What can go thru gap junctions? 

What affects permeability?

-small ions, sugar, small nucleotides etc less than 1500 mw

-Ph, calcium, cAMP

Merocrine--exocytosis w out loss of plasma membrane--serous and mucous

apocrine --at apical part. vesicular. lose part of cyto.

holocrine--entire cell becomes secretory material

what are the components of CT? 

what are the components of extracellular matrix? 

In CT, have cells and EM

In EM, have: 

fibers (collagen or elastic)

structural glycoproteins

ground substance (GAGs + proteoglycans)

(non sulfated GAG is hyaluronic acid)

Types of Collagen-- Where and what? 

type 1

type 2 

type 3

type 4

1: in bone, tendon, skin--desnse reg CT

2: hyelin and elastic cartilidge

3: stroma of lymphatic organs and glands, spleen; reticulin/loose CT.  

4: only basement membrane of epith cell; dont form fibrils 

schwann cell

" external lamina" not basal lamina bc no polarity

serous-->purple, acidophilic

mucous-->HE, pale (confirm with PAS)

collagen fibers (64 nm, dark/light)-? collagen 1

elastic fibers--aorta

either:

eosinophilic myelocytes

neutrophilic myelocytes

basophilic myelocytes (not important) 

WBC

cyto has pinkish eosinophilic granules

bilobed 

smaller than promyelocytes, and myelocytes 

which type of WBC has a nucleus that gets more and more indented as it matures

also monocytes/macrophage

-myeloblast

-promyelocyte

-e/n/b myelocyte

(- n metamyelocyte)

(-n band cell)

eosinophil/neutrophil/(basophil)

Proerythroblast

Basophilic erythroblast

polychromatic erythroblast

orthochromatic erythroblast=normoblast

reticulocyte

erythrocyte

a large phagocytic white blood cell 

becomes macrophage

big, has a big nucleus w indent 

neutrophil

lymphocytes

monocyte

eosinophil

basophil

monocytes have what type of nucleus?

what do they differentiate into? when in final mature state are they bigger or smaller

horshoe shaped

macrophages

macrophages in tissue are big!

what are macrophages in the liver called?

in the skin? 

kuppfer cells

langerhans cells

plasma cells

antibodies

what percent azurophilic and specific granules do neutrophils have? 

how many lobes do they have? 

they have 80% azurophilic non specific granules

20% specific granules-alkaline phosphatase

3 tp 5 "polymorph nucleus"

acute--neutrophil

chronic--eosinophil (more selective than neutrophil when doing phagocytosis)

eosinophil, mast cell, basophil

(maybe others too but don't think so)

who does mast cell differentiate from? 

what stain do you use to recognize a mast cell?

eosinophil

toluidine blue--bc of heparin, turns maroon

erythropoietin-in kidney to make RBCs when sense low O2

thrombopoeitin-same level prod'd by liver all the time, to stimulate megakaryocyte-->platelets (=thrombocytes). when mass of these, degrade the thrombopoeitin

magakaryocytes

DNA rep without cell division--cell gets bigger, nucleus mutlilobulated

myloperoxidase

but both have IgE receptor, heparin, histamine, ECF (eosinophilic chemotactic factor, to attract eosinophil to site of allergic response)

but also have myloperoxidase (like neutrophils-->pus)

---fibrinogen

---von willebrand factor (adhere platelet to vessel endothelium)

serotonin (constrict blood vessels)

PDGF  (to make collagen at site)

endothelin-constrict

NO-relax

intima, then internal elastic membrane, media, eternal elastic membrane, adventitia (outermost layer)

(smooth muscle cells maintain media)

(vessels and nerves in adventitia)

contractile

athergenesis

proliferation (in response to injury)

migration (from media to intima)

synthesis (elastic fibers)

elastic arteries are called _?

muscular arteries are called _?

compliance/conductance artery

distribution artery

less elastic so the IEM internal elastic membrane and EEM are deeply stained. media is smaller bc less elastic fiber there, mosty made of smooth muscle

-large circular lumen

does small muscular artery has IEM? EEM? 

how many layers?

has IEM but not really EEM

5-6 layers, can be considered arteriole" 

what is the function of pericytes?

where are they found? 

cont cap-in skeletal muscle, CNS (blood brain barrier), lung. see continuous basal lamina

fenestrated cap: see diaphragms on fenestrations in endotheial cell cyto=openings thru cyto. in endocrine glands, kidney, GI

smooth muscle longitudinally arranged  in adventitia, while circularly arranged in media and no IEM or EEM,.

very small intima

vasa vasoram and nervi vasorum

inner--endocardium

then myocardium

then epicardium (outermost)

what is the epicardium covered by? 

what is it made up of? 

think layer of simple squamous epith=mesothelium (which lines the pericardium)

--has fibroelastic and adipose tissue

very little perkinje fibers

see coronary vessel branches 

what is in the myocardium? 

(hint: what would you see in cardiac muscle?)

lots of endomesium (layer that cover individual muscle fibers)= big white spaces

gap jxn

lipofuschin pigments (old people, wear+tear)

intercalated disks! always at Zline!

desmosome-bind muscle cells together

fascia adherens--( broad intercellular junction in the longitudinal sections of an intercalated disk )--NOT a band like zonula adherens

what does atrial cardiac muscle produce?

(hint: what Factor)

Atrial Natriuretic Factor

heart is endocrine organ, it makes hormone!

released in response to atrial stretch, and this hormone goes to kidney as diuretic

joined by gap jxns/desmosomes

has glycogen, subendocardium

doesnt have intercalated disks

skeletal muscle 

for muscle regeneration!

look for them surrounding muscle in cross section, esp in EM, around external lamina 

triad: skeletal,  T-tubule and pair of Terminal Cisternae (at end of SR), at AI junction

diad: cardiac muscle; only 1 T-tubule and 1 side of SR. at Z line 

a deep invagination of the sarcolemma, which is the plasma membrane, only found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells. 

allow depol of the membrane to quickly penetrate to the interior of the cell

C-Ca binding

T-tropomyosin binding

I-inhibit myosin binding

how do you recognize SMOOTH MUSCLE ? (ex. in cross section, longitudinally)

what do they have instead of t tubules? 

what is calmodulin? 

can they regenerate? 

actin and myosin arent organized as myofibrils here

central nucleus---but when view in cross section only some appear

--longitudinally, no striations

--Instead of t tubules, have CALVEOLAE=vesicles/invaginations on plasma membrane that take in Ca

CALMODULIN-binds Ca coming in

-gap jxns

-yes! can regenerate!

-list of 4 things that smooth muscle has

-1 thing it doesnt have that skeletal and cardiac muscle has 

dense bodies

caveolae

calmodulin

gap jxns

no troponin

cardiac muscle!

central nucleus, lots of endomysium (white), intercalated disks

smooth muscle

central nuclei (only some appear in cross section)

dense bodies

less endomysium than in cardiac muscle

dense bodies

vent--have thicker myocardium

atria have thicker endocardium

-large granular body found in neurons. they are Rough ER (polyribosomes), and are the site of protein synthesis...bc neurons actively synthesize proteins

--specifically found in dendrites and cell body, NOT in axons. 

protoplasmic v fibrous astrocyte--which has thicker/thinner cell process? 

which is grey/white matter? 

protoplasmic astrocyte: grey, thicker

fibrous astrocyte: white, thinner

what is NEUROGLIA?

what types of neuroglia are there ?

what are 2 characteristics that (almost) all neuroglia have? 

Neuroglia is CT (connective tissue) for the nervous system

---protoplasmic astrocyte, fibrous astrocyte, oligodendrocytes, microglia

1.all can proliferate

2.all come from neurotube except for microglia (from mast cells)

astrocytes

they contact continuous capillaries 

immunoperoxidase stain for GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein), which is associated w intermediate filaments, the main fibers of astrocytes/glia. 

what is the relationship btwn glial cell and  neuron? 

 (of astrocyte, of oligodendocyte)

-->astrocyte cell process: some impinge on capillary, others contact neuron. astrocyte mediates metabolic/nutrient exchange btwn blood and neuron

--> oligodendocyte: make myelin for neuron (one oligodendrocyte myelinates several axons at once, diff than schwann cell)

What are the 3 layers that surround Peripheral Nerve (in PNS)

Are periph nerves myelinated, non-myel, or mixed? 

1. Epineurium--surround groups of fasicles

2. Perineurium (2-3 layers of epithelial cells)--surround single fasicle

3. Endoneurium: individ axon, just looks like space 

Peripheral Nerves are Mixed nerves!

which stain stains for lipids/myelin? 

How many axons does one schwann cell myelinate?  And can schwann cells proliferate? 

OsO4 stain

-ONE axon, from internode to internode, but an also provide ensheathment for several non-myelinated axons 

yes they can proliferate to repair PNS!

impulse conduction is based on

1

2

3

1-length of internodes

2- thickness of myelin

3-diam of ion (bigger=faster)

 run along axons: cytoplasm splits open along these clefts => space

Run from surface to inside of axon, allows transfer from outside of myelin to insid

What is the diff btwn Anterograde and Retrograde  (for axoplasmic flow)

what is the diff btwn slow and fast transport?

 axonal transport of proteins synth'd in cell bodies to  and from axon is via axoplasmic flow

-anterograde: cell body to terminal/synapse

(Fast

-Retrograde: axon toward cell body (req DYNEIN)

Slow: protein transport

Fast: vesicular transport, req's KINESIN (along microtubules down axon)

1. axo-dendritic (excitatory

2. axo-somatic (inhibitory

3. axo-axonic (modulatory

Aueurbach's plexus is parasympathetic ganglia  btwn one layer of longitudinal  smooth muscle and one layer of circular smooth muscle, in GI. responsible for contraction in GI.