Term
|
Definition
| Signalling involving rupture of plasma membrane into duct. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| signalling involving cell budding membrane bound vesicles into the duct |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| local form of cell signalling (release contents that affect similar local cells) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Type of Airy distribution matchup where it goes peak to trough. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Signal for nuclear import on a protein |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Specific name for the growth plate |
|
|
Term
| Rickets. What causes it and what are its symptoms? |
|
Definition
| Disease of vitamin D deficiency. Leads to weakened, bow legs due to impaired ability to absorb Calcium in the gut. |
|
|
Term
| Scurvy. What is it and what causes it? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin C deficiency. Vit C is involved in collagen synthesis, so there is a total weakening of bone, cartilage, and connective tissue. Also, impaired wound healing. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The middle part of the bone |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Part of long bone between epiphysis and diaphysis. Just below the epiphyseal growth plate. |
|
|
Term
| What are the five main types of connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| CTP, blood, bone, cartilage, fat |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of Cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Elastic, fibrocartilage, hyaline |
|
|
Term
| How does intramembranous ossification work? |
|
Definition
| Bone cells differentiate directly from mesanchymal progenitors. They begin to form bone spicules. Bone solidifies into matrix much like endochondrial ossification. Eventually replaced by lamellar bone. |
|
|
Term
| What are the two types of hyaline growth? How do they occur? |
|
Definition
Appositional: growth from the perichondrial chondroblast layer. Cells differentiate and push the outer layer out.
Interstitial: Chondrocytes differentiate into isogenous groups and grow the cartilage length-wise |
|
|
Term
| What is the only type of cell in tendons and ligaments? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of connective tissue are non-dividing? |
|
Definition
| adipocytes, RBC's, platelets |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the peroxisome? Where are they most commonly prevalent? (2 locations) |
|
Definition
| b-oxidation of fatty acids. Breakdown of toxic products like h2o2, methanol, formaldehyde, and phenols. Kidney/Liver |
|
|
Term
| What can cause mast cell degranulation? (name 3) |
|
Definition
| radiation, trauma, antigens |
|
|
Term
| What main factors do mast cells release? (name 2) |
|
Definition
| Histamine, Heparin (serine proteases, seratonin, eosinophil chemotactic factor) |
|
|
Term
| What is a reticular cell? |
|
Definition
| A RBC that has not yet lost its nucleus |
|
|
Term
| How long do Neutrophils stay in the blood? In the tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How long do Eosinophils stay in blood? In tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name factors that mark neutrophils? |
|
Definition
| alkaline phosphatase, lactoferrin, lysozyme, NADPH Oxidase, myeloperoxidase |
|
|
Term
| What are specific granules? |
|
Definition
| Granules specific to granulocytes (differ by type) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most common cell in the connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the process of formation of a blood clot following injury to the endothelium? |
|
Definition
| Platelets bind to injured area. Produce thromboplastin. Fibrinogen--> Fibrin. Clot forms with platelets. Produce plasminogen--> plasmin. Clot dissolves |
|
|
Term
| What are the whorled endoplasmic reticulum? Where are they found? |
|
Definition
| Smooth ER. Found in steroid hormone producing cells |
|
|
Term
| Why do vesicles condense as they leave the golgi? |
|
Definition
| Clathryn and AP1/AP3 complexes condense the vesicle over time. Further from golgi = more condensed |
|
|
Term
| What does a neuron nucleus look like? (2 characteristics) |
|
Definition
| prominent nucleolus. Almost all euchromatin |
|
|
Term
| What chromosomes are involved in rRNA synthesis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the subunits of tubulin? Which is oriented towards the plus end? Which is more easily hydrolyzable? |
|
Definition
| alpha, beta. Beta is ordered towards + end and is more hydrolyzable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Process of moving material from one polar layer to another. |
|
|
Term
| Where are you most likely to find pseudostratified, ciliated epithelia? |
|
Definition
| Lung/bronchi. Clear stuff are goblet cells. If ciliated, it's most likely pseudostratified. |
|
|
Term
| What makes up the glycocalix? How resolvable is it on light and EM microscopy? |
|
Definition
| It is made of the sugar portions of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids. It is probably not resolvable on LM and barely resolvable on EM (though it is dense staining due to high e- groups in sugar) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The bar that separates apical from basolateral in epithelial cells. Made up of ZO + ZA + MA |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lamellae that used to belong to haversian systems that have since been eaten up by new osteons. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cylindrical part of long bone that first forms bone in endochondreal ossification. |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in staining between cartilage and bone? |
|
Definition
| Bone stains a very dark pink. Cartilage stains a paler color. |
|
|
Term
| Order of the membranous layers in muscle and nerve? |
|
Definition
| endomesium, perimesium, epimesium. endoneurium, parineurium, epineurium |
|
|
Term
| Order of muscle organization? |
|
Definition
| muscle filament, muscle fibril, muscle fiber, Muscle |
|
|
Term
| Marfan's Syndrome (THIS WILL BE ON THE TEST) |
|
Definition
| Mutation in fibrillin. Leads to inability to control elastic fibers and elongated features. People are tall with elongated hands. Can leads to rupturing of aorta. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stain used for blood smears. Fast stain with Eosin Y, Azure B, and methylene Blue |
|
|
Term
| What are the two corpuscles? Which is closer to the epidermis? |
|
Definition
| Meissner's and Paccinian. Meissner's is closer. |
|
|
Term
| Can you tell the difference between hyaline cartilage and elastic cartilage under normal conditions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Airy disc combination where top levels off to indicate closest points of discernability |
|
|
Term
| Difference between resolution and contrast |
|
Definition
| Resolution is the ability to tell two close-up points apart. Contrast is the ability to tell the difference between object and background (not close proximity) |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell if a nucleus is active? |
|
Definition
| More pores, more euchromatin (sometimes) |
|
|
Term
| Which membrane helps to reform the nucleus? |
|
Definition
| It is encircled by the rough ER |
|
|
Term
| What are the size of the two ribosomal subunits in a functional ribosome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of actin? Where are they found? |
|
Definition
| alpha, beta, gamma. Alpha only in muscle tissue (i-band of myofibrils). Others everywhere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Actin binding protein that forms around actin with troponin to produce the regulatory complex for myosin in muscle contraction. |
|
|
Term
| What is the only motor protein that increases binding with ATP? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Role of Myosin I? Myosin II? Myosin V? VII? |
|
Definition
I: membrane trafficing as well as endocytosis
II: muscle
V: vesicular transport
VII: Usher's syndrome |
|
|
Term
| What do cells mainly use to move? (two proteins) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find stereocilia? |
|
Definition
| Epididymous, hair cells of the ear |
|
|
Term
| What is dynactin? What proteins does it associate with? What does a mutation in dynactin do? |
|
Definition
| Associates with dynein and dynamitin. Functions in vesicular transport. Mutation ==> ALS like symptoms |
|
|
Term
| Spinal Muscular Atrophy? What causes it and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Dynein mutation. Leads to what it sounds like it leads to. |
|
|
Term
| Hereditary Spastic Paraplegia |
|
Definition
| Kinesin 1 mutation. Only 1 copy defective. If 2, you'd be dead |
|
|
Term
| Charcot Marie Tooth peripheral neuropathies |
|
Definition
| Failure of nerves in periphery due to a variety of causes |
|
|
Term
| Congenital fibrosis of extraocular muscles? |
|
Definition
| What it sounds like. Can be caused by beta3 tubulin mutaiton or KIF1A mutation |
|
|
Term
| What is Paxillin involved in? |
|
Definition
| Formation of adhesion plaques in moving cells. Turn over as new ones form |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Glycophosphitidilinositol. Links proteins into the membrane. Can be linked to RAS |
|
|
Term
| What is involved in blood typing? |
|
Definition
| glycolipids and glycoproteins |
|
|
Term
| What does cholesterol do to the membrane? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| very. Can assemble and disassemble rapidly based on factors. |
|
|
Term
| What is the role of the glycocalix? |
|
Definition
| Protection, transferral of forces, housing of some digestive enzymes, cell recognition |
|
|
Term
| What are two diseases associated with integrins? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| *Fun Fact: Spectrin and ankryn are found in neurons too |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do you find nonmotile cilia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Polycystic Kidney Disease |
|
Definition
| Mutation in primary cilia. Leads to cysts in kidney |
|
|
Term
| *Fun fact: ER can slide along microtubules |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the ER export domain from the VTC/RER |
|
Definition
| It is budding off of the ER and has no ribosomes. Also, you'll usually see COPII vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What direction do proteins get spit out? (N or C terminus first?) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| common tag for ER export domain? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Common tag for nuclear envelope? Also, what does it do? |
|
Definition
| Lamin B receptor. Anchors lamins to the nuclear membrane |
|
|
Term
| What are some ways to tell cis from trans golgi? |
|
Definition
1. Cis closer to rER as a rule
2. Concavity faces towards trans
3. mature vesicles leaving trans, immature/clearer seeming to fuse with cis
4. Look for VTC of immature vesicles |
|
|
Term
| What happens if you disturb the MTOC? (besides disruption of all transport) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What protein coats associate with most membranes leaving the golgi? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two routes of movement from cis to trans golgi? |
|
Definition
| Cisternal maturation and vesicle-mediated anterograde transport |
|
|
Term
| What is NSF? What does it do? |
|
Definition
| A protein involved in the uncoiling of V and T-snares so that vesicles can fuse again. ATP-dependant |
|
|
Term
| How does botulinum attack the body? |
|
Definition
| Kills off snares so that vesicles can't fuse. Leads to failure of exocytosis and neural paralysis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mediate COPII vesicle formation at ER export site |
|
|
Term
| What is the protein that binds the rER amino acid signal? How does that complex get cleaved? |
|
Definition
| Signal Recognition Peptide. It is cleaved from the AA's by signal peptide peptidase. The AA's themselves are cleaved by signal peptidase. |
|
|
Term
| What happens at the early endosome? |
|
Definition
| Proteins and lipids are sorted |
|
|
Term
| Where do you find the most residual bodies? |
|
Definition
| In long-living cells (e.g. neurons) |
|
|
Term
| What are two types of membrane-associated proteins associated with lysosomes? |
|
Definition
| LIMP's (integrated) and LAMP's |
|
|
Term
| How are proteins of the lysosomal membrane protected from hydrolytic breakdown? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the M-6-P tag placed on lysosomal-bound proteins? Where is the M-6-P tag recycled to after it's done? |
|
Definition
Tagged to Cis Golgi.
Recycled at Trans golgi |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mutation in B-Glucocerebrosidase. Leads to accumulation of glucosylceramide. Manifests in WBC's, Liver, Kidney, Spleen, Lungs, Brain, Marrow. Can be treated by enzyme replacement therapy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Diameter of a peroxisome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Peroxisomal Storage Disease. Results due to impaired ability to break down fatty acids. Leads to fat accumulation in Brain, Adrenal gland, and PNS |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Inability to tag any proteins to peroxisomes. You're fucked. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Mitochondrial disorder that results in inability to move like any muscles of the eye. Also has cardiac issues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| LSD resulting from deficiency in one of the enzymes needed to break down the glycosaminoglycan heparan sulfate |
|
|
Term
| What is one reason it sucks to marathon? |
|
Definition
| Mito creates reactive oxygen intermediates. Leads to destruction/bad shit. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Lipid in inner mitochondrial matrix involved in linking ETS and apoptosis |
|
|
Term
| What layer(s) of the gastrula make up epithelia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What layer(s) of the gastrula make up the connective tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of tissue is found in the epididymous? |
|
Definition
| Pseudostratified columnar with stereocilia |
|
|
Term
| What are the two pathways of entry through the epithelium? |
|
Definition
| transcellular and paracellular |
|
|
Term
| Cdiff mechanism of pathogenesis? |
|
Definition
| Eats through ZO--> fluid loss through paracellular pathway |
|
|
Term
| What are four substances found in the ECM of epithelia? |
|
Definition
| fibronectin, lamins, type IV collagen, parlecan |
|
|
Term
| *Fun fact: you'll rarely find lymphocytes in the gut epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Functions of the basal lamina? (There are 5) |
|
Definition
| barrier to metastasis, filtration (sieve), scaffolding/reorganizing after injury, compartmentalization, structural attachment |
|
|
Term
| Where is the CNS derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is PNS derived from? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What types of tissue are ectoderm derived? |
|
Definition
| skin, nail, hair, mammary glands, anterior pituitary |
|
|
Term
| Where is dense irregular CT found? |
|
Definition
| Hollow organ submucosa, reticular layer of dermis, outer layer of periosteum and perichondrium |
|
|
Term
| Where is dense, regular CT found? |
|
Definition
| tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses (layers of tendon) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three types of fibers? |
|
Definition
| Collagen, Elastic, Reticular (fibronectin and fibrillin as well) |
|
|
Term
| What is fibronectin and what does it do? |
|
Definition
| It is an ECM protein that binds to integrins. It can then crosslink with collagen, fibrin, and heparin sulfate proteoglycans. |
|
|
Term
| What is the AA motif of collagen? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are characteristics of fibroblasts? |
|
Definition
| prominent nucleolus, big nucleus, rough ER |
|
|
Term
| Where is reticular fiber found? Who produces them? |
|
Definition
adipocyte, reticular lamina, blood vessels, nerves/muscle fibers, lymph nodes.
Produced by fibroblasts, smooth muscle, reticular cells, schwann cells |
|
|
Term
| What are resident tissues in the connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, mesanchymal stem cells, adipocytes |
|
|
Term
| What are transient cells that migrate into the connective tissue? |
|
Definition
| granulocytes, lymphocytes |
|
|
Term
| Where do mast cells differentiate? |
|
Definition
| In the tissue from the same progenitor as basophils. |
|
|
Term
| Why is brown fat brown? Why does it create heat instead of energy? |
|
Definition
| cytochrome oxidase. Presence of uncoupling protein (UCP1) |
|
|
Term
| functions of white adipose tissue (4) |
|
Definition
| NRG storage, metabolic regulation, cushioning organs, insulation |
|
|
Term
| Name 2 hormones secreted by adipocytes and their functions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do osteoblasts calcify bone matrix? |
|
Definition
| Secrete alkiline phosphatase and Ca2+ into the lumen. Alk Phosphatase liberates phosphate, which binds to Ca2+. These form into hydroxyapetite crystals along with collagen I. Sulfated gags also bind calcium ions, helping process |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of differentiation from progenitor to osteocyte? (include inactive form) |
|
Definition
| Mesanchymal progenitor cell->osteoprogenitor cell-> osteoblast -> osteocyte or inactive bone lining cell |
|
|
Term
| What is the process of intramembranous ossification? |
|
Definition
| Mesanchymal cells differentiate into osteoblasts. Eat up connective tissue and establish a focus of ossification. Trapped blasts-->clasts. Form spicules. |
|
|
Term
| What is the definition of Osteoid? Where is it found? |
|
Definition
| Unmineralized bone. At the borders of bone formation areas. |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell the various stages of osteoblast activity? |
|
Definition
Active: rough ER/Golgi/cytoplasm
Inactive: less of that stuff
Resorbing: if white border around cell. |
|
|
Term
| How does tissue decide to become bone? |
|
Definition
| Interactions with stromal cells |
|
|
Term
| How do osteoclasts function? |
|
Definition
| Settle on bone, secrete acid phosphatase, acid, and MMP's. Eat up bone and excrete through top. Bind to surface with integrins/vincullin/tallin |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Space of eaten bone left by osteoclast after it is pulled from bone. |
|
|
Term
| What percentage of cartilage is water? |
|
Definition
| 75%. Also composed of chondroitin 4/6 sulfate |
|
|
Term
| What main molecules are wiped away in the process of fixation? |
|
Definition
| lipids and sugars (aldehydes fix proteins) |
|
|
Term
| what two layers compose the parichondrium? |
|
Definition
| A fibrous upper layer made of fibroblasts and a chondrocytic lower layer of chondroblasts waiting to develop. This is the site of appositional growth |
|
|
Term
| Where do you find elastic cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Eustacian tube, epiglotis, Ear pinna |
|
|
Term
| Describe fibrocartilage and where it's found |
|
Definition
| Made up of type 1 collagen... not really cartilage persay. Made up of linear isogenous groups and a bluer, basophillic matrix (when stained). Found at intervertebral columns and where tendons insert into bone. |
|
|
Term
| What color indicates dying, calcified cartilage? What color indicates growing bone? |
|
Definition
| Blue and dark pink, respectively |
|
|
Term
| What is external remodeling? How does it work? |
|
Definition
| Differential absorption/resorption of bone in order to grow longitudinally. Includes cortical remodeling |
|
|
Term
| What is cortical remodeling? |
|
Definition
| Process of clast/blast haversian formation... mature bone |
|
|
Term
| What's in a haversian system? |
|
Definition
| Blood vessels, nerves, some osteoblasts/progenitor cells |
|
|
Term
| What color indicates older bone tissue in an x-ray? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What factors help to build bone density? |
|
Definition
| Vitamin D, mechanical stress, osteoclast inhibition, hormonal regulation |
|
|
Term
| How do you best identify an eosinophil? |
|
Definition
| 2 lobed nucleus. Eosinophilic granules. |
|
|
Term
| What role do eosinophils play in the body? How do they mediate it? |
|
Definition
Anti-inflammatory: histaminase, peroxidase, arylsulfate
Anti-parasitic |
|
|
Term
| What are characteristic features of monocytes? |
|
Definition
| Pacman nucleus and size (14-16 microns) |
|
|
Term
| What is the difference in the nuclei of plasma cells and lymphocytes? |
|
Definition
| Clock-shaped nucleus of heterochromatin in plasma cell |
|
|
Term
| Which cartilage-producing cells are most active at producing cartilage? |
|
Definition
| Chondroblasts at the periphery (not chondrocytes) |
|
|
Term
| Does soft bone undergo remodeling? |
|
Definition
| Yes, all bone does... but no haversian systems. Just enough to make it good for its function. |
|
|
Term
| Describe the process by which nerve cells initiate muscle contraction |
|
Definition
| Nerve receives AP, causes influx of calcium and fusing of ACh vesicles. Ach causes flood of sodium through t-tubule membrane. Sodium rushes through, triggering depolarization. Depolarization triggers mechanical changes in the membrane of the t-tubules which are passed onto the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Causes Calcium release into the sarcoplasm. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| It is a regulatory protein associated with troponin that blocks actin binding sites. Calcium causes sites to reopen |
|
|
Term
| How can you tell an axon protruding from a cell body? |
|
Definition
| It is lighter than dendrite extensions because axon hillock is devoid of organelles. If you see an axon, you know all other projections are dendrites. |
|
|
Term
| Where are oligodendrocytes found? What are their function? |
|
Definition
| Found in the CNS, they myelinate neurons. They are orgy'ish... they myelinate a lot of nerves |
|
|
Term
| Where are Schwann cells found? What do they do? |
|
Definition
| Myelinate neurons in the PNS. 1 schwann cell per neuron |
|
|
Term
| What are clefts of Schmidt-Lanterman? |
|
Definition
| Bits of cytoplasmic inclusions in the myelin. Stuck there accidentally |
|
|
Term
| What is a marker of peroxisomes? Is it in all cells? |
|
Definition
| Urate crystals. Only found in animal cells. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Layer of cross-linked actin that anchor microvilli |
|
|
Term
| Post-translational vs co-translational packaging |
|
Definition
| Co-translational is into the ER. Other is cytoplasmic |
|
|
Term
| Where do you find tubular mitochondrial christae? |
|
Definition
| In the adrenal cortex of steroid producing cells |
|
|
Term
| What is one way to tell the difference between dense, regular CT, smooth muscle, and skeletal muscle? |
|
Definition
Nuclei in middle of smooth muscle.
Far less vascularization in DRCT than skeletal muscle (slightly more capillaries in skeletal muscle than in smooth) |
|
|
Term
| What kind of fibroblast tissue surrounds cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tigrous body. Found by staining with Aniline for RNA granules. |
|
|
Term
| What color does PAS test stain sugars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stains reticular fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What stains elastic fibers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the KDEL sequence? |
|
Definition
| Sequence for preventing export from the ER (retention sequence) |
|
|
Term
| What are myoepithelial cells? Where are they found? |
|
Definition
| Cells that help glands contract. They are a spider-webbing of cells around some glands (seemingly exocrine) |
|
|
Term
| Which types of cells communicate through gap junctions? |
|
Definition
| Cardiac and Smooth (involuntary muscles) |
|
|
Term
| What is the main source of Ca2+ influx in smooth muscle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cytoplasmic dense bodies? |
|
Definition
| Analogues of z-lines in smooth muscle. Allow muscle to shrink in all directions during contraction. |
|
|
Term
| What do all blood vessels contain? |
|
Definition
| Smooth muscle (excl small part of aorta) |
|
|
Term
| How do you tell gap junctions from zonula occludins? |
|
Definition
| There's no hazy gap of crap around it. |
|
|
Term
| Which type of muscle has larger mitochondria? More numerous? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many t-tubules per sarcomere in the cardiac? In the skeleta |
|
Definition
1 for cardiac.
2 for skeletal. |
|
|
Term
| What does the endomesium cover? |
|
Definition
| A muscle fiber. A single cell |
|
|
Term
| What is an M line? What protein is associated with it? |
|
Definition
| The line that bisects the dark band myosin fibers. C-protein |
|
|
Term
| What structure helps link the myofilaments to the plasma membrane to prevent the membrane breaking apart? Name 2 proteins that facillitate this cross-linking at and to the costamere |
|
Definition
Costamere.
Desmin IF's bound together with Plectin. Protected by alpha-beta-crystallin
This is in addition to dystrophin linking complex |
|
|
Term
| Deuchenne's Muscular Dystrophy |
|
Definition
| Mutation in dystrophin complex results in progressive muscle weakness as muscle building rate is exceeded by breakdown |
|
|
Term
| Where does the t-tubule complex lie on the skeletal and cardiac muscles? |
|
Definition
Cardiac: At the Z-line (so to speak)
Skeletal: Not lined up at the Z-line. More at the interface between I and A band |
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Term
| What is a consequence of demyelination of neurons? |
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Definition
| Like wires together, the signals interfere with each other and slows down connection exceedingly. Also signals slower anyways. |
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Term
| What is the myenteric (Aurbach's) ganglion? Where is it found? |
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Definition
| It is the nerve tissue that innervates smooth muscle. Found between two layers of smooth muscle in the intestine. |
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Term
| What are satellite cells in muscles? Where are they located? |
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Definition
| Located between endomesium and the muscle fibers. These are stem cells that can differentiate into muscle fibers in the event that muscle is lost (Deuchene's or injury) |
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Term
| What do integrins bind to in the ECM? |
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Definition
| Fibronectin is an example |
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Term
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Definition
| Normal Exocrine secretion |
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Term
| How do you stain reticular fibers? Also, what type of collagen are they mostly made up of? |
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Definition
| PAS (it's sugary). Collagen 3! |
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Term
| What is the outer layer of periostium and perichondrium made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is elastic tissue found? |
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Definition
| Elastic fibers are found in the skin, lungs, arteries, veins, connective tissue proper, elastic cartilage |
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Term
| Where is reticular tissue found? |
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Definition
| Reticular Lamina, lymph nodes, liver |
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Term
| Mallory's Tri-chrome stain |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Blistering disease, caused by mutation in keratins |
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Term
| What can also cause lissencephaly? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the difference between G-actin and F-actin? |
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Definition
| G is globular, F is fibrous (polymerized) |
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Term
| What associated complex allows a clathryn coat to go straight to lysosome? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is co-translational and post-translational protein modification? |
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Definition
| Co-translational is modification in the ER and post-translational is in the golgi |
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Term
| How do you tell the difference between a macrophage and a mast cell in the tissue? |
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Definition
| Macrophage has pink nucleus and mast cell has pink granules |
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