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| power divided among several people |
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| system with gov't in central location. good for transportation and communication |
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| power belongs to one person |
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| "high priest", roman emperor |
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| ordinary faithful, average christians |
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| authority to administer holy rights/ priests |
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| person who controls religious aspects of a city |
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reigned 307-337
painted Chi-Rho on shields, wins battles and converts to Christianity |
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(c. 250-336)
Proposed that god the father has always existed, whereas god the son (jesus) life is not eternal. Followers were called Arians |
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| belief that differs from the standard interpretation of faith |
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| constantine holds council to determine issue of jesus's life. favors catholic version, that jesus is eternal. council held 325 AD |
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| native of persian empire, preaches views that combine views of Christianity, Buddhism and Zoroastrianism. Followers were called Manicheans. believed that spirit = good, matter = bad. Souls trapped on earth trying to escape. |
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| capitol city of byzantine empire. replaced by constantinople when constantine invaded. |
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| constantine invades italy from gaul and defeats Rome |
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r. 474-476
Last young roman king |
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| Barbarian invader takes crown from Romulus in 476 and reigns till 493. results in fall of roman empire. |
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| sacks rome in 410 led the Visigoths through roman territory. Declared himself king in 395 AD |
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| Barbarian members of the Roman army |
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| est territory in north africa. sacked villages and levied heavy taxes |
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| (r. 440-461) bishop of Rome. persuaded Attila the hun not to attack Rome. |
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| determined that god and jesus were both immortal and were two separate physes |
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| Roman empire divided into eastern and western halves |
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| when a man has two or more wives |
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| property is proportioned among heirs |
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| the process by which humans come to be understood as ethnically distinct |
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| dynasty that came to rule the franks in the middle fifth century. merovingian rule ended in 751 when pepin the short deposed childeric III to start the Carolingian monarchy |
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| west germanic tribal confederation, united under merovingians |
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| (r. 482-511) first king of the franks to unite all of the frankish tribes under on king. introduced christianity. |
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| Romanized culture of Gaul |
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| a person who abstains from worldly pleasures. |
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| people who practice religious ascetism |
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| the religious practice in which one renounces worldly pursuits in order to fully devote one's life to spiritual work |
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| Gregory the Great/Pope Gregory I |
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| 540-604. known for being very well versed in literature and grammar. produced hundreds of writings |
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| Saint from Italy that founded western christian monasticism. |
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| regular clergy vs. secular clergy |
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| secular clergy are religious ministers that do not belong to a religious order, whereas regular clergy do. |
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| where people offer help and caring to others in their church or wider community. |
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| Servant of the Servants of God |
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| Term used to refer to the pope. pope gregory was the first to use it. |
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| r. 527-565 dreamed of restoring universal Roman Empire |
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| black plague in byzantium |
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| desert dwelling arab group |
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| community of all believers in Islam/the whole muslim world |
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| muhammad's journey from mecca to medina with his followers |
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| dome housing Muhammad's rock in Jerusalem |
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| dome housing Muhammad's rock in Jerusalem |
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| single secular and religious authority over conquered arabian lands |
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| Eastern portion of the Arab empire |
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| a jew or christian(protected person) residing in an arab caliphate that had protection under the law but had to pay special tax for not being muslim. |
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| black plague appears in byzantium |
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| Arabs conquer city of Jerusalem |
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| Arabs carry out near total conquest of visigothic state |
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| originally royal stewards, as merolingians got weaker, mayors get more powerful |
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| ruled Carolingians through puppet king |
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| followers of charles martel |
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| dominion of the pope. has to fight off the lombards. |
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| Took over after charles martel as mayor of the palace and later becomes first Carolingian king |
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| King of the Franks from 768 to his death in 814. Invaded Italy, and was pronounced Imperator Augustus on christmas day 800 AD, by pope leo III. Associated with the carolingian renaissance. Now regarded as the father of Europe. |
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| North European pagans. charlemagne campaigned against them. |
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| Art, music and scholarly revolution |
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| Attacked by noble families by Rome, Charlemagne came to the rescue and returns him to his land safely. Thereafter, Charlemagne is crowned Imperator Augustus |
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| Empress Irene of Byzantium |
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| wanted to marry charlemagne |
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| Louis the Pious (r. 814-840) |
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| reigns after charlemagne. deposed by his sons. |
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| means "arrangement of the empire". divided among louis's sons. |
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r. 818-855
receives center of the empire |
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r. 817-838
receives west/left part |
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r. 817-876
receives east/right part |
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| Creates borders for sons of louis the pious. occured in 843 AD |
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| pagans/ People of the Inlets. had trading settlements. launch series of invasions on western europe from the north |
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| geographical region that encompasses caspian, baltic, and black sea, and the rivers in russia, and english channel |
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| enabled vikings to be very mobile. very advanced design. |
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| c. 860-932 received dukedom of normandy from charles the simple, in exchange for not attacking. |
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| Given to rollo by charles the simple in exchange for not attacking. |
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| Agriculture in Carolingian period |
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-crop surplus
-decrease in long distance trade
-more small markets |
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| Economy of the Carolingians |
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-at end of 7th century things looked good, but then vikings attacked.
-under charlemagne economy was revived and active trading started again |
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| Result of viking attacks on tech |
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| viking raids forced west. europe to counter new viking tech. |
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| territory of west saxons, ruled by Alfred the Great |
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| defeats vikings at battle of eddington. ruler of wessex. military innovations include rotational service, and construction of navy. Hoped to recreate Carolingian empire |
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| region of england under danish law. |
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| opposition based in Iraq that fought for rights for non-arab muslims. |
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| people of the Shi'a revolution. Supported Abbaasid overthrew, but were later rejected. |
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r. 656-661
early caliphate. Muhammad's cousin. |
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r. 750-754
overthrows Umayyads and creates Abbasid dynasty. Baghdad is capitol. |
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| name of dynasty created by Abu'l-'Abbas. focused on trade with east asia. |
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| Muslim empire in Iberia. residents called Andalusi |
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r. 756-788
Fled Abbasid overthrow and established himself as emir ("commander") of Al-Andalus |
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| Capitol of Al-Andalusi empire. houses the great mosque |
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| adept at military rule, patronage, and managing his kingdom. |
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| a system where a weaker but free person seeks protection from a stronger person in exchange for service and loyalty. |
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| a system where a weaker but free person seeks protection from a stronger person in exchange for service and loyalty. |
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| something given in exchange for service/loyalty to a vasssal |
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| a person who owes service to a lord |
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| the method by which a lord and vassal come to an agreement |
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| sworn agreement between vassal and lord |
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| if vassal or lord does not follow through, renouncement of their agreement |
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| rights that belong exclusively to the king |
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| imperial official responsible for a defined geographic area |
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r. 876-887
wanted to reunite carolingian empire. |
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| area enclosed by barrier wall |
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| fortified building on top of motte |
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| makes it possible to put soldiers on horseback practically |
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| produced legitimate male heir for 350 years |
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| did no use hereditary system/ elected leaders. very rich |
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r. 936-973
accumulated massive wealth to pay soldiers and run gov't, and used ministrales (knight-like servants) to run his estate |
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955 ad
otto beats magyars in battle and is put forth as emperor |
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r. 948-999
heir to the throne of Italy, asked for otto to help fight off suitors and ends up marrying him. |
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| "holy roman empire". consist of germany, italy and everything in between. |
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| Byzantine princess married to Otto II in 972 |
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| was tutored by Gerbert of Aurillac/ Sylvester II, and after he died gave throne to him. |
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r. 999-1003
one of the few that traveled to iberia. became pope for 4 years. |
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| otto crossed alps and helped the pope solve problems with romans. in return, crowned as pope. |
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| belief that god has 3 different manifestations |
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| "and from the son" christians added this word to their creed |
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| image that represents gods or the saints |
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| "icon smashing" movement where icons were destroyed |
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r. 867-886
shares common traits with justinian. ruled byzantine empire |
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| military provinces. each had its own gov't |
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| shi'ites that establish caliphate in north africa as direct rival to baghdad |
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| great palace complex of Abdal-Rachman III. "city of rose" |
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c. 985-1052
married king Aethelred of England and became queen |
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| king aethelred II of England "the unready" |
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| unsuccessful @ holding off danish invasions |
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r. 1016-1035
the king of the danes and english and ends up marrying emma |
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| king edward of England "the confessor" |
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r. 1042-1066
son of emma & aethelred, takes throne after he dies |
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r. 1066-1087
was chosen to succeed Harthacanute, but harold chosen on edward's deathbed. william, obviously annoyed, meets harolds army at battle of hastings (1066) and wins |
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| compiled by edward the confessor in 1086, collection of data from across the english kingdom. assessment of all of the kings land, and revenue he can expect from it. |
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| climate between 1000-1300 |
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| Viking activity after 1000 ad |
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| less raids, because massive wealth provides less incentive for risky raiding ventures. also attacking monasteries was discouraged because large number of vikings converted to Christianity. |
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| technological advances in farming after 1000 ad |
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| heavy plow, horse collar, results in larger variety of food and more production. better, longer, healthier lives. population boom |
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