epithelial root sheath |
|
|
Term
| True/false, Primary (acellular) cementum is NOT mineralized |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cells that migrate away from the dentin toward the dental sac become the _____________________________ found in the periodontal ligament |
|
Definition
| Epithelial cell rests of Malassez |
|
|
Term
| What two morphologies would one find epithelial rests of Malassez in? |
|
Definition
Clusters
Long strands along cementum |
|
|
Term
| The compact bone of the alveolar process is known by what two names? |
|
Definition
Alveolar bone proper
Lamina dura (when viewed on radiographs) |
|
|
Term
| The outer portion of the alveolar bone is known as the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the bone that lines a tooth socket called and why is it called this? |
|
Definition
Bundle bone
result of PDL fibers (Sharpey's fibers) inserting in this bone |
|
|
Term
| What is the specific name of the fibers (not PDL fibers) that insert into the tooth socket giving it the name, bundle bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This structure functions as the periosteum for the alveolar bone and cementum. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of osteoprotegerin in regards to periodontium? |
|
Definition
| Mediate bone and root resorption by osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| True/False, bone sialoprotein is involved in promoting mineralization while osteopontin may regulate the extent of crystal growth |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What role do BMP's play with cementoblasts? |
|
Definition
| BMPs cause differentiation of cementoblast precursor cells |
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels leave ___________________ of the alveolar bone proper to supply the PDL |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do blood vessels travel from the alveolar bone proper to the PDL? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, PDL development starts in the ectomesenchyme around the enamel organ (dental sac) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does PDL development start (cell line) around what structure? |
|
Definition
| PDL development starts in the ectomesenchyme around the enamel organ (dental sac) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name for the enamel organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells, in the periodontium, does the Ectomesenchyme give rise to? |
|
Definition
| Fibroblasts, cementoblasts, cementoclasts, osteoblasts, osteoclasts |
|
|
Term
| Regarding PDL development, where do the collagen fibers form from (structure)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This structure needs to be disrupted in order for the initiation of PDL development. |
|
Definition
| Hertwig's epithelial root sheath |
|
|
Term
| The fibers of the PDL are embedded in _____________ of the root and the _______________ of alveolar bone |
|
Definition
1) cementum
2) lamina dura |
|
|
Term
| True/false, Vitamin C (ascorbate) is a stimulus that affects PDL remodeling |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could one describe the blood vessels in the PDL that surround the tooth? |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels form a single-layered vascular mesh located in the middle of the periodontal space. This mesh surrounds the tooth like a basket. |
|
|
Term
| Which neural termination of the periodontium functions as both a nociceptor and mechanoreceptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which neural termination of the periodontium functions as ONLY a mechanoreceptor? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are Ruffini endings, where are they found, and what is their function? |
|
Definition
| Ruffini endings are a class of neural terminations found in the periodontium. They function as mechanoreceptors (pressure sensors). |
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a free nerve ending in the periodontium? |
|
Definition
| Nociceptor and mechanoreceptor (pain and pressure, respectively) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 types of neural terminations found in the periodontium? Which two have an unknown function? |
|
Definition
Free nerve ending
Ruffini ending
Coiled ending (unknown function)
Encapsulated (unknown function) |
|
|
Term
| What structure hydroxylates 25-OH vitamin D3? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of vessel is responsible for exchange of materials. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The innermost layer of a blood vessel is called the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
True/false, all of the following are always present in the tunica intima:
Endothelial cells, basal lamina, connective tissue and smooth muscle cells, internal elastic membrane |
|
Definition
False,
Everything is always present except for the internal elastic membrane which is sometimes, but not always, a component of the tunica intima |
|
|
Term
| This layer of a blood vessel is described as: Smooth muscle cells producing elastic, reticular, and collagenous fibers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of fibers are produced by the smooth muscle cells of the tunica media (3 types) |
|
Definition
| Elastic, reticular, collagenous |
|
|
Term
| What is the formal name of the blood vessels of the Tunica adventitia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is this statement false: The tunica intima consists of endothelial cells while the tunica media and tunica adventitia containe connective tissue and smooth muscle, respectively. |
|
Definition
Tunica intima - endothelial cells
Tunica media - smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia - connective tissue |
|
|
Term
| True/false, free migrating angioblasts = vascular progenitor cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, angiogenesis is described as de novo vessel formation by the coalescence of free migrating angioblasts |
|
Definition
| false, this is describing vasculogenesis. Angiogenesis is the sprouting and bridging of blood vessels from pre-existing vessels during embryogenesis and in adulthood |
|
|
Term
| True/false, angiogenesis occurs only during embryogenesis while vasculogenesis occurs only during adulthood |
|
Definition
| False, they both occur throughout life |
|
|
Term
| What type of cells secrete VEGF? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Angioblast proliferation is regulated by...? |
|
Definition
| Vasculogenesis is regulated by the interaction of VEGF with VEGF-receptor #2. |
|
|
Term
| Formation of capillary endothelial tubes is dependent on the interaction of...? |
|
Definition
| Formation of capillary endothelial tubes is dependent on the interaction of VEGF with VEGF-receptor #1 |
|
|
Term
| This process is the formation of a blood vessel from a preexisting vessel... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, neovascularization is a normal process that occurs in response to bruising |
|
Definition
| False, neovascularization occurs in response to chronic inflammation, collateral circulation, and tumor growth |
|
|
Term
| This occurs in order to initiate angiogenesis (1st step). |
|
Definition
| Degradation of the basal lamina of the parental vessel to enable the formation of a capillary sprout |
|
|
Term
| During the 1st step of angiogenesis, this is degraded to allow the formation of this? |
|
Definition
| Degradation of the BASAL LAMINA of the parental vessel to enable the formation of a CAPILLARY SPROUT |
|
|
Term
| True/false, periendothelial cells = smooth muscle cells when referring to angiogenesis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, regarding angiogenesis, the capillary sprout becomes the endothelial capillary tube upon maturation via angiogenic factors, VEGF and ANG1. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is portal blood flow different than usual blood flow? |
|
Definition
In a portal system, blood drains from capillaries into an artery or vein, then into a second set of capillaries
In a usual system, blood drains from arteries into capillaries, then into veins. |
|
|
Term
| In a portal blood flow system, blood drains from capillaries into _______________ or _____________, then into _________________ |
|
Definition
| Capillaries --> artery or vein --> second set of capillaries |
|
|
Term
| In a typical blood flow system, blood drains from ____________ into ________________, then into ______________ |
|
Definition
| Arteries --> capillaries --> veins |
|
|
Term
| If an artery has a specific name, it is most likely this type of an artery. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| This type of artery conducts blood to a variety of organs...? How does it do so? |
|
Definition
Muscular artery
Muscular arteries control blood blow to organs by contracting and relaxing smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| The interdigitations closest to the lumen of muscular arteries are represented by this structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The interdigitations closest to the smooth muscle layer of muscular arteries are represented by this structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A cardiovascular disease in which there is medial destruction is known as...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding blood flow, these cells regulate smooth muscle activity. These cells secrete smooth muscle cell relaxing factors such as ________________ and contraction factors such as ________________ |
|
Definition
Endothelial cells
relaxing factor - nitric oxide
contracting factor - endothelin 1 |
|
|
Term
| Where is angiotensin made? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of the renin angiotensis system (RAS)? How is it activated? |
|
Definition
Elevate blood pressure
Activated by drop in blood pressure or loss of blood volume |
|
|
Term
| Endothelial cells secrete this enzyme from two locations to convert angiotensin I into angiotensin II. What is the enzyme and where is it secreted from? What is the function of angiotensin? |
|
Definition
ACE (angiotensin converting enzyme)
"an ACE inhibitor will lower blood pressure by preventing this conversion"
ACE is secreted by endothelial cells from the lungs and kidneys
Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction to elevate blood pressure |
|
|
Term
| This smooth muscle cell relaxing factor is increased via Viagra.......... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary vessels that are involved in the regulation of blood flow within an organ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Arterioles are innervated by what general class of nerves? What specific type of nerve within that class? |
|
Definition
| autonomic nerves specifically sympathetic adrenergic |
|
|
Term
| True/false, capillaries connect arteries and veins to one another |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What regulates the extent of capillary networks? |
|
Definition
| Metabolic activity of the tissue |
|
|
Term
| Where are continuous capillaries typically found (3 spots)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Plasmalemmal vesicales are structures found on this type of capillary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 locations are fenestrated capillaries likely to be found? |
|
Definition
Endocrine glands
Intestinal tract
Gall bladder |
|
|
Term
| The space of disse is a structure on this type of capillary? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Discontinuous capillaries are found in these 3 locations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Discontinuous capillaries are found in all of the following except
1) Liver
2) Spleen
3) Gall bladder
4) Bone marrow
5) Both #3 and #4 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding large veins, which layer contains circumferential cmooth muscle? Longitudinal smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
Circumferential - tunica media
Longitudinal - tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| The Tunica Media and Tunica Adventitia of large veins both are composed of different types of smooth muscle. What type composes each of the two layers? |
|
Definition
Tunica media - circumferential smooth muscle
Tunica adventitia - longitudinal smooth muscle |
|
|
Term
| This is responsible for the strength of a medium sized vein. What is it, and what layer is it found in? |
|
Definition
| Interspersed connective tissue found in the tunica adventitia. |
|
|
Term
| How do medium sized veins maintain strength? |
|
Definition
| By having interspersed connective tissue bundled together within the smooth muscle of the tunica adventitia |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of a valve found within a vein? |
|
Definition
Thin connective tissue core
Endothelial covering |
|
|
Term
| What occurs in order for a valve in a vein to open? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, during muscular relaxation, a valve in a vein would open to allow blood flow to return to the heart. |
|
Definition
| False, during relaxation, valves close |
|
|
Term
| True/false, one of the main concerns involving varicose veins (varicosities) is the valve found within the vein does not close properly |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of a blood vessel valve? |
|
Definition
| To ensure unidirectional flow of blood/fluid without reflux |
|
|
Term
| Triglycerides that were just consumed and have entered the GI tract enter circulation via the... |
|
Definition
| lymphatic system, specifically the thoracic duct |
|
|
Term
| How does excess fluid in the lymphatic system get returned to arterial/venous circulation? |
|
Definition
| The lymphatic system's network of capillaries and collecting ducts |
|
|
Term
| What is responsible for colloid osmotic pressure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, normally, colloid osmotic pressure is greater than capillary hydrostatic pressure. |
|
Definition
| True, if it were the other way around, edema would result |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Hydrostatic (capillary) pressure exceeds osmotic pressure |
|
|
Term
| True/false, lymph flow is controlled by smooth muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| false, intrinsic and extrinsic skeletal muscle contraction |
|
|
Term
| Regarding the heart, what structure represents the tunica intima? Tunica media? Tunica adventitia? |
|
Definition
intima = endocardium
media = myocardium
adventitia = epicardium |
|
|
Term
| Regarding the heart, where would one find myoendocrine cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding the heart, where would one find purkinje fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Regarding the heart, where would one find cardiac myocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What organ does atrial nautriuretic factor act upon? What does it do? |
|
Definition
Acts on kidneys
causes sodium and water loss |
|
|
Term
| Pericardial fluid is found in this layer of the heart. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The nerves of the heart are found in this layer? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bodies natural pacemaker, location where cardiac action potential is generated, is the...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the function of the AV node of the heart? |
|
Definition
| Receive and regulate the electrical signals generated by the SA node |
|
|
Term
| What provides electrical conduction to the ventricles of the heart? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of cellular junctions seen in cardiac myocytes? |
|
Definition
Adherens junctions
Desmosomes
Gap junctions |
|
|
Term
| True/false, myocytes in the heart are organized into fascicles |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What branches of the autonomic nervous system are involved in the nerual regulation of the heart? |
|
Definition
Sympathetic adrenergic
Parasympathetic cholinergic |
|
|
Term
| True/false, nerual mechanisms that regulate cardiac function primarily involve the sympathetic cholinergic and parasympathetic adrenergic branches of the autonomic nervous system |
|
Definition
false, the heart does involve the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system but, the cholinergic and adrenergic parts are misplaced. They should be:
sympathetic adrenergic
parasympathetic cholinergic |
|
|
Term
| The renal corpuscles and tubules are found in what section of the kidney? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The renal cortex is divided into what two structures? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A lobule is found in what section of the kidney? A lobule is composed of what two sections? |
|
Definition
Cortex
Lobule is the collecting duct and the nephrons it drains |
|
|
Term
| Specifically, where would a collecting duct be found in the kidney? (2 places) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What two structures compose the renal medulla? |
|
Definition
| Renal columns and pyramids |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the renal pyramids of the medulla contain both straight tubules and collecting ducts |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the renal medulla would one find the papilla? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Which layer of the kidney would one find the capsule? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the major function unit of the kidney and what are its components? |
|
Definition
| Uriniferous tubule - a nephron plus the collecting duct into which it empties |
|
|
Term
| What are the two components of a renal corpuscle? |
|
Definition
Bowman's capsule
Glomerulus |
|
|
Term
| What is contained within the Pars radiata? |
|
Definition
| All loop of Henle parts and collecting duct |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the pars convoluta only contains the PCT and DCT |
|
Definition
| false, it also contains the renal corpuscle and the arched DC |
|
|
Term
| True/false, interlobular arteries give rise to arcuate arteries |
|
Definition
| False, interLOBAR arteries give rise to arcuate arteries, not interLOBULAR arteries. |
|
|
Term
| What type of arteries come from arcuate arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of blood vessels come from interLOBULAR arteries? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerular capillary beds arise from...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Glomerular capillary beds empty into...? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, glomerular capillary beds empty into afferent arterioles |
|
Definition
| false, efferent arterioles |
|
|
Term
| What do efferent arterioles give rise to if they originate from the cortical glomeruli? |
|
Definition
| Peritubular capillary plexus |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the peritubular capillary plexus arises from the efferent arterioles that originate from the juxtaglomerula glomeruli |
|
Definition
| false, originates from cortical glomeruli |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the vasa recta arises from efferent arterioles that originate from the juxtaglomerula glomeruli. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What do efferent arterioles give rise to if they originate from the juxtaglomerula glomeruli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where does urine formation begin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| True/false, the efferent arteriole brings blood to the glomerulus. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does the interlobular artery pass through to supply afferent arterioles to the glomeruli? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The parietal layer of the bowman's capsule is made up of what kind of cells? |
|
Definition
| Simple squamous epithelium |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the visceral layer of bownan's capsule is composed of podocytes |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are secondary processes of podocytes called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How could you describe the capillaries of the glomerulus? |
|
Definition
| Fenestrated w/o a diaphragm |
|
|
Term
| Between what two locations in the kidney would one find the thick basement membrane? |
|
Definition
| Between fenestrated capillary and the podocyte filtration slit |
|
|
Term
| What effect does Diameted Mellitus have on the kidneys? |
|
Definition
| Alters filter allowing proteins to pass through a barrier eventually ending up in the lumen of the Bowmen's capsule and into the urine |
|
|
Term
| True/false, the PCT has a microvillar bush border at its apex composed of actin filaments |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the kidneys if a structure has lateral boundaries without interdigitations what is it most likely? If there were interdigitations present, what could the structure be? |
|
Definition
W/o = collecting tubule
w/ = proximal or distal straight or convoluted |
|
|
