Term
| What are the two subdivisions of anatomy depending on size? |
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Definition
gross anatomy
microscopic anatomy |
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Term
| What are the subdivisions of microscopic anatomy? |
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Definition
organology
histology
cytology |
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Term
| Microscopes are classified how? |
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Definition
| by the type of light source they use and resolution |
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Term
| Microscope that uses visible light to magnify the image? |
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Definition
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Term
| a microscope having optics of quartz and fluorite that allow transmission of light waves shorter than those of the visible spectrum, that is, below 400 nm; the image is made visible by photography, fluorescence of special glasses, or television; in a scanning instrument the receptor is a multiplier phototube. |
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Definition
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Term
| one in which x-rays are used instead of light, the image usually being reproduced on film. |
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Definition
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Term
| one in which an electron beam, instead of light, forms an image for viewing, allowing much greater magnification and resolution. The image may be viewed on a fluorescent screen or may be photographed. Types include scanning and transmission electron microscopes. |
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Definition
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Term
| The principle instrument in histology and cytology is? |
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Definition
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Term
method of chemical localization?
(radioiodine localization) |
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Definition
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Term
| methods enable investigators to locats sites of antibody-antigen reactions? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stain is used for the nuclear region? |
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Definition
| hematoxylin (basic stain) |
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Term
| What stain is used for the cytoplasmic region? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the 7 steps of preparing of dead tissue? |
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Definition
1. tissue sample
2. fixation(we can freeze (stop activity))
3. dehydration (water removal)
4. clearing (using solution/chemical)
5. embedding(paraffin and attach it to the microtome)(make tissue thin enough to see through it)
6. sectioning
7. staining and mounting |
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Term
| small amount of tissue (i.e. tumor removal) |
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Definition
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Term
| destroy the tissues (i.e. surgery) |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the cell theory state? |
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Definition
all living matter is composed of cells
cells arise from per-existing cells
all metabolic reactions of the living organism including all the energy exchanged, biosynthetic process, all hereditary process take place within the cell
cells are the basic structural and functional unit of living matter
cells are composed of protoplasm |
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Term
| this part of the cell is responsible for the metabolic and synthetic activity of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| this part of the cell is responsible for differentiation and function of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
Primitive cell that has a nucleus that is not surrounded by a membrane
chromosome is not complex
no true membrane bound organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
true cell of higher plants and animals
well defined nucleus with membrane
complex chromosomes
membrane bound organelles? |
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Definition
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Term
| basic substance from which all living things are made |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
water 75%
protein( cell structure, amino acid building blocks; 10-20%)
lipids- source of energy (2-3%)
carbohydrates- two or more simple sugars-> oxidized as a source of energy for repair and growth (1%)
salts (1%) |
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Term
AKA nuclear SAP
contains chromatin material (DNA) and also contains nucleolus? |
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Definition
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Term
protoplasm surround the nucleus
constitutes the storage and working area of the cell |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary function of cytoplasm? |
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Definition
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Term
can respond to a stimulus or a certain change in its environment?
ex. heat, chemicals, etc. |
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Definition
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Term
transmission of an effect from one part of the cell to another?
ex. nerve cell |
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Definition
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Term
| ability to shorten its length in response to a stimulus or move from something? |
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Definition
| contractility and mobility |
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Term
involves the liberation of energy from nutrients, necessary for growth and repair.
Involves chemical processes to sustain life? |
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Definition
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Term
| breakdown of complex compounds into simple ones? |
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Definition
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Term
| synthesis of complex compounds from simple ones? |
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Definition
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Term
cell drinking
mechanism is which protein and other soluble materials are incorporated into the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
cell eating
solids
membranes evaginates surrounds solid material? |
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Definition
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Term
| elimination of useful material? |
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Definition
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Term
| elimination of waste material? |
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Definition
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Term
| O2 is used to oxidize metabolites to CO2 and H2O? |
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Definition
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Term
structuraless medium
contians fibrillar components
aka ground substance? |
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Definition
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Term
living structural components
endoplasmic reticulum
lysosomes
mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
nonliving cell products- temporary constituents
ex. fat deposits |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the correct model as of today that is used to show the cell membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
depends on cell type
ex. liver- lipids and cholesterol metabolism
ex. striated muscles- contraction and release of calcium ions |
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Term
| Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function of the mitochondria? |
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Definition
POWERHOUSE OF THE CELL
concerned principally with generations of energy |
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Term
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Definition
| digestive system of the cell |
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Term
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Definition
| protect the cell against hydrogen peroxide generated during oxidation |
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Term
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Definition
| serve as centers of organization for microtubules |
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Term
| What are the three types of filaments? |
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Definition
microfilaments
tonofilaments
myosin |
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Term
| Actin is what type of filament? |
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Definition
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Term
| Functions of microfilaments? |
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Definition
| contractile, promote cell shape changes or may aid in motility |
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Term
| What type of filament is keratin, neurofilaments, and glial? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function for tonofilaments? |
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Definition
| serve supporting role, anchorage |
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Term
| What type of filament is myosin? |
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Definition
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Term
| Function for thick filaments? |
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Definition
maintain cell shape
during mitotic cell divisions, they form spindle apparatus that the chromosomes are attached too
form the core of cilia, flagella, and sperm tails where they are organized into a nine doublet that enclosed two centrally located microtubules |
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Term
| Protein that makes up microtubules? |
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Definition
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Term
In the cell cycle what phase is a period of active DNA synthesis
Last 6-8 hours
30-40% of the cycle |
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Definition
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Term
In the cell cycle what phase is a period of active RNA and protein synthesis
both the nucleus and cytoplasm of daughter cells enlarge
30-40% of cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
In cell cycle what phase is it when there is no DNA synthesis
Both other preparations for division take place
10-20% of cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
In the cell cycle what phase consists of the structural events which occur during mitosis
(P/M/A/T) G1, S, and G2
all occur during interphase |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two division of the M phase? |
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Definition
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Term
| division of nuclear material? in the M phase |
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Definition
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Term
| division of the cytoplasmic material? in the M phase |
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Definition
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Term
What type of chromosome is this?
arms approximately equal in length
centromere occurs in the middle of chromosome |
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Definition
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Term
What type of chromosome is this?
unequal arms-L shape |
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Definition
| submetracentric chromosomes |
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Term
What type of chromosome is this?
chromosome is described as rod-shaped having a very small arm at one end? |
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Definition
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Term
what type of chromosome is this?
chromosome is described as rod-like and having a centromere situated at the proximal end? |
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Definition
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Term
| the name given to the group of characteristics that identifies a particular chromosomal set? |
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Definition
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Term
| with the two types of arrangement and function of epithelium what is the function of the type that is arranged in sheets and one or more layers thick? |
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Definition
| cover the surface or line the cavities of the body to form a protective sheath or limiting membrane |
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Term
| What is the function of the epithelium that is arranged into chords, tubules, and follicles? |
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Definition
| absorption, secretion, and excretion |
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Term
| True or False: Epithelial cells are avascular? |
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Definition
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Term
| Epithelial tissues firmly bound to underlying connective tissue- bound by a thin membrane called what? |
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Definition
basement membrane
aka basal lamina |
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Term
| Two of the primary germ layers of the early embryo, ______ and the _______ are _____ in patterns or growth? |
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Definition
endoderm
ectoderm
epithelial |
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Term
| Epidermis and cornea together the entire external surface of the body derived from what germ cell layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| Alimentary tract and associated glands (include liver) derived from what type of germ cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Several linings layers and solid organs are also composed of what germ cell layer? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Wet epithelium is keratinized? |
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Definition
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Term
| True or False: Dry epithelium is non-keratinized? |
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Definition
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Term
cell flattened and scale like
nucleus is round and oval and eccentrically located |
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Definition
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Term
| simple squamous cells usually do what? |
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Definition
| form barriers in regions where diffusion and filtration occur |
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Term
| Locations of simple squamous? |
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Definition
lung alveoli
blood vessels |
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Term
cells that was wide as they are tall?
cells appear as a roll of rectangular or squares on vertical/lateral/side view? |
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Definition
| simple cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
| location of simple cuboidal epithelium? |
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Definition
thyroid
free surface of ovaries
left terminal bronchiole |
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Term
| What epithelium make make up the glomerulus and the glomerular capsule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What epithelium make up the proximal convoluted tubule? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of epithelium is the nephron loop made of? |
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Definition
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Term
| Distal convoluted tubule is made up of what epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
| The collecting duct is made of what epithelium? |
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Definition
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Term
Cells that are taller than they are wide?
Nucleus is close to the base unless the cells are extremely compressed? |
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Definition
| simple columnar epithelium |
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Term
Modified columnar cells occurring in mucosa of intestine and respiratory tract.
Secretory droplets accumulate at the distal end. |
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Definition
| Goblet cell (simple columnar epithelium) |
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Term
| Location of simple columnar epithelium? |
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Definition
| kidneys, digestive tract, uterus, oviduct, and small bronchi of lungs |
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Term
| All of the cells are in contact with the basement membrane, not all them reach surface |
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Definition
| pseudostratified epithelium |
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Term
| True or False: With pseudostratified epithelium all the cells are going to be the same cell shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| Location of pseudostratified epithelium? |
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Definition
lines greater part of respiratory tract
lacrimal sac
male urethra |
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Term
serve a protective function
can withstand more wear and tear
in all of these a complete layer of small modified cuboidal or columnar cells lie next to the basal cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Shape of the cell where of the stratified epithelium determines it's classification? |
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Definition
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Term
can be wet or dry
most protective lining of the body
Layer next to the basement membrane consist of plump cuboidal or columnar cells |
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Definition
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Term
Why is stratified squamous so adpated for its protective function?
3 things |
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Definition
great thickness and keratinization
ability to slough off surface cells under abrasion
replacement of these cells from below |
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Term
| Location of stratified squamous? |
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Definition
epidermis
mouth
esophagus
vagina
lined portions of female urethra
cornea |
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Term
extremely rare epithelium
located in the ducts of the sweat glands and certain layers of testes and ovary? |
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Definition
| stratified cuboidal epithelium |
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Term
differs form pseudostratified in having a continuous layer of small round cells next to the basement membrane
cells at the surface are completely cut off from basement membrane? |
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Definition
| stratified columnar epithelium |
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Term
This epithelium varies in appearance depending upon the condition under which it is fixed
Found lining hollow organs subject to great changes due to contraction and extension? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the contraction state transitional surface cells appear in what shape? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the _______ state transitional surface cells change and usually only two layers are visible? |
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Definition
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Term
| in chronic inflammation or development of tumors, one type of epithelium may change into another? |
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Definition
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Term
restricted to certain regions
does not form a belt, punctuated regions
Numerous in cells subject to mechanical stress, which indicates the function of the cells adherents? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Cells come close together, but they do not fuse so fluid can pass through.
It is a layer that goes all the way around the epithelial cells just basal to the zonular occludents? |
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Definition
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Term
creates tight barrier or seal to diffusion?
Ex. blood brain barrier |
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Definition
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Term
| tight junctions are important in what? |
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Definition
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Term
Cell to cell communication?
found in smoothe muscles
transmit electrical impulses |
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Definition
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Term
small fingerlike projections on apical surface
contains a core cytoplasm
Located in cells of absorption? |
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Definition
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Term
Long pyriform tusk
under high magnification they resemble hairs of water color brush
As long as cilia or longer
Nonmotile function
Promote absorption |
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Definition
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Term
motile processes
longer than microvilli with more complex internal structure- 7 to 10 micrometers |
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Definition
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Term
| effective stroke of cilia? |
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Definition
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Term
| recovery stroke of cilia? |
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Definition
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Term
| all the cilia beat together in rhythm? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Longer than cilia
different movement character
only one per cell
15 to 30 micrometers
located in nephron and rete testis? |
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Definition
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Term
| produce viscous slimy secretion (ex. goblet cell and palatine gland) |
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Definition
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Term
| produce thin, watery secretion (ex. pancreas and parotid gland) |
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Definition
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Term
| produce both types of secretion (submandibular and sublingual). However, this classification is not satisfactory for all glands, such as sabaceous, mammary gland, and kidney? |
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Definition
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Term
| secretion is a product of the cell, extruding without loss of other cellular components. (ex. goblet and sweat glands) |
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Definition
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Term
| entire cells laden with secretory material are extruded as secretion (ex. sebaceous glands) |
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Definition
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Term
| a microscopic portion of the cell apex may be released along with the secretory material. (ex. mammary gland) |
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Definition
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Term
| Crypt of lieberkuhn (small intestine) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
fundic gland?
what type of gland? |
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Definition
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Term
| mucous gland; poison glands in skin of frogs? |
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Definition
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Term
| meibomian glands (eye lids) |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| Function of simple squamous? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Function of simple cuboidal? |
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Definition
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Term
| function of simple columnar? |
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Definition
| protection, absorption, and secretion |
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Term
| Function of Pseudostratified? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Function of stratified squamous? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Function of stratified cuboidal? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Function of stratified columnar? |
|
Definition
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Term
| Function of transitional? |
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Definition
relaxed/contracted
stretched/disentended |
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