Term
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Definition
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Term
| Width of an intermediate microfilament |
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Definition
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Term
| width of an actin microfilament |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mitotic spindle and transport of vesicles to and from plasma membrane/golgi/ER. Help maintain large axonal structures |
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Term
| Where are motile cilia found? |
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Definition
| Lung epithelium, Sperm Tail |
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Term
| Where are microvilli found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are stereocilia found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| An intermediate microfilament that provides structure to skin |
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Term
| What is the nuclear lamina made out of? |
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Definition
| Intermediate filaments (laminins) |
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Term
| Which filaments are polarized? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the end of an actin molecule called? The beginning? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of actin is found in skeletal muscle? Which are non-muscle? |
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Definition
| Alpha, Beta/Gamma can be found in non-muscle |
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Term
| Which molecule is associated with actin monomers? (GTP/ATP) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an actin binding protein that stabilizes actin fibers. Less likely to fall apart |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that binds and clips an actin molecule in the middle. clips it. Actually allows more creation of multiple fibers |
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Term
| How does sperm cell polymerize through the egg? |
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Definition
| Profillin binds ATP. Binding of outside of egg triggers signalling event that allows for rapid polymerization of actin. Creates spike through the egg. |
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Term
| What do Fimbrin and alpha-actinin do? |
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Definition
| Cross-link actin molecules. Found prominently in microvilli. |
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Term
| What are some roles of actin? |
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Definition
| Cell motility (in concert with myosin), cell structure, mediating movement of vesicles to the membrane. They are highly dynamic! Critical for pathfinding of axons in neural development |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds to and stablizes actin. cell can't move |
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Term
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Definition
| Depolymerization of actin microfilaments. Cell loses structure |
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Term
| What fiber does listeria utilize? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation protein needed for active actin polymerization. Leads to defects in cellular immunity, bc lymphoid/monocytes require actin polymerization for motility/development |
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Term
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Definition
| actin involved in heart tissue. Mutation leads to hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. |
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Term
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Definition
| Autoimmune attack of actin fibers in microvilli. Leads to gut problems |
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Term
| How is location of organelles determined by microtubules? |
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Definition
| Polarization. Golgi apparatus is at minus end of microtubule. Secretion at positive terminus |
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Term
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Definition
| Microtubule associated protein that increases stability of microtubules. Mutation leads to alzheimer's-esque disease state. |
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Term
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Definition
| Can clip a microtubule (analogous to gelsolin) |
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Term
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Definition
| Binds and stabilizes MT's. Used as a cancer drug. Can't form a spindle. |
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Term
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Definition
| Bind MT's and stimulate breakdown. Used in anti-cancer treatment |
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Term
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Definition
| Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation in Lis. Causes defect in activity of Dynein. Leads to problems in neural migration ==> smooth brain structure and deathtardation |
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Term
| What can you tell by intermediate filament type? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Largest family of intermediate filaments. Acidic/Basic subtypes. Both needed to form a fiber. Found in skin (different combos for each skin type) |
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Term
| How to break down intermediate filaments? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| 230 help in hemidesmosomes in epithelial- muts have blisgering. 280 cross-link IMF's in neuron==> neuropathy |
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Term
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Definition
| Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex... aka blistering disease of varying severities. Can have neuropathy if BPAG mutations |
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Term
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Definition
| Progeria- premature aging. cardiomyopathy, muscular dystrophy. due to nuclear membrane issues |
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Term
| Which muscle has to do with muscle contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Hair color syndrome associated with myosin V mutation. Myosin V helps membranes move, so can't deliver pigments to cell periphery |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutation in Myosin VII leads to hearing loss and retinitis pigmentosis (can't maintain stereocilia correctly) |
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Term
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Definition
| A protein that helps link dynein to whatever it's carrying or touching. |
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Term
| Why is dynamitin called dynamitin? |
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Definition
| When you have too much dynamitin, looks like you blew up the golgi |
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Term
| Name of disease where organs are reversed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which type of motor protein's interaction with the microfilament is strengthened by ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do cilia need kinesin? |
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Definition
| To move particles back from the tip of cilia. Mutations lead to polycistic kidney disease |
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Term
| Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia? |
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Definition
| Mutation in kinesin leads to loss of upper motor neurons. Double mutation leads to death. Heterozygote has limited movement. Lack of ability to correctly get proteins to their destination in neuron |
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Term
| Why do most neurological degenerations occur? |
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Definition
| A loss of proper connection at the synnapse leads to retraction and loss of the pathway. So if there are issues with delivery of vesicles or proteins, you'll have neurodegeneration (parkinson's, ALS, Huntington's) |
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Term
| How do proteins coordinate movement of centrioles to cell periphery and to pull chromosomes apart in anaphase? |
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Definition
| Dynein attached to surface of cell reels in centriole to cell surface. Kinesins push spindles apart by interaction with opposing fibers. Also, Dynein on chromosomes helps pull chromosome itself in towards centrioles. |
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Term
| What causes pinching off of cells in cytokinesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of fiber are reticular fibers made of? Also, what do they stain with and where are they found? |
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Definition
| Collagin III. They are found in lymph nodes, surrounding adipocytes, small blood vessels, nerves, and muscle cells. Also the connective tissue and epithelial boundaries. They stain with either PAS or silver treatment. |
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Term
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Definition
| growth plate in bone. Cartilage meets bone at this point |
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Term
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Definition
| Hyaline cartilage found at the surface of bones |
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Term
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Definition
| Standard bone cartilage. If at articular surface, called articular cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| Found in between discs of vertibrea. Made of hybrid Collagen that has higher percentage of type 1 than other types of cartilage |
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Term
| How to tell difference between Basophil and Mast Cell? |
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Definition
| Mast Cells larger. Also, Mast cells in connective tissue and you will not find basophils there. |
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Term
| Difference between Eosinophil and Mast Cell? |
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Definition
| Can see double-lobed nucleus on Eosinophil |
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Term
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Definition
| Embryonic layer of connective tissue. Highly vascularized in most slide preps. |
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Term
| Where are reticular fibers found? What do they stain with? |
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Definition
| Found in lymph nodes and spleen (can be told apart by abundance of lymphocytes and leukocytes on stains). Stain with silver. |
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Term
| What stem cells give rise to connective tissues of adult, muscle, vascular, and urogenital systems? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is mucous connective tissue? |
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Definition
| gelatin-like ECM found in the umbulical chord. Also referred to as "Wharton's Jelly" |
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Term
| Where is soft conective tissue found? |
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Definition
| In the areas right below epithelial cells and directly surrounding smaller blood vessels |
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Term
| Where is dense, irregular tissue found? |
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Definition
| Below loose connective in the skin. Also surrounding hollow organs |
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Term
| 3 types of connective tissue fibers? |
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Definition
| Collagen, Reticular, Elastic |
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Term
| What die does collagin stain with? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is collagen called a glycoprotein? |
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Definition
| Because of associated sugars on the hydroxylysil groups |
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Term
| What kind of fiber makes up ligaments and tendons? |
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Definition
| Type 1 Collagen (dense regular) |
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Term
| Learn to differentiate Elastic fibers |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The unmineralized matrix lining the periphery of bones. Found at outer edges |
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Term
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Definition
| The projections between osteocytes within bone. Projections meet with gap junctions. |
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Term
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Definition
| The spicules of bone found in spongy bone. |
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Term
| How do you know if an osteocyte is actively producing bone? |
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Definition
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Term
| What myosin is involved in skeletal muscle contraction? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stain exposes muscle activity type? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name the types of muscle fibers |
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Definition
type 1: Slow oxidative fibers (slow-twitch, fatigue resistant)
type 2a: fast oxidative, glycolytic fibers (fast, fatigue resistant)
type 2b: fast glycolytic fibers (fast, fatiguable fibers) |
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Term
| Characteristics of slow twitch type 1 fibers? |
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Definition
| Lots of mitochondria. High levels of myoglobin, NADPH, and oxidative phosphorylation enzymes. Slow fatiguability |
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Term
| Characteristics of fast, fatigue resistant fibers? |
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Definition
| type 2a: many mitochondria and high myoglobin content. (high levels of glycogen) |
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Term
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Definition
| fewest mitochondria and amount of myoglobin. Large amounts of glycogen for glucose utilization. High anaerobic ability |
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Term
| What type of reticulum makes up the Sarcoplasmic Reticulum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does ATP binding increase or decrease myosin II's affinity for actin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do you found many mitochondria and rough ER on post-synaptic muscle cell? |
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Definition
| To create ACh receptors as well as produce acetylcholinesterase |
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Term
| Which of the following bands decrease with contraction? (I,A,H,Z) |
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Definition
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Term
| What sort of ratio of neuron/muscle fiber do you want for fine movements? |
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Definition
| Few neurons to muscle fibers. Small motor units |
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Term
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Definition
| The muscle fibers that are associated with a single motor neuron? |
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Term
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Definition
| blockage of Ach receptors by antibodies (autoimmune). Leads to weakening of muscle fibers in response to stimulus. Drooping eyelids. Treat with ACHesterase inhibitors and immunosuppression. |
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Term
| What are intercalated discs? |
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Definition
| The dark banding patterns on cardiac muscle that link multiple fibers together |
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Term
| What is the fascia adherens |
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Definition
| Synonymous to the Zona Adherens adherens junctions. Closes gaps between cells |
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Term
| What are arteries made up of? How do they compare to veins? |
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Definition
| Elastic endothelial walls surrounded by smooth muscle. This is why they retain their shape when they are sectioned. Veins are just made of stratified squamous cells. Do not maintain shape and collapse in sectioning |
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Term
| How do you tell Mast cells and Basophils/Eosinophils apart? |
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Definition
| Mast Cells are found in the connective tissue. They stay there and are sort of like local fire alarms. Basophils and eosinophils patrol the blood. Eosinophils can be found in the loose connective tissue close to blood vessels, but otherwise are in the blood. Also the eosinophils always have 2 lobed, basophilic nuclei |
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Term
| What color does collagen stain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What do cells secrete to dissolve collagen? |
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Definition
| MMP's Matrix Metalloproteinases |
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Term
| What are reticular fibers made up of? Where are they found? How do they stain? |
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Definition
| Made of type 3 collagen. Found in lymph nodes, boundary of connective tissue and epithelium. Also surround adipocytes, small blood vessels, nerves, and muscle cells. Stain with PAS due to high sugar content |
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Term
| Where are elastic fibers readily found? |
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Definition
| some elastic ligaments, elastic arteries (between smooth muscle cells) |
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Term
| What types of molecules make up ground substance? |
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Definition
| GAGS, proteoglycans, glycoproteins |
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Term
| Why is ground substance hard to visualize in microscopy? |
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Definition
| Dehydration of prep causes much of ground substance to be lost. Thus, its lack of presence hides its importance |
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Term
| What type of molecule is hyaluronan |
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Definition
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Term
| Are mast cells resident or wandering? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Fibroblasts that help express smooth muscle in the vascular tissue. Share characteristics of both fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Differ from smooth muscle in the lack of a basal lamina, |
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Term
| What is a simple test for lysosomes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of stain best captures mast cells? |
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Definition
| Basophillic (hematoxylin) |
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Term
| Who does the mast cell share a common stem cell progenator with? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Another name for tissue macrophage |
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Term
| Why are mast cells not found in the brain and spinal chord? |
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Definition
| Ummm... inflammation sucks there |
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Term
| Most possible cell type progenitors are found in the bone marrow. |
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Definition
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Term
| What mostly makes up the dense irregular tissue cell content? |
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Definition
| lymphocytes, plasma cells and other connective tissues (only a few fibroblasts considering) |
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Term
| What are cartilage cells close together called? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the horizontal canal that links haversian systems? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The unmineralized matrix lying directly below the osteoblasts and inactive osteoblast layer |
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Term
| What does type 3 collagen do? |
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Definition
| Makes up the reticular lamina. Secreted by fibroblasts in connective tissue |
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Term
| What does type 4 collagen do? |
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Definition
| Secreted by the epithelial cells, it makes up the basal lamina |
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Term
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Definition
| Keeps osmolarity gradient. Also helps carry drugs and toxins. |
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Term
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Definition
| Clotting factor. Leads to Fibrin. Inhibited by Plasmin |
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