Term
| What are the three types of cartilage? |
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Definition
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage |
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Term
| Which type of cartilage is most abundant in the embryo? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of cartilage is found in the auricle, epiglottis and auditory tubes? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where can you find fibrocartilage? |
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Definition
| Intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis. |
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Term
| What is the primary cell type of hyaline cartilage? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| It is the space in which chondrocytes live. |
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Term
What is the primary fiber type of hyaline cartilage?
What other types of fibers exist? |
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Definition
Collagen Type II. It is produced by chondrocytes.
The others include collagen type IX, X, and XI |
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Term
| True or false: cartilage is highly vascular |
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Definition
| Unlike bone, cartilage is avascular and must receive its nutrients from diffusion. |
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Term
| What is the perichondrium? |
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Definition
| It is a dense irregular connective tissue which contains chondroblasts. They differentiate into chondrocytes and add a new layer the outside. |
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Term
| When referring to cartilage, what is referred to as the matrix? |
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Definition
| It is a darker staining area around the lacunae that has a higher concentration of proteoglycans. It is called the matrix or capsule. |
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Term
| Describe the processes of appositional growth and interstitial growth |
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Definition
Appositional growth is on the surface of cartilage and adds new layers outward.
Interstitial growth is through the division of chondrocytes. |
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Term
| What is the name for a cluster of chondrocytes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the main difference between elastic and hyaline cartilage when viewed under the light microscope? |
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Definition
| Elastic cartilage has elastic fibers. |
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Term
| What is the main way to differentiate fibrocartilage via the light microscope? |
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Definition
| Chondrocytes will cluster in lacunae and be very spread out with lots of fibers between them. Or, they will be more abundant and stain very darkly, darker than the surrounding elastic cartilage |
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Term
| What is the precursor to bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the four types of bones? |
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Definition
Long bones: Cylindrical in shape
Short bones: Mostly spongy bone and the width is similar to the length
Flat bones: Thin, flat, and slightly curved with two layers of compact bone surrounding spongy bone.
Irregular bones: Do not fit any other type. Examples include hip bones and vertebrae |
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Term
| What makes up bony matrix? |
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Definition
| Calcium phosphate mostly. Also has type 1 collagen, clycosaminoglycans, and glycoproteins. |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal line? |
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Definition
| It is a line where bones grow during childhood. It is a region of hyaline cartilage that will eventually be replaced with bone. |
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Term
| What is the end of a bone called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the diaphysis of a bone? |
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Definition
| It is the shaft of a long bone. |
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Term
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Definition
| A double layer of dense irregular connective tissue that covers everything but the joint surfaces. |
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Term
| What happens to bone as it becomes vascular? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| They are concentric rings of bony matrix forming the tubes of an osteon |
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Term
| What is a haversion canal? |
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Definition
| It is a central canal that contains blood vessels and nerve fibers. |
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Term
| What is a volkmann's canal? |
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Definition
| They are perferating canals that run perpendicular to haversion canals to connect adjacent haversion systems. |
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Term
| What cells are involved in bone remodeling? |
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Definition
| Osteoblasts, osteocytes, fibroblasts, and osteoclasts. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are progenitor cells that mature into osteocytes. They secrete collagen I |
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Term
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Definition
| They resorb bony matrix to harvest calcium |
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Term
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Definition
| they are small canals that connect osteocytes to other osteocytes and allow for communication and diffusion of nutrients. |
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Term
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Definition
| They maintain the bone matrix. |
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Term
| Where do you find osteoclasts? |
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Definition
| They sit in a depression called a howship lacunae, which has a ruffled border. |
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Term
| What stimulates osteoclast to resorb calcium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What inhibits osteoclast activity? |
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Definition
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Term
| From what cell line are osteoclasts derived? |
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Definition
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Term
| What determines the rate of bone remodeling? |
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Definition
| Bones under stress are remodeled faster. |
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Term
| What makes up the bony matrix of intramembranous bones? |
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Definition
| Osteoid, which is released from osteoblasts. |
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Term
| What are the zones of bone growth in order? |
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Definition
Zone of reserve cartilage
Zone of proliferating cartilage
Zone of hypertrophy
Zone of calcifying cartilage
Zone of erosion
Zone of Newly formed bone |
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Term
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Definition
| It makes up the interior of bones and has a meshed network of traveculae |
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Term
| Describe the process of endochondral ossification |
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Definition
First blood vessels enter the perichondrium
Nutrients reach mesenchymal cells, which differentiate into osteoblasts.
Osteoblasts form a bony collar, which eventually forms an impenetrable barrier.
Condrocytes die, which leaves gaps in calcified cartilage
Cartilage that is not encapsulated continues to grow and make a model for bone growth.
Osteoclasts come in, and make space for other tissues (arteries, veins, lymphatics, bone marrow, etc)
Osteoblasts secrete osteoid to surround the remaining hyaline cartilage
The last step is the formation of secondary ossification centers at the proximal and distal epiphyses in long bones. |
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Term
| Describe the process to bone fracture healing |
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Definition
First a hemotoma forms
Then a fibrocartilage callus forms.
Fibroblasts lay down collagen fibers to close the fracture
Osteoblasts lay down spongy bone
Some osteoblasts become osteocytes to lay down matrix to be calcified.
Boney callus forms. Osteoblasts replace cartilage with trabeculae
Bone is remodeled by osteoclasts and blasts which lay down compact bone which resembles the original due to undergoing the same stresses. |
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