Term
|
Definition
| stabilization of tissue with chemical fixatives, preserves cellular structure which maintains the distribution of organelles |
|
|
Term
| formaldehyde/glutaraldehyde |
|
Definition
| most commonly used fixatives. they stabilize protein by forming cross-links between primary amino groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| used to preserve lipids - adds a brown color (LM) or electron density (EM) |
|
|
Term
| hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) |
|
Definition
most commonly used stains
hematoxylin binds to negatively charged components of tissue (nucleic acids) and dyes them a blue/purple color (nucleus and RER) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures that stain with hematoxylin, base-loving |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| structures that stain with eosin (cytoplasm, collagen fibers - appear pink/orange) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| images produced by passing a beam of electrons through the tissue that has been stained with metals (lead, uranium) which bind to areas of negative charge and produce a dark area (electron dense) |
|
|
Term
| units of measure in histo (mm, :m, nm, A) |
|
Definition
mm = regions or portions of organs
:m = cells and large organelles
nm = cell membranes, filaments
A = macromolecules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| polar phosphate head groups face the surface of the membrane and the hydrocarbon tails form the hydrocarbon core |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| extend into one of both of the phospholipid layers (if it extends across the whole membrane it is called a transmembrane protein) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| proteins associated with the polar head group of the phospholipids or with integral membrane proteins (don't contact hydrophobic core) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| complex carbs on the surface of the plasma membrane which are covalently attached to proteins or lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| internalization of small membrane vesicles (less than one micron) from the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "cell drinking" uptake of fluid by continuous process; also provides a mechanism for membrane recycling |
|
|
Term
| receptor-mediated endocytosis |
|
Definition
| requires receptor-ligand binding for vesicle formation and internalization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| "cell eating" ingestion of large particles (bacteria or cell debris) usually only preformed by macrophages and leukocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane and release of the vesicle contents |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| continuous process; constant release of secretory materials and addition of new membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| requires extracellular signal for vesicle fusion and release (hormone release) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| composed of 2 unit membranes separated by a perinuclear space - continuous with ER |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| perforations in the nuclear envelope which are surrounded by an octet of proteins which regulate the passage of mRNA out and proteins in |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| intermediate filaments (lamins) on the inner nuclear membrane which provide support for the nuclear envelope |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
rRNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly
heterogeneous staining reflects different stages of ribosome production
not surrounded by a membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
DNA + protein (histone)
exists in transcriptionally active and inactive states
nuceli usually have a mixture of euchromatin and heterochromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transcriptionally active
dispersed
light staining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
transcriptionally inactive
condensed
dark staining |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| condensed, inactivated X chromosome in females |
|
|
Term
| rough endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
flattened membrane sacs that can occur singly or in multiples
continuous with nuclear envelope
possesses ribosomes on the cytoplasmic surface
site of protein synthesis and some phospholipid synthesis |
|
|
Term
| smooth endoplasmic reticulum |
|
Definition
tubular membranous system of membranes, continuous with the rough endoplasmic reticulum but doesn't possess ribosomes
preforms lipid biosynthesis (triglycerides, cholesterol, steriod hormones), calcium storage and mobilization, and detoxification
well developed in liver cells, straited mm. cells, and adrenal cortex cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sites where mRNA is translated into protein
composed of 2 subunits which contain rRNA and proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
arranged as spiral clusters along with a mRNA molecule (polysomes)
synthesize proteins for use in the cytoplasm, mitochondria, peroxisomes and nucleus |
|
|
Term
| membrane associated ribosomes |
|
Definition
polysomes attached to the ER or outer nuclear membrane
synthesize: proteins for secretion, lysosomal enzymes, integral membrane proteins (all thru the golgi), and proteins that function in the ER and golgi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of flattened membrane sacs (cisterns) usually near the nucleus, no continuity with the ER
site of post-translational modification of proteins (receives products synthesized in ER) |
|
|
Term
| cisternal progression model |
|
Definition
| proteins move through the golgi apparatus in vesicles which bud off around the margins of each cistern |
|
|
Term
| transition/transfer vesicle |
|
Definition
| vesicles derived from the RER are transported to the golgi delivering newly synthesized proteins and lipids |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
convex surface
site of arrival of transfer vesicles from the RER. Vesicles fuse together to form the first golgi cistern or fuse with the first cistern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
concave surface
last golgi cistern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| site of release of vesicles from the trans face, transported throughout the cell |
|
|
Term
| vesicles derived from the trans golgi network |
|
Definition
fuse with plasma membrane thereby delivering membrane lipids and proteins
form secretory vesicles/granules
form golgi hydrolase vesicles ("pre-lysosomes")
return to the endoplasmic reticulum and golgi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single membrane vesicles which serve as sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular contents
abundant in cells with high phagocytic activity
golgi hydrolase vesicles form at the trans-golgi network that contain many hydrolytic enzymes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
single membrane-enclosed structures produced at the trans golgi network and transported to the cell surface
fuse with plasma membrane either in a continuous, constitutive mode or a regulated fashion which requires a signal
contain highly concentrated secretory product; granules containing enzymes are called zymogen granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
site of ATP production in cell
spherical shape, 1-10 um, may be dispersed or clustered
composed of inner and outer membrane (inner is folded to form cristae)
inner membrane surrounds the intercristal space which is filled with matrix
contain enzymes for ATP production (krebs = matrix, ETC = inner membrane)
matrix contains mitochondrial DNA, RNA, and electron-dense, calcium-containing granules |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
droplets consist of accumulations of cholesterol and triglycerides
are NOT surrounded by a membrane
can occur as numerous small droplets or one large one
stains with osmium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
occur in small clusters and appear highly electron dense
are NOT surrounded by a membrane
stain magenta with PAS
storage form of glucose
present in all tissues but highest in liver and striated mm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
residues of oxidation products of lipid breakdown contained within single membrane residual bodies
accumulates in cells; especially prominent in non-proliferative cells like neurons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primarily synthesized by melanocytes but can occur in other cell types
contained membrane vesicles called melanosome
main pigment responsible for hair and skin color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gives shape and support for the cell, provides cell motility and facilitates intracellular transport |
|
|
Term
| fibers within the cytoskeleton |
|
Definition
microfilaments
intermediate filaments
microtubules |
|
|
Term
| structures within the microtubules |
|
Definition
centriole
basal body
axoneme
mitotic spindle |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 4-6 nm filaments composed of actin; function in cell movement and support of the plasma membrane |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 8-10 nm filaments which are cell-type specific; structurally and chemically heterogenous; provide stable, structural support for the cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| 18-20 nm tubules composed of alpha and beta tubulin; multiple functions within the cell. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
short rod-like structure composed of nine sets of three microtubules
occur in pairs near the nucleus & are oriented at right angles to each other (diplosome - located within the centrosome) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
same structure as a centriole
located at the base of cilia and flagella
serve as source of microtubule core of these structures |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms the core of cilia and flagella and provides for the movement of these structures
consists of 9 pairs of microtubules surrounding 2 central unpaired microtubules (connected to the basal body) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| individual microtubules which extend from the centrioles to the kinetochore of chromatid during cell division |
|
|
Term
| phases G1 - G2 are known as... |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| resting stage for non-dividing cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| initial period of cell growth |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| period of DNA synthesis, replication of diplosome and chromosome duplication |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| prep for cell division, leading to M phase |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| cell division (usually shortest phase) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromosomes condense
nuclear envelope disassembles
nucleolus disappears |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mitotic spindle forms
metaphase plate forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
sister chromatids separate
chromatids begin migrating to opposite poles of the cell
cleavage furrow forms |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chromatids complete segregation to opposite spindle poles
chromatid DNA disperses
nucleolus and nuclear envelope reform |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| contractile ring forms, leading to cytokinesis and separation of independent daughter cells |
|
|
Term
| what to mesodermal/neural crest cells form? |
|
Definition
| primitive connective tissue called mesenchyme in the early embryo |
|
|
Term
| functions of the ground substance |
|
Definition
forms a gel-like matrix of variable consistency in which cells and fibers are embedded
provides medium for passage of molecules and cells migrating through the tissue
contains adhesive proteins which regulate cell movements |
|
|
Term
| components of the ground substance |
|
Definition
tissue fluid
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
adhesive glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
filtrate of blood similar to plasma
contains salts, ions and soluble proteins |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
long, unbranched polysaccharides composed of sulfated disaccharide units
large negative charge of the sugars attracts cations - high degree of hydration
attached to proteins to form proteogylcans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| many proteoglycans attacked to hyaluronic acid, which is itself a glycosaminoglycan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
basic collagen molecule consisting of 3 alpha subunits intertwined in a triple helix
produced by fibroblasts and other matrix-forming cells
secreted into them into the matrix where they spontaneously orient themselves into fibrils with a repeating banding pattern |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrils aggregate into fibers and fiber bundles;
most widespread distribution; "interstitial collagen" |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrils do not form fibers;
present in hyaline and elastic cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrils aggregate into fibers; present surrounding smooth mm cells and nerve fibers;
forms the stroma of lymphatic tissues and organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chemically unique form of collagen which does not form fibrils;
major component of the basal lamina |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed primarily of elastin & produced by fibroblasts
unique chemical properties of elastin provide elasticity |
|
|
Term
| which is the largest of CT cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleus is oval/spindle shaped
very euchromatic
abundant RER and prominent golgi complexes
functions to synthesize and secrete all types of CT fiber and ground substance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nucleus very spindle shaped/heterochromatic
metabolic level very low |
|
|
Term
| which cells are progenitors of macrophages? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large, spheroid cell
12-20 um diameter
abundant basophilic cytplasm
indent in nucleus (where the golgi and centrioles are) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| ingest foreign matter (phagocytosis) and process antigen to stimulate cells of immune system |
|
|
Term
| macrophage characteristics |
|
Definition
nucleus is smaller and more condensed than active fibroblast (may look like football or be indented)
chromatin slightly condensed in the periphery
lysosomes and phagosomes visible in cytoplasm |
|
|
Term
| lymphocytes characteristics |
|
Definition
small cells 6-7 um diameter
dense spheroidal heterochromatic nucleus that may have indentation |
|
|
Term
| which cell is the progenitor of plasma cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
front line for the immune system
can be divided into 2 groups: T and B lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| plasma cell characteristics |
|
Definition
ovoid cells with well-defined basophilic cytoplasm with RER
well developed golgi and centrioles next to nucleus
nucleus is eccentrically located with abundant, clumped, peripherally located heterochromatin resulting in a clock-face or spoke-wheel appearance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| mast cell characteristics |
|
Definition
spheroid/oval cells with well-defined cytoplasm with dense granules
small nucleus that may contain peripheral heterochromatin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
connective tissue mast cells - contain heparin
mucosal mast cells - contain chondroitin sulfate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
contain glycosaminoglycans, histamine, neutral proteases
they are metachromatic |
|
|
Term
| neutrophil characteristics |
|
Definition
distinguished by having a nucleus with 3-5 lobes
possess 2 types of granules
attracted to sites of infection
are very phagocytic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
2 types:
a lysosome containing an enzyme
and one containing a non-enzyme protein |
|
|
Term
| eosinophil characteristics |
|
Definition
possess a bi-lobed nucleus (could appear as 2 separate nuclei)
cytoplasm contains large distinct bright red granules in H&E preps
granules = lysosomes
not as phagocytic as neutrophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fat cell
cytoplasm and organelles limited to a thin outer rim
nucleus a crescent structure
may appear as small clusters in loose CT or large accumulations in other sites |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
yellow - predominant form that has single large lipid droplet
brown - found in infants and hibernating animals, cells contain multiple droplets with a central nucleus, thought to help with thermoregulation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
erythrocytes - red
leukocytes - white
platelets |
|
|
Term
| erythrocytes characteristics |
|
Definition
biconcave shape measuring 7.5um diameter
filled with hemaglobin for O2 transport
actin-containing cytoskeleton
no organelles |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
neutrophils
eosinophils
lymphocytes
basophils
monocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
least common WBC
12-15um diameter
possess large basophilic cytoplasmic granules containing heparin and histamine
lobulated nucleus
may assist with hypersensitivity rxns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
nonnucleated, disk-like cell fragments
promote blood clotting
formed by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mesoblastic
hepatic
myeloid |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
mesenchymal cells in the yolk sac and body stalk form nucleated blood cells
third week of gestation in humans |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
blood cells form in liver, thymus, spleen
btw 4-8 weeks of gestation |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| blood cells form in bone marrow beginning at 12 weeks |
|
|
Term
| pluripotent hematopoetic stem cells |
|
Definition
arise from a single type of stem cell
proliferate and form either lymphoid mutlipotential cells or myeloid multipotential cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
a meshwork of reticular fibers
rich vascular supply with multipotential cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
giant cells 35-150um diameter
irregularly lobulated nucleus
found in hematopoietic compartments of the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| platelet formation from megakaryocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. pluripotent cells give rise to lymphoid/myeloid multipotent cells
2. lymphoid multipotent cells form T and B lymphocytes
3. myeloid multipotent cells form erythrocytes, megakaryocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
loose or areolar fibroelastic CT (FECT)
dense irregular CT
dense regular CT |
|
|
Term
| connective tissue with special properties |
|
Definition
elastic CT
reticular CT
adipose CT
mucous CT
blood |
|
|
Term
| supporting connective tissue |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| loose/areolar fibroelastic CT |
|
Definition
contains large number of cells of many varieties
majority of fibers are collagen w/ some elastic/reticular fibers
collagen fibers arranged irregularly in small accumulations
gelatinous ground substance |
|
|
Term
| distribution of loose FECT |
|
Definition
| surrounds muscles and supports the epithelial tissue of all organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed primarily of bundles of collagen which measure at least 7um in diameter arranged randomly
some elastic fibers present, but few reticular
fewer number of cells (compared to loose)
gelatinous ground substance |
|
|
Term
| distribution of dense irregular CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed of collagen bundles all arranged in parallel orientation
few elastic/reticular fibers
few cells and are only fibroblasts
ground substance in short supply
not very vascular |
|
|
Term
| distribution of dense regular CT |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
primary fiber type = elastic, arranged into sheets
sheets have holes (fenestrations) and are loosely held together by collagen
fibroblasts and smooth mm. cells are able to produce elastic fibers and sheets |
|
|
Term
| distribution of elastic CT |
|
Definition
| form the walls of large arteries |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
composed primarily of collagen type III
cell type = reticular cells which wrap cytoplasmic processes around the reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
| distribution of reticular CT |
|
Definition
| form the framework of the blood cell forming area of bone marrow, and the framework of lymphoid organs/nodules, lymph nodes, and spleen |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
predominant cell type = white adipocytes which store fat as triglycerides
collagenous fibrillar septa divide the tissue into lobules
reticular fibers form the supporting framework |
|
|
Term
| white adipose CT distribution |
|
Definition
throughout body except for eyelids, penis, scrotum, and auricle
amount deposited depends on caloric intake, age, and sex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
CT septa are sparse compared to white
rich blood supply permeates the tissue
brown multiocular fat cells predominate |
|
|
Term
| brown adipose CT distribution |
|
Definition
| found in newborns in neck region and lower abdominal wall |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cell are primitive fibroblast
abundant amorphous ground substance composed of hyaluronic acid
contains some collagen and a few elastic/reticular fibers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| forms the core of the umbilical cord where it is called Wharton's jelly |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
chondroblasts
chondrocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
come from mesenchymal cells or multipotential CT cells
differentiate to produce cartilage matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
located within lacunae
contain golgi complex, RER, a fat droplet |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
fibrous layer - dense irregular CT
chondrogenic layer - contains chondroblasts; blends gradually into cartilage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chondroblasts of the chondrogenic layer secrete matrix |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chondrocytes divide producing isogenous groups |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
collagen type II fibers
fibrils have the same refractive index as ground substance and cannot be seen |
|
|
Term
| distribution of hyaline cartilage |
|
Definition
fetal skeleton
articular cartilage of bone surfaces at joints
nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
forms dense, branching network
almost obscures the ground substance
little ground substance exists
chondrocytes larger than in hyaline & often have large fat bodies |
|
|
Term
| distribution of elastic cartilage |
|
Definition
| external ear, epiglottis, part of larynx |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
never occurs alone, blends with hyaline cartilage, fibrous tissue or bone
bundles of type I collagen
chondrocytes may appear in parallel rows or randomly distributed/occur in lacunae
minimal ground substance |
|
|
Term
| funtion of fibrocartilage |
|
Definition
provides stiffness and great tensile strength at tendon insertions
a transition form btw CT and cartilage, provides shock absorption |
|
|
Term
| fibrocartilage distribution |
|
Definition
intervertebral disc (annulus fibrosus)
public symphysis
attachment of some tendons to bones |
|
|
Term
| intramembranous bone formation |
|
Definition
| mesenchymal CT changes into bone |
|
|
Term
| endochondral bone formation |
|
Definition
| cartilage is replaced by bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very cellular, irregular matrix, low mineral content |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
matrix is arranged in layers
bone may be spongy or compact |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
shaft
compact outside; marrow cavity inside
red marrow is the site of blood cell formation or hematopoiesis
yellow marrow is filled with adipose CT |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| compact outside; spongy inside |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates epiphysis from diaphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
covers outer surface of bone except for articular surfaces
outer layer of dense fibrous CT
inner osteogenic layer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
lines marrow cavity (all internal surfaces of the bone)
composed of a single layer of osteoblasts and osteogenic cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
cover articular surfaces
hyaline cartilage
not covered by perichondrium |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enter diaphysis of compact bone
supply marrow cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
enter near epiphyseal plate
supply epiphysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
form a row of cuboidal cells on the surfaces of bone (periosteal and endosteal surfaces)
nucleus located on side away from bone/prominent nucleolus
basophilic cytoplasm due to extensive RER
many mitochondria |
|
|
Term
| mechanism of bone deposition |
|
Definition
osteoid is synthesized first by osteoblasts
ossification of osteoid then occurs (osteoblasts secrete alkaline phosphatase causing Ca2+ deposition) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
an osteoblast that has become completely surrounded by bone matrix
lie in lacunae like chondrocytes
flat ovoid shape with long processes extending through canaliculi
gap junctions join cells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
large cells w/ 15-20 nuclei
located on surface of bone, usually in depressions called howship's lacunae
involved with bone resorption |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an area that contains multiple Howship's lacunae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
makes up about 35% of bone
90% = collagen type I
10% = GAGs |
|
|
Term
| function of organic portion of bone |
|
Definition
| provides bone with great toughness and resiliency |
|
|
Term
| inorganic portion of bone |
|
Definition
about 65% of bone
crystal resembling hydroxyapatite (Ca2+, P, citrate/carbonate) |
|
|
Term
| function of inorganic portion of bone |
|
Definition
| provides bone with its hardness |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Haversian system
inner/outer circumferential lamellae
interstitial lamellae |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to microscopic structure of bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| refers to macroscopic structure of bone |
|
|
Term
| intramembranous vs. endochondral |
|
Definition
| refers to the 2 mechanisms of bone formation |
|
|
Term
| ossification with mesenchymal origin |
|
Definition
at primary center for ossification a clustering of mesenchymal cells and blood vessels occur
mesenchymal cells multiply and differentiate into osteoblasts - secrete bony, organic matrix around themselves forming a spicule of woven bone with low mineral content |
|
|
Term
| ossification with connective tissue origin |
|
Definition
| osteogenic cells of the innermost layer of the periosteum or perichondrium lay down lamella of bone |
|
|
Term
| which bones develop entirely intramembranously? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is produced by chondrocytes that provides a calcifiable cartilage matrix? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| why does newly formed endochondral bone looks like spongy bone? |
|
Definition
| because its framework is the calcified cartilage spicules |
|
|
Term
| mechanism of ossification |
|
Definition
| bone around shaft is laid down by newly converted periosteum forming a "periosteal band" by intramembranous ossification |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| supplies blood vessels and osteogenic cells to area of calcified cartilage |
|
|
Term
| zonation within the hyaline cartilage |
|
Definition
resting zone
zone of proliferation
zone of maturation
zone of calcification
zone of degeneration
zone of ossification
area of bone resorption |
|
|
Term
| where do long bones grow in width from? |
|
Definition
| by bone deposited by periosteum or endosteum |
|
|
Term
| where do long bones grow in length from? |
|
Definition
| from the epiphyseal plate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| outer circumferential lamellae may come to occupy a substantial portion of bone. It is nourished by vessels running longitudinally through primary nutrient canals |
|
|
Term
| phases of internal remodeling |
|
Definition
resorption of primary bone
osteocytes undergo some poorly understood changes
osteoclastic erosion
death of osteocytes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| separates primary and secondary bone |
|
|
Term
| where does bone begin to form after resorption stops? |
|
Definition
| around the edge of the resorption cavity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| bone joined by hyaline cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
| bones joined by interosseous ligament |
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Term
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Definition
| joints having great mobility |
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Term
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Definition
formed by a layer of squamous cells arranged in folds which line the interior of the articular cavity
originate from mesenchyme |
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Term
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Definition
outer fibrous layer which is continuous with the fibrous layer of periosteum of bones
relatively inelastic |
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Term
| what helps absorb mechanical pressure experienced by joints? |
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Definition
| proteoglycan molecules of the articular cartilage |
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Term
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Definition
filtrate of blood
contains high [] of hyaluronic acid
facilitates sliding of articular surfaces of bones |
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