Term
| Where is cartilage found? |
|
Definition
| Numerous places throughout the body, most notably on the ends of bones, the ear and nose, and the upper respiratory tract |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of cartilage? |
|
Definition
1) hyaline
2) elastic
3) Fibrocartilage |
|
|
Term
| What are some common places where Hyaline cartilage is found? |
|
Definition
-Nose cartilage
-thyroid cartilage
-tracheal and bronchial cartilage
-costal cartilages
-articular cartilages |
|
|
Term
| What are some common places where elastic cartilage is found? |
|
Definition
-ear
-pharyngotympanic tubes
-epiglottis |
|
|
Term
| What are some common places where Fibrocartilage cartilage is found? |
|
Definition
-intervertebral discs
-pubic symphysis
-meniscus |
|
|
Term
| What is the origin of almost all connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| tissue is composed of mesenchymal cells, within a matrix with very few fibers |
|
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Term
| To form “generic” connective tissues (loose, dense irregular, dense regular), mesenchymal cells mature into... |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts which are characterized by well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) and a Golgi apparatus (G) necessary to secrete the components of the extracellular matrix (e.g. collagen fibers, CF). |
|
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Term
| To form cartilage, mesenchymal cells develop into... |
|
Definition
| chondroblasts, cuboidal, and do not have long, spindly processes characteristic of fibroblasts |
|
|
Term
| What matrix does Chondroblasts secrete? |
|
Definition
| type II collagen and proteoglycans, forming a semi-solid matrix |
|
|
Term
| When this matrix solidifies, the cell becomes “trapped” in a space within its own matrix called a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Once trapped, chondroblasts are referred to as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The collagen fibers provide a scaffold to support the... |
|
Definition
| proteoglycans (glycosaminoglycans)The charged proteoglycans repel each other, creating spaces filled with water. |
|
|
Term
| Surrounding the cartilage is a specialized connective tissue called the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some hints that you are looking at cartilage? |
|
Definition
-The numerous spaces you see within the cartilage are the lacunae, however; note that later we will see that bone has lacunae also
-The matrix of cartilage is semi-solid, and when sectioned appears smooth or “glassy”. |
|
|
Term
| Hyaline cartilage is intensely basophilic due to? |
|
Definition
| abundant glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) secreted by the chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
| What is a specialized connective tissue that consists of two layers. The outer, fibrous portion looks like dense irregular connective tissue, while the inner, cellular portion is the location where cells are beginning to differentiate into chondroblasts. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does cartilage grow or what word is good to call this? |
|
Definition
| appositional growth of cartilage (growth by adding cartilage onto the surface of existing cartilage) |
|
|
Term
| Clusters of lacunae are called? |
|
Definition
| Isogenous groups or isogenous nets |
|
|
Term
| The perichondrium is rich or lacks blood vessels and the cartilage is what in terms of blood vessels? |
|
Definition
| The perichondrium is rich in blood vessels. The cartilage lacks blood vessels, but its matrix is enriched with glycosaminoglycans, so diffusion of nutrients and waste products between the perichondrium and the chondrocytes is quite efficient |
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|
Term
| What cartilage is essentially hyaline cartilage + elastic fibers added to the matrix? |
|
Definition
| Elastic cartilage (provides more elasticity for structures such as the ear and nose) |
|
|
Term
| Elastic cartilage's 3 main main components are? |
|
Definition
-type II cartilage (too small to be seen in L.M.)
-proteoglycans
-plus elastic fibers (refractile) |
|
|
Term
| What cartilage is essentially hyaline cartilage + type I collagen fibers added to the matrix? |
|
Definition
| Fibrocartilage (fibrous cartilage) Obviously, this provides more tensile strength, and is found in intervertebral disks and pubic symphysis. |
|
|
Term
| How are fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage different? |
|
Definition
| Fewer cells, with fewer isogenous nests and lacking a perichondrium |
|
|
Term
| Fibrocartilage is made up of? |
|
Definition
Type 1 collagen
Type II collagen |
|
|
Term
| Bone or osseous tissue is similar to... |
|
Definition
| dense irregular CT or cartilage |
|
|
Term
| A bone as a gross structure is composed of... |
|
Definition
-CT
-blood vessels
-adipose or marrow |
|
|
Term
| In a long bone what is another name for shaft and head? |
|
Definition
-diaphysis (shaft)
-epiphysis (head) |
|
|
Term
| A space in the center of the diaphysis is called the? |
|
Definition
| Marrow (medullary) cavity, house of red or yellow bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| . The outer portion of the entire bone is solid osseous tissue; this region is referred to as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In the center of the epiphyses, and adjacent to the marrow cavity, is... |
|
Definition
| spongy (cancellous) bone, which consist of spicules of osseous tissue with spaces between them which, in the living, are also filled by red or yellow marrow. |
|
|
Term
| The outer portion of a bone is lined by a dense irregular connective tissue called a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The marrow cavity is lined by a similar layer of connective tissue referred to as an... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flat bone are similar to long bones except they lack? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Flat bones still have a space where marrow occupies between the spicules of spong bone in the central region, which is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| 1. The bone-makers are derived from mesenchyme, and mature in the following sequence: |
|
Definition
1) mesenchymal cells – precursors for connective tissue cells, you met these already
2) osteoprogenitor cells – cells that have committed to the bone lineage, but haven’t begun to secrete bone matrix yet
3) osteoblasts – cells that have begun to secrete the characteristic matrix of bone
4) osteocytes - cells trapped within the matrix that they secreted |
|
|
Term
| What cells are precursors for CT cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells have committed to the bone lineage, but haven't begun to secrete bone matrix yet? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells have begun to secrete the characteristic matrix of bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What cells are trapped within the matrix that they secreted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The bone-breakers which are derived fromm bone marrow are called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Mesenchymal cells are found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteoprogenitor cellsare typically found? |
|
Definition
| Within the periosteum and endosteum |
|
|
Term
| osteoblasts – these cells are actively secreting bone matrix, which includes: |
|
Definition
1) type I collagen
2) inorganic calcium, (Ca++), and phosphate, (PO4)-3, in large crystals called hydroxyapatite |
|
|
Term
| Since osteoblasts are actively secreting these products, what do they have abunduntly? |
|
Definition
-rER (intense cytoplasmic basophilia- in H&E)
-prominent Golgi
Also look for, The electron-dense flaky material at the bottom of the slide is calcified matrix. |
|
|
Term
| . As these osteoblasts secrete bone matrix, they become trapped in lacunae, becoming... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The connections between adjacent bone cells are crucial for allowing... |
|
Definition
| transport of nutrients and waste products |
|
|
Term
| Osteoclasts are derived from... |
|
Definition
| hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow, and are closely related to the monocyte/macrophage lineage |
|
|
Term
| Osteoclasts arise from fusion of multiple cells, like a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are some key characteristics of osteoclasts? |
|
Definition
multinuclear, with lots of secretory vesicles and a ruffled border, adjacent to bone
In H&E, have eosinophilic cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| As they degrade the bone, they create a depression, called a... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The “spaces” between bone spicules / trabeculae in spongy bone is occupied by... |
|
Definition
mesenchyme
marrow
adipose
CT |
|
|
Term
| What is the outside of the bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| compact bone is on the outside of a bone, while the inside lining the marrow cavity, the inside of the epiphysis, and the middle portion of a flat bone all are |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Pieces of bone are referred to as... |
|
Definition
| spicules or trabecula(typically larger than spicules) |
|
|
Term
| What are “spaces” in the bone matrix. They are long, narrow tunnels, and contain osteocyte cell processes. Used maintain contact with tissues that contain blood vessels, or with other osteocytes, to obtain nutrients and eliminate waste. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are “tubes” of osseous tissue that run lengthwise along the long axis of a bone? |
|
Definition
| osteons (aka Haversian systems) |
|
|
Term
| Each osteon is composed of several... |
|
Definition
| concentric lamellae (rings) |
|
|
Term
| In the center of each osteon is a? |
|
Definition
| central (Haversian) canal, which contains connective tissue, including blood vessels that feed the osteocytes within the osteon |
|
|
Term
| What lamellae go all the way around the shaft of the bone? |
|
Definition
| The inner and outer circumferential lamellae |
|
|
Term
| The lamellae between the osteons are incomplete, and referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The lamellae in osteons are referred to as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Haversian canals and the vessels within them, are connected to each other, and to the outside tissue and marrow cavity, by? |
|
Definition
| Volkmann's (perforating) canals, which run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone |
|
|
Term
| The surrounding layer for bone is called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the inner lining of the bone and adjacent to the marrow cavity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteoblasts begin forming a bone by secreting? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After secreting osteoid (type I collagen), they secrete? |
|
Definition
| Inorganic components, which deposit on the collagen fibers making calcified bone matrix |
|
|
Term
| Osteoid stains what way in H&E? |
|
Definition
| pale pik (eosinophilic) due to it being formed of protein |
|
|
Term
| Bone is formed from two distinct processes: |
|
Definition
1) Intramembranous ossification
2) Endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
| What term describes bone developed from embryonic mesenchyme? |
|
Definition
| Intramembranous ossification |
|
|
Term
| What term describes bone developing from hyaline cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Endochondral ossification |
|
|
Term
| In intramembranous bone formation, mesenchymal cells cluster together, and then mature first into... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Osteoprogenitor cells mature into? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The region where intramembranous bone formation is occurring is often referred to as a? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The osteoblasts along the edge of bone will continue to secrete matrix components, so that each piece of bone can grow through, what type of growth? |
|
Definition
| appositional growth (growth by adding to the surface of an existing piece of bone) |
|
|
Term
| What degrade bone during remodeling? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endochondral ossification is characteristic of what type of bones? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Endochondral ossification bone can grow? |
|
Definition
-appositionally
-interstitially |
|
|
Term
| The growth of what allows bone to grow lengthwise before maturity? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The conversion of cartilage to bone begins.... |
|
Definition
| in the middle of diaphysis |
|
|
Term
| What will the end of the long bones always be made of? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The meeting of the primary and secondary ossification centers is called? |
|
Definition
| epiphyseal growth plates (or metaphyses or metaphyseal plate) |
|
|
Term
| After puberty, bone overgrows the cartilage, and lengthwise growth of the bone stops, leaving a thickened region of osseous tissue called the... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 steps of conversion of cartilage to bone? |
|
Definition
1) Cartilage is growing
2) chondrocyte division becomes oriented longitudinally
3) chondrocytes swell
4) the cartilage becomes calcified
5) bone is laid down |
|
|
Term
| IN enchondral ossification what makes up the calcified cartilage? |
|
Definition
-type II collagen
-GAGs
-calcium |
|
|
Term
| What are the 5 zones in the metaphysis? |
|
Definition
1. Zone of reserve (resting) cartilage
2. Zone of proliferation
3. Zone of hypertrophy
4. Zone of calcification
5. Zone of bone deposition |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
1) Loose irregular (aka areolar, includes reticular, elastic, maybe mesenchyme)
2) Dense irregular
3) Dense regular |
|
|
Term
| What are examples of the specialized CT? |
|
Definition
-adipose
-cartilage (hyaline, elastic, fibrous)
-bone
-blood |
|
|
Term
| Do loose connective tissue and dense irregular CT contain blood vessels? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects bone to bone? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What connects bone to muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Histologically, both tendons and ligaments are what type of tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of collagen is in dense regular CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tell me some importance about the function of tendon and ligament? |
|
Definition
| Strong in one direction (e.g. tendon, ligament), but usually very poorly vascularized, so it takes a long time to heal |
|
|
Term
| The integument consists of what 3 regions? |
|
Definition
1) Epidermis
2) Dermis
3) Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis) |
|
|
Term
| Epidermis is classified as? |
|
Definition
| Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Dermis is characterized as? |
|
Definition
| Loose and dense irregular CT |
|
|
Term
| The SubQ or hypodermis is characterized as? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The epidermis is composed of 5 layers: |
|
Definition
1) Stratum basale (stratum germinativum)
2) Stratum spinosum
3) Stratum granulosum
4) Stratum lucidum
5) Stratum corneum |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the epidermis is a single layer of cuboidal basal stem cells? |
|
Definition
| Stratum basale (stratum germinativum) |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the epidermis is cuboidal cells, some cell division, spinous connections between cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the epidermis is cells contain dense keratohyaline granules, cells becoming flat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the epidermis is thick skin only, cells clear? (Can't be seen on slides) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the epidermis is cells have lost organelles, basically a bag of keratin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the most prominent cell type in the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| As keritanocytes progress upward from the stratum basale, what do they get from melanocytes? And they express what? |
|
Definition
- Get melanosomes
-Express keratin tonofilaments |
|
|
Term
| What produce pigment packaged as melanosomes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Melanocytes are characterized by? |
|
Definition
-numerous processes that extend between the keratinocytes
-also LACK tonofilaments and desmosomes |
|
|
Term
| How would you describe the interface between two keratinocytes? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Desmosomes are composed of what transmembrane proteins? |
|
Definition
-Desmocollins
-Desmogliens |
|
|
Term
| Inside a keratinocyte what connects the to the desmosome's desmoplakin? |
|
Definition
| keratin (intermediate) filaments |
|
|
Term
| In the stratum granulosum, what electron-dense area will you see? |
|
Definition
| Keratohyalin granules (irregular in shape); melanosomes are oval in shape |
|
|
Term
| FYI: What have secretory granules in their basal cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| FYI: What typically have nuclei with multiple indentations? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 2 layers make up the dermis? |
|
Definition
1) Papillary layer
2) Reticular layer |
|
|
Term
| What layer of the dermis is loose CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer of the dermis is dense irregular CT? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Accessory structures of the skin include? |
|
Definition
-Hair and hair follicle
-Arrector pili muscles
-Glands; sebaceous, eccrine, and apocrine |
|
|
Term
| What is the name for actual hair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the structure from which hair grows? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is epithelial stem cells that produce the hair? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the dermal region near matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What smooth muscle attaches to the hair follicle and the dermis near the epidermis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| At the connection point between the epidermis and dermis, the epidermal-dermal junction...what is each part called? |
|
Definition
epidermis has the epidermal ridges
dermis had the dermal papilla |
|
|
Term
| Most of what type of gland is associated with hair follicles? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What glands produce an oily secretion (results in pale staining of cells)? How do these glands secrete? |
|
Definition
Sebaceous glands.
Secrete via HOLOCRINE method
cells at the base of the gland proliferate and then accumulate product in their cytoplasm as they are pushed up toward the duct. Cells then break open, releasing their secretory contents. |
|
|
Term
| What glands are found in most locations of the body? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eccrine sweat glands have two cell types: |
|
Definition
1) secretory cells
2) myoepithelial cells (these cells are epithelial, but contain contractile proteins; their nuclei are flattened against the basement membrane ) |
|
|
Term
| What glands are found most notably in the axilla and pubic regions, and the areola of the breast and circumanal region? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sweat glands cells have a pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, and the lumen is small but distinct ? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What sweat glands are larger glands, with a wider lumen and an irregular apical border, and their cells have a more eosinophilic cytoplasm? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are touch receptors found in the dermal papilla. They are composed of an unmyelinated nerve ending that winds its way around flattened supportive cells. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are pressure receptors found in the deep dermis and hypodermis. They are composed of an unmyelinated nerve ending covered with lamella, forming a structure with the appearance of a cut onion. They are so large they can be seen on our slides with the naked eye. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find Meissner's corpuscles? |
|
Definition
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