Term
| What are the 4 types of cell tissues? |
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Definition
| Connective, epitheial, nervous, muscle |
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Term
| On an electron micrograph, the extracellular region of the plasma membrane would be what hue? |
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Definition
| Light region, the intracellular will be dark |
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Term
| What does cholesterol do for the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the freeze fracture technique |
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Definition
| It cleaves plasma membrane, leaving the extracellular face |
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Term
| Name the 3 ways of plasma membrane transport and they are carried out. |
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Definition
Simple diffusion: small particles, passively
Carrier proteins: active or passive transport, HIGHLY selective
Channel proteins: Ion selective, i.e K or NA |
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Term
| Is the glucose transporter active or passive? |
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Definition
| Passive transport. Ion channels are active |
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Term
| Pinocytosis is the process of what. |
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Definition
| Absorbing extracellular fluid |
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Term
| Phagocytosis is the process of what? |
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Definition
| Engulfing particles/bacteria, ONLY specialized cells |
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Term
| Arrangement of Actin is required in what type of endocytosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are adaptin and clathrin in relation to endocytosis? |
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Definition
| They form a coated pit that BEGINS endocytosis and forms a coated vesicle. The uncoated vesicle is taken to the endosome for sorting |
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Term
| Endocytotic processes include what 3 forms? |
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Definition
| Pinocytosis, Phagocytosis, Receptor-mediated endocytosis |
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Term
| If an antibody is constitutive, what would this signify? |
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Definition
| It leaves the cell immediately |
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Term
| The process of particles going out the cell is referred to as what? |
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Definition
| Exocytosis via constitutive or regulated exits |
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Term
| Endosome are responsible for what? |
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Definition
| Sorting out material before getting degraded in lysosome |
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Term
| Define function of early endosome |
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Definition
| Sort and recycle proteins, higher ph levels ~6.3 |
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Term
| Define function of late endosomes |
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Definition
| mature into lysosomes, ph ~5.5 |
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Term
| Lysosomes are similar to a stomach in that they function to do what? |
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Definition
| To degrade anything placed into it. |
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Term
| Receptor mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis, phagocytosis, and autophagy (self eating) are all pathways for what in lysosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| has ribosomes, nuclear envelope, protein synthesis, secretory cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Its tubular, has NO ribosomes, cells function to lipid metabolism, detox, steroid synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| sorts and packages proteins from ER |
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Term
| Oxidative phosphorylation and ATP generation are accomplished by what organelle? |
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Definition
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Term
| Vesicular transport is done by what part of the cytoskeleton |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Kinesins= towards nucleus
Dyneins= towards end |
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Term
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Definition
Create motility, require ATP
Provide movement of cilia and flagella |
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Term
| Whats the center point of the microtubule organizing center? |
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Definition
Centriole
- has 9 sets of microtuble triplets |
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Term
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Definition
| has 2 centrioles paired 90 degrees from each other |
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Term
| Where are basal bodies found & what do they do? |
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Definition
| Microtubules extend from the basal body, they help assemble cilia and flagella |
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Term
| A man and woman come in to determine why they cannot conceive after trying for 2 years. Upon further evaluation, its found that the woman is fertile, while the man is not. What could be a probable cause? |
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Definition
| The man has katagener's syndrome, which causes immobilization of cilia (infertility) |
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Term
| An elderly man is undergoing chemotherapy for colon cancer. The doctors have him taking vinblastine/vincrisitne every week. How do these drugs affect his body?> |
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Definition
| They are inhibiting formation of mitotic spindle for cell division |
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Term
| Actin and microtubles, both require energy. What kind? |
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Definition
Actin= ATP
Microtuble= GTP |
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Term
| Microvilli come from what filaments and function to do... |
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Definition
| Microvilli are from actin filaments, and aid in the absorption of nutrients |
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Term
| Actin have 4 main functions. What are they? |
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Definition
| anchorage/movement, locomotion, extension of cell processes, microvilli |
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Term
| A biologist discovers his cells are not undergoing depolymerization, which is preventing them from binding to F-actin. He thinks back to what could have caused this. What could it be? |
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Definition
| He may have phalloidin, and could have ate poisnous mushrooms |
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Term
| Cytochalasin B&D have what effects on cells |
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Definition
| Prevents polymerization, inhibits lymphocyte migration, phagocytosis, and cell division |
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Term
| Epithelial cells, fibroblasts, neurons, nucleated cells: all belong to what type of filaments? |
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Definition
| Intermediate filaments (w/net like fibers) |
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Term
| A patient comes into the ER complaining of lower abdomen. His skin of pale yellow, and examining at his liver cells, mallory bodies were found. What may he be suffering from? |
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Definition
| Alcoholic liver cirrhosis. mallory bodies are an accumulation of keratins |
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Term
| An elderly lady has been rather forgetful as of late. Her sons bring her in to determine if her memory is due to age or something more serious. The doctors conduct a CT scan and find what looks to be disintegration of her microtubules. What did they likely see and what condition is it attributed to? |
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Definition
| They likely saw neurofibrillary tangles due to alzheimers disease |
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Term
| Non moving and non living products of metabolic activity are referred to as what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
Nucleus has genome, does DNA replication
Nucleolus does rRNA synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
Smooth ER is lipid and steroid metabolism
Rough ER is protein synthesis |
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Term
|
Definition
Lysosomes- intracellular digestion
Peroxisomes- oxidative digestion |
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Term
| What is the meshwork/scaffolding around the nucleus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The nucleus consists of chromatin which contain DNA & structural proteins. Ther are two kinds of chromatin however, how do they differ? |
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Definition
Heterochromatin stain dark & are tigthtly packed
Euchromatin stain light & are transcriptionally active |
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Term
| Telemores/ Telemorase. Describe. |
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Definition
| Telemores shorten with each cell devision and cap the ends of the sequences. Telemorase add base pairs to the end of the centromer to extend their life |
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Term
| Describe the nuclear envelope |
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Definition
| Two bi-layer membranes w/ a perinuclear space between |
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Term
| What consists of the karyotype |
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Definition
| 22 autosomes, and 1 pair of sex chromosomes, making 46 total |
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Term
| In order to have a 'barr body' what condition must be fulfilled? |
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Definition
| The person must have two X chromosomes, where one is repressed |
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Term
| Where can a barr body be seen? |
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Definition
| Near the nuclear envelope |
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Term
| What part of the cell cycle has stable cell populations? |
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Definition
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Term
| Interphase consists of three subphases, what are they? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is a mitotic catastrophe? |
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Definition
| Malfunction of any DNA damage checkpoints early in mitosis. Failure to arrest the cell cycle. Malfunction of G1 restriction checkpoint |
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Term
| The cell cycle is regulated by what two things? |
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Definition
| Cyclin and cyclin dependent kinase |
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Term
| Primary results of Mitosis: 4d to 2d |
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Definition
| 2 primary daughter cells with same # of sex chromosomes. BASICALLY DUPLICATING SAME CELL |
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Term
| End product of Meiosis: 4d to 2d then 2d to 4d |
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Definition
Produces 1 oocyte/polar body & 4 spermatids
ends with 4 1N Haploid cells |
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Term
| A young child was pushed into a pool, and unfortunately could not swim. Some of his cells swell with water and eventually burst. What is the name is this particular cell death? |
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Definition
| Necrosis- accidental cell dealth via lysis and swelling |
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Term
| A constuction worker was assigned to an old chemical plant, but her first had to inspect the insides of the building. While in the building, he begins coughing. It appears he has been inhaling esbestus. Phagocytosis already began engulfing foreign particles found in his system. What type of cell death is this? |
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Definition
| Apoposis: programmed cell death via phagocytosis |
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Term
| What are the main features of epithelial cells? |
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Definition
| organized, cohesive, avascular, have cytokeratins, and are VERY POLAR! |
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Term
|
Definition
apical surface is adjacent to the lumen
basal surface is adjacent to the basal lamina |
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Term
| Myoepithelium is a function of the epithelium cells, what does it mean? |
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Definition
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Term
| Neuroepithelium cells are responsible for what? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| 3 types of cellular junctions |
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Definition
adhering, impermeable, and communication
gap junctions= communication
adhering= desmosomes
impermeable= zonula occludens |
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Term
| Another term for an impermeable membrane such as zonula occludens is: |
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Definition
| a tight junction, to prevent things from moving from apical surface to basal surface |
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Term
|
Definition
Simple
Stratified- more than 1 layer
Pseudostratified |
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Term
|
Definition
Squamous- flat
Cuboidal
Columnar |
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Term
| Blood vessels contain what type of epithelium covering? |
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Definition
| Simple squamous, a single layer flat cell |
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Term
| Alvilli, wher gas is exchanged between the lungs, would also have what type of epithelium covering? |
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Definition
| Simple squamous cell (& body cavities too) |
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|
Term
| Where are simple cuboidal epithelium found? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| The intestines contain what type of epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| What forms the 'brush border' to increase surface area? and why is it important? |
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Definition
| Microvilli and gycocalx. The brush border helps absorb the maximum amount of nutrients (i.e. small intestine) |
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Term
| Pseudostratified columna epithelium give the appearance of a multilayer, but is actually one nucleus. Where are these epithelium types found? |
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Definition
| In the bronchii via goblet cells, or cillia |
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|
Term
| 9+2 microtubule arrangement, is found in what ? |
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Definition
| Cilia (2 tubulets in center, 9 around) |
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Term
| Not all cilia move. What are the names of the ones that do and those that don't? |
|
Definition
Kinocilia- move
Stereocilia- DO NOT move |
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Term
| Transitional epithelium is based not on layers or shape, but what rather? |
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Definition
| Location; its found in the bladder |
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Term
| What are myoepithelial cells? |
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Definition
| They're found in sweat glands, mammory glands, salivary glands |
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Term
| What are the two malignant neoplasms of epthelium? |
|
Definition
Carcinoma- originates in tissues
Adenocarcinoma- orginates in glandular tissue i.e. lung |
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|
Term
| Skeletal muscle in a nutshell. |
|
Definition
Bones, many nuclei per cell
T tubules at junctions of A-I bands
Prominent fascicles
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|
Term
| Cardiac Muscle in a nutshell |
|
Definition
1-2 nuclei per cell
T tubules at Z lines, form diads
Capillary supply is extensive
Intercalated disks |
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|
Term
| Smooth Muscle in a nutshell |
|
Definition
1 nuclei per cell
no striations
no sarcoplasmic reticulum
no t tubules
cells overlap & can synthesize collagen |
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|
Term
|
Definition
smooth muscle looks compact, nucleus in middle of cells
cardiac muscle, nucleus in various places
skeletal muscle, nucleus at the edges of the cell |
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|
Term
| How do skeletal muscle fibers form |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
ACTIN-thin filament
MYOSIN- thick filament |
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|
Term
| Describe the 3 troponin complex |
|
Definition
TnT- binds onto tropomyosin
TnC-ability to interact with myosin
TnI- inhibitor, covers up the actin site |
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|
Term
| What is the contractile subunit in the skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Whats the difference between red and white fibers? |
|
Definition
Red fibers are slow, but last longer and have more mitochondria and oxygen
White fibers are fast, but dont last long |
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|
Term
| What is the neurotransmitter in skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Epimysium encolsed what two muscle tissues? |
|
Definition
| Endomysium( connective tissue) and Perimyosium (contains endomyosin) |
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|
Term
| What constitutes a motor unit? |
|
Definition
| 1 neuron & its branches and the muscle cells it innervates |
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