Term
| 1. The _____ is a 4 chambered pump of the cardiovascular system. |
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Definition
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Term
| 2. The heart contracts _____, pumping blood through the circulatory system. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3. The walls of the heart consists of 3 layers from internal to external which are the _____, _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| ENDOCARDIUM, MYOCARDIUM, PERICARDIUM |
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Term
| 4. The endocardium is made up of _____ and _____ which lines the lumen of the heart. |
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Definition
| SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHLIUM, SUBENDOTHELIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
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Term
| 5. The simple squamous epithelium of the endocardium arises from the _____. |
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Definition
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| 6. The endocardium of the heart is continuous with the _____ of blood vessels entering and leaving the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| 7. The myocardium is the thick middle layer of the heart composed of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 8. There are _____ for impulse generation located in the myocardium. |
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Definition
| SPECIALIZED CARDIAC MUSCLE |
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Term
| 9. 5 specialized cardiac muscles located in the myocardium for impulse generation. |
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Definition
| 1) SA NODE, 2) AV NODE, 3) AV BUNDLE, 4) LEFT AND RIGHT BUNDLE BRANCHES, 5) PURKINJE FIBERS |
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Term
| 10. 3 components of the intercaliated disc which attach cardiac cells. |
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Definition
| 1) ZONA ADHERENS, 2) MACULA ADHERENS, 3) GAP JUNCTIONS |
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Term
| 11. The tunica intima layer of the aorta consists of _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM AND UNDERLYING CONECTIVE TISSUE |
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Term
| 12. As a general rule, the tunica intima layer ends and the tunica media begins when there first distinct _____ or _____ is located. |
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Definition
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Term
| 13. The endothelium of the heart normally secreted factors which prevent _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| PREVENT BLOOD CLOTTING, MAINTAIN THE TONE OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE |
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Term
| 14. _____ is secreted by the endothelium which is a vasodilator and inhibits platelet adhesion and aggregation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 15. _____ is secreted by the endothelium which is a vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation maintaining the tone of vascular smooth muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| 16. _____ is secreted by the endothelium which promotes platelet adhesion and activation of blood coagulation. |
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Definition
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Term
| 17. _____ secreted by the endothelium regulates fibrinolysis. |
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Definition
| TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR |
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Term
| 18. Thickening of the tunica intima may occur in 2 ways which are _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| ARTERIOSCLEROSIS, AND ATHEROSCLEROSIS |
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Term
| 19. _____ is part of normal aging when there is an increase in connective tissue, fibrosis and fragmentation of elastic lamellae. |
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Definition
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Term
| 20. _____ is a pathological process involving eccentric fibrous intimal thickening, lipid deposition and dystrophic calcification. |
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Definition
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Term
| 21. Intima thickening within coronary arteries, which nourish the myocardium of the heart, is a major cause of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 22. The tunica media layer of the aorta consists of _____ and _____. |
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Definition
| CIRCULAR ARRANGED SMOOTH MUSCLE, AND ELASTIC TISSUE |
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Term
| 23. The _____ stain accentuates the abundance of elastic lamellae within the tunica media. |
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Definition
| MASSON-ALDEHYDE FUCHSIN STAIN |
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Term
| 24. The _____ synthesisze the elastic fibers, collagen and various proteoglycans in the tunica media. |
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Definition
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Term
| 25. The _____ layer of the aorta is mainly a connective tissue sheath surrounding the vessel. |
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Definition
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Term
| 26. The tunica media ends and adventitia begins where the _____ are not found. |
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Definition
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Term
| 27. The tunica adventitia layer of the aorta contains small arteries and veins called the _____ that supply nourishment to the outer half of the tunica media. |
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Definition
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Term
| 28. Arteries experience much higher blood pressure than the veins, therefore have a much higher _____ ratio. |
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Definition
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Term
| 29. Veins are more _____ shaped than arteries. |
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Definition
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Term
| 30. Most arteries contain a distinct _____ while veins do not. |
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Definition
| INTERNAL ELASTIC MEMBRANE |
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Term
| 31. In an artery the _____ layer is thicker than the _____. |
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Definition
| TUNICA MEDIA IS THICKER THAN THE ADVENTITIA |
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Term
| 32. In a vein the _____ layer is thicker than the _____. |
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Definition
| TUNICA ADVENTITIA IS THICKER THAN THE TUNICA MEDIA |
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Term
| 33. The great vessels of the body exit from the _____ of the heart. |
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Definition
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Term
| 34. The myocardium in the ventricles is much _____ than that in the atrium. |
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Definition
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Term
| 35. The endocardium is much _____ in the artia than in the ventricles. |
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Definition
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Term
| 36. The cardiac valves are essentially plates of _____ extending from the cardiac skeleton. |
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Definition
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Term
| 37. The cardiac valves are covered with _____ and are _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 38. The side of the cardiac valve that faces oncoming blood flow exhibits an extensive _____ network. |
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Definition
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Term
| 39. Both the tricuspid and mitral valves are attached to papillary muscles in the ventricles via _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 40. What is the function of the papillary muscles attached to the tricuspid and mitral valves? |
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Definition
| THEY HOLD THE VALVES SHUT TO PREVENT REGURGITATION OF BLOOD BACK INTO THE ARTIA DURING SYSTOLE |
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Term
| 41. Where is the SA node located? |
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Definition
| AT THE JUNCTION OF THE SVC AND RIGHT ATRIUM ABOVE THE CRISTA TERMINALIS |
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Term
| 42. The SA node can spontaneously depolarize _____ times per minute creating an impulse that spreads over the atrial chamber walls by internodal pathways to the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 43. The AV node is located beneath the _____ of the medial wall of the right atrium just in front of the opening of the coronary sins, and immediately above the tricuspid valve. |
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Definition
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Term
| 44. Where is the AV node located. |
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Definition
| AT THE BASE OF TE INTERATRIAL SEPTUM IN THE TRIANGLE OF KOCH |
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Term
| 45. Where is the bundle of his located? |
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Definition
| ON THE UPPER END OF THE INTERVENTRICULAR SEPTUM |
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Term
| 46. The right and left bundle branches of the bundle of his become the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 47. Initially the purkinje fibers are _____, then the become _____. |
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Definition
| SUBENDOCARDIAL, INTRAMYOCARDIAL |
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Term
| 48. The fibrous central region of the heart is called the _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 49. 2 functions of the fibrous skeleton of the heart. |
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Definition
| 1) SERVES AS THE BASE OF THE VALVES, 2) SERVES AS THE SITE OF ORIGIN AND INSERTION OF CARDIAC MUSCLE CELLS |
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Term
| 50. The _____ are endothelium lined thin walled channels that collect lymphatic fluid from the tissue spaces, and return it to the blood. |
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Definition
| LYMPHATIC VASCULAR SYSTEM |
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Term
| 51. The thin lymphatic vessels gradually converge and end up as 2 large trunks called the _____ and the _____. |
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Definition
| THORACIC DUCT, RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT |
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Term
| 52. The thoracic and right lymphatic ducts empty into the junction of the _____ and _____ veins. |
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Definition
| INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN AND SUBCLAVIAN VEIN |
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Term
| 53. The _____ collects lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| 54. The _____ collects lymph from all other areas of the body. |
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Definition
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Term
| 55. _____ are able to be spread through the lymphatics. |
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Definition
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Term
| 56. 3 different types of arteries. |
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Definition
| 1) ELASTIC (CONDUCTING) ARTERIES, 2) MUSCULAR (DISTRIBUTING) ARTERIES, 3) ARTERIOLES |
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Term
| 57. _____nerves supply vasomotor innervation to the smooth muscles of the tunica media. |
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Definition
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Term
| 58. The arteries which supply skeletal muscles receive _____ nerves to bring about vasodilation. |
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Definition
| CHOLINERGIC (PARASYMPATHETIC) |
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Term
| 59. Capillaries form _____, which consists of a network of thin-walled vessels in which gasses, nutrients, metabolic wastes, hormones, and signaling substances are interchanged between the blood and the tissues of the body to sustain normal metabolic activities. |
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Definition
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Term
| 60. _____ make up the network between arteries and veins. |
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Definition
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Term
| 61. Capillaries are composed of a single layer of _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 62. 3 types of capillaries. |
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Definition
| 1) CONTINUOUS, 2) FENESTRATED, 3) SINUSOIDAL |
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Term
| 63. _____ capillaries are present within the muscles, nervous, and connective tissues. |
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Definition
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Term
| 64. _____ capillaries are present in the pancreas, intestines, and endocrine glands. |
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Definition
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Term
| 65. _____ capillaries are present in the liver, spleen, bone marrow, and lymphoid organs. |
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Definition
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Term
| 66. Arteries with a diameter of less than 0.1mm are considered to be _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 67. _____ are the terminal arterial vessels that regulate blood flow into the capillary bed. |
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Definition
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Term
| 68. Venules are similar to but _____ than capillaries. |
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Definition
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Term
| 69. Larger venules possess _____ instead of pericytes. |
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Definition
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Term
| 70. _____ is a pathology prevalent in older people. It is related to the atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels serving the myocardium. |
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Definition
| ISCHEMIC (CORONARY) HEART DISEASE |
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Term
| 71. In coronary heart disease, as atherosclerotic plaques reduce the lumina of the coronary vessel, the patient may experience referred pain and pressure called _____ due to lack of oxygen. |
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Definition
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Term
| 72. Vessel walls that are weakened from embryological defects or connective tissue disorders may balloon out at the affected side forming an _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| 73. 4 conditions that may lead to an aneurysm. |
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Definition
| 1) ATHEROSCLEROSIS, 2) SYPHILIS, 3) MARFAN’S DISEASE, 4) EHLER DANLOS SYNDROME |
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Term
| 74. Aneurysms have the ability to _____, which is a grave condition that may lead to death. |
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Definition
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