Term
| When did Saskatchewan enter into the Canadian Confederation? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What province in 1870 was called the postage stamp and why? |
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Definition
| Manitoba because when created, the size was small compared to Canada as a whole. |
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Term
| In 1886, the federal government gave the North-west Territories 4 seats in a 215 seat parliament to quell wide spread discontent. This is an example of what? |
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Definition
| Western Alienation from Eastern Canada. |
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Term
| What was one of the primary methods in which Canada attempted to unify all of Canada in the late 19th century to early 20th? |
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Definition
| Settling the west and allowing large amounts of immigration. |
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Term
| Who wanted to establish one large province in western canada called Buffalo, and why? |
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Definition
| Premier Fredrick Haultain. Believed that one large province could be beneficial economically and fix problems that arise with mass immigration. |
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Term
| When was Haultain and other politicians invited to Parliament to create new province boundaries in Western-Canada? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the intentions of the federal government behind creating treaties? |
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Definition
| to prepare the way for commercial agriculture. |
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Term
| How did the CPR railway isolate and alienate aboriginals? |
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Definition
| It was built directly west from winnipeg to calgary as a supply route, offering no route and supplies to the northern settled aboriginals. |
|
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Term
| concieved first in 1879, what was a scrip? |
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Definition
| form of land grant designed to extinguish any special land rights metis may have restricted due to their heritage. |
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Term
| How did the winter of 1906 effect farmers/ranchers/more? |
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Definition
| On average, half of rancher's livestock died. Ranching practices forced to change |
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Term
| What was Palliser's triangle? |
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Definition
| the area south west to the border of U.S. that was declared infertile. |
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Term
| What reforms occurred after the Great war? |
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Definition
Social Gospel Movement (tranformation from teaching bible about afterlife to the everyday life.
Booze: Women started the prohabition movement. Fear that drinking was a problem among men in early 20th century.
Women began to demand for the right to vote.
Feminist Movements: 2 kinds; Maternal rights and Equal rights. |
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Term
| What did maternal rights feminists believe? |
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Definition
| women have a purifying affect in politics and should be included because of their gender. |
|
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Term
| What did Equal Rights Feminists want? |
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Definition
| Should get to vote because they are equal to men. |
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Term
| What was significant about premier scott? |
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Definition
| He gave women the right to vote. All they had to do was ask. |
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Term
| How did the war push these movements? |
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Definition
Drinking effected soldier performance, waste of food, and prohibition was patriotic.
Women suffrage: they were viewed as valuable after working in non-traditional roles.
Women vote given in 1917 to women married to soldiers who went over seas. |
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Term
| What was a major theme as a result of the great war? |
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Definition
| Transformation, aggressiveness in politics, and reform. |
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Term
| In 1912-13, Saskatchewan's main expectations to contribute was what? |
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Definition
| Wheat and Oats. Western Canada Agri' production increased by 20%. |
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Term
| How did agriculture change in WWI? |
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Definition
Machinary costs increased, inflation was not controlled, Higher wages were demanded due to many workers going to war.
Over reliance of wheat caused a steady decrease in bushels per acre. 1914 = 15%, 1919 = 9%. |
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Term
| How did Agriculture change in WWI in terms of farmer-government relations? |
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Definition
| due to farmer's debts and inflation, government created monopoly wheat board 1917. An initial payment given and second payment of averaged costs. This was removed in 1919. |
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Term
| Who introduced conscription? Describe. |
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Definition
| Borden. Fear to let others die in vein (war may last another 3 years). A union government is created |
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Term
| How did aboriginals suffer during WWI in terms of agriculture? |
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Definition
| Their reserve lands were often taken away and used for farming for the "greater good of canada" |
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Term
| What is the significance of Vimmy Ridge? |
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Definition
| Given permanently to Canada by France for their war efforts. Monument built in 1936. Coal was in the region which made it an important military strategic point. |
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Term
| What problems arose when Soldiers came back to canada in 1918-1919? |
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Definition
Influenze AKA spanish Flu.
Soldier Resettlement. |
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Term
| Describe the Influenza Problem with the coming of Soldiers back to Canada: |
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Definition
Sick were isolated. Sporting events cancelled. 50-100 million died world-wide. 5K died in SK. No drugs available at the time. This influenced the demand for hospitals and health professions.
Attacked ages 20-45 leaving many orphans. |
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Term
| Describe the environment in 1919: |
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Definition
Little snow/short winter.
Hot spring/summer and very dry.
Many fires due to dried wood from lumber companies, essentially ending the lumber industry.
Drought in south = poor crops. 90% of homesteads were being cancelled.
8 Mil $ in relief given from Federal government. Mass migration among farmers. Debate of Ranching vs Farming again. |
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Term
| Describe post war, soldier settlement: |
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Definition
| Soldiers with knowledge or experience in farming are qualified. Land within 15 miles of railway. Loans were offered to the soldiers. |
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Term
| How was post war settlement different from homesteads? |
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Definition
Soldiers accessed it.
help and advice were available through SSB inspectors.
Loan access. |
|
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Term
| What are the 4 key factors of western alienation in terms of mapping? |
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Definition
Physical
Social
Demographic
Agriculture |
|
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Term
| What was Handbook # 2 about? |
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Definition
| The Soldier Settlement Board (SSB) |
|
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Term
| what were the rural demands post 1900 that fuelled urban development? |
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Definition
| Loans, agricultural equipment, consumer goods, and a place to handle harvested grain. |
|
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Term
| What is a general strike? |
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Definition
When one union declares itself in strike position, all unions go on strike.
can bring a city or a province or a country to its knees.
Many others join the strikes based on sympathy.
Non-unionized labour also encouraged to go on strike. |
|
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Term
| who were the main unions striking in winnipeg 1919? |
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Definition
| Tradesmen. over 11000 workers voted for general strike. |
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Term
| Describe the Winnipeg general strike of 1919. |
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Definition
General strike started May 15th
Between 25000 and 30000 people went on strike.
(Sympathy strikes all across W. Can)
DEMANDED: living wage, right to bargain collectively, 8 hour work
Industrialists set up “Citizen’s Committee of 1000” – they targeted ‘ethnic’ and ‘Red Communism’ as central to the strike.
Strike raged for six weeks.
Strike and ethnic leaders arrested. “Bloody Sunday” June 21: 2 dead, more than 30 injured.
Strike declared ended June 26th by Strike Committee. |
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Term
| How did post war affect politics? |
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Definition
| Before WWI, only two political parties: Liberals and conservatives. After was the progressives. |
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Term
| What did the progressives support? |
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Definition
| nationalization of railways, public utilities, coal mines; women’s suffrage; Senate reform; tariff reductions; referendum and recall for constituents |
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Term
|
Definition
marketed grain collectively.
deals directly with grain buyers worldwide.
gave initial payments, interim, and final payments. |
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Term
| What was the problem when the natural resources act was created? |
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Definition
| It did not include the opinions of first nations! |
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Term
| Northern industry in 1920's was made possible because of what? |
|
Definition
Technology:
Cat trains, freighters, airplanes |
|
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Term
| 1920's, northern roads were created for what reasons? |
|
Definition
Winter: for freights (resource transportation)
Summer: for tourist traveling |
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Term
| How did the automobile affect canada? |
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Definition
| Increased tourism, industry transportation made easier, and more business opportunities like gas stations. |
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Term
| Describe the background and transformation of relief payments from the government during the late 20's and 30's. |
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Definition
“going on relief” carried a huge social stigma
Relief was a temporary loan. Had to sign promissory notes to pay loan back.
Relief fell in three categories: agricultural, medical, or personal.
Municipalities set strict guidelines so only local residents could apply for relief. |
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Term
| What were the main problems with the depression? |
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Definition
Ecological devastation – drought, wheat stem rust, and grasshoppers.
The dramatic fall of crop prices decimated agricultural endeavours worldwide.
Wheat prices (the main cash crop) fell from $1.03 in 1928, to 47 cents in 1930, and 29 cents in 1932.
Drought decimated both cash crops and feed crops; livestock faced starvation. |
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Term
| How did the great depression affect the people? |
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Definition
45,000 people in Saskatchewan moved north during 1930s
Subsistence farming was mixed farming:
Cows, pigs, chickens for milk, meat, and eggs |
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Term
| During the great depression, how did the north prosper compared to the south suffering? |
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Definition
Moving toward: northern boom, subsistence practices, off-farm economy (fish, fur, cordwood, mining, freighting).
Tourism re-conceptualized the north as green, tree-full, healthy and restful. |
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Term
| How did employeers react to the depression? |
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Definition
| married men were given jobs over non-married. idea that they had a family to feed. |
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Term
| Describe housing during the depression: |
|
Definition
Relief camps offered to some workers who couldn't afford housing.
Hobo Jungles: areas of men who lived in poverty. |
|
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Term
| What was the great trek during the depression? |
|
Definition
| Many people rode the rails to Ottawa to protest. Stopped in Regina, riot occured. |
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Term
| What industries helped the north prosper in the 30s? |
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Definition
| Fur, Mining, Airlines, navigational jobs, fishing, and some other trades. |
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Term
|
Definition
| mobilization of citizens and all aspects of the economy to war efforts. changed the face of modern canada. |
|
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Term
| What was the difference between WWI AND WWII? |
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Definition
| WWII was a total war and fought on almost every continent. |
|
|
Term
| When did Canada join WWII? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Who received racist segregation during WWII and what was it a response to? |
|
Definition
| Pearl Harbour in December, 1941 led to Japanese fingerprintings, identity cards, and internment camps. |
|
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Term
| When and where was d-day? |
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Definition
Normandy, June 6th 1944.
Stormed the beaches. |
|
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Term
| When did the internment begin of Japanese people? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When was V-E and what was it? |
|
Definition
1945 was victory Europe.
Focuses shift to Asia. |
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Term
| Describe Japanese Internment: |
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Definition
| placed in horse racing facilities, given IDs, work camps as well. All due to suspicion of being spies. |
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Term
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Definition
| 1988, PM of Canada, issued a formal apology to Japanese citizens for the internment of Japanese in WWII. |
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Term
| What were some of the roles of Women in WWII? |
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Definition
advertisement for savings materials of any kind for war efforts.
received money for their child while father was away (except Quebec)
took many of the roles of men |
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Term
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Definition
| PM during WWII. called early election to stay in office. introduced family alloawances and gave the money to women while men were away. Many first nations moved into urban areas for this. This was first form of social assistance payments |
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Term
| When were bombs dropped on Japan? |
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Definition
August 6th, 9th: bombs dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan
August 14th 1945: Japan surrenders |
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Term
| What were the 3 events that pressured social reform? |
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Definition
WWII
The Depression
Post-war reconstruction |
|
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Term
|
Definition
Agronomist
Head of Manitoba Agricultural College
Asked to join the Progressive government in MB as premier.
strictly NON PARTISAN
left to become leader of federal Conservatives. Changed name to Progressive Conservatives. Lost. |
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Term
| Who was Bible Bill Aberhart? |
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Definition
schoolteacher, also ran the Prophetic Bible Institute and was a popular radio preacher.
He supported and preached Social Credit.
Aberhart began preaching on Social Credit theories and formed the Social Credit League.
When existing political parties wouldn’t accept his economic theories, he turned the League into a party 3 months before the election of 1935.
Social Credit swept to power with 56 of 63 seats. |
|
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Term
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Definition
A Banking system that gave $25 per person in ‘social credit’.
Federal government disallowed many of these policies – only feds could create money. |
|
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Term
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Definition
2004, declared greatest Canadian.
Formed the 1st socialist gov' and gave medicare.
Challenged political systems that had little public interest.
The CCF and NDP shifted, hospitalization plan created in 1947, covering hospital costs. King motioned for Mother's Allowances as well. |
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Term
| Describe commercial fishing in the North, 1940s. |
|
Definition
Fishing occured in winter until 40s.
Major industry, employing hundreds of workers.
Technology improved, allowed flash freezing fish, opening summer fishing in the 40s/50s.
Normally transported in winter until roads were blocked |
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Term
| What did Transportation to the north in the 40's include? |
|
Definition
Cat Tractors (made Airstrips)
Planes with skis
Caterpillar Tractors
- winter hauled large supplies
- Summer cleared trails and made improvements |
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Term
| How did roads to the north effect business? |
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Definition
| Sigfusson Roads was created; a road building firm. |
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Term
| Describe Mining in the North after 1945. |
|
Definition
Exploded.
Driven by technology: diesal engines, assay techniques, smelting/processing.
Cold war development: Uranium needed for bombs
Demand in appliances: ovens, stoves, cars.
Government favoured development.
Shift from using material for destruction, not for peace/prosperity. |
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Term
| What is special about Island Falls and Sandy Bay? |
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Definition
They are both segregated societies.
Dam that lies there is the oldest hydroelectric damn.
Island Falls: luxurious houses, free power, electric heat, recreational facilities.
Sandy Bay: no electricity until 1958, can't shop at company stores, can't use recreational facilities. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
environmentalist, author and orator who rose to fame in Canada during the 1920s and 1930s.
books include Pilgrims of the Wild, Men of the Last Frontier, and Tales of an Empty Cabin.
became a staunch conservationist, particularly advocating protection of the Canadian beaver population.
On his death, it was discovered that he was a fraud, an Englishman posing as an Ojibway.
died in the 1930s. |
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Term
| In what 3 ways did technology shape/control the landscape for human purposes? |
|
Definition
Creation of Nation-States
Environmental Intervention
Promotion of Capitalism (investments) |
|
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Term
| Describe the roads and their construction before the Trans Canada Highway: |
|
Definition
Built to connect waterways.
Built from urban centres outward. |
|
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Term
| Describe the Trans Canada Highway: |
|
Definition
Slated to be finished in 1970. SK finished theirs in 1962. (some areas were gravel still)
Built for shortest route (A to B)
Is the longest national highway in the world (7821 kms) |
|
|
Term
| What were the political issues behind the trans canada highway? |
|
Definition
roads previously were provincial responsibbility.
auto insurance
highway not unified as a priority in some provinces.
1949, trans canada highway was agreed.
costs were 50-50 (prov vs fed) except national parks.
made shortest distance east to west. |
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Term
| What was the belief behind building a national highway? |
|
Definition
was the roots for modernity.
facilitates capitalism & free economic exchange.
could move people and goods through an all canadian route/landscape. |
|
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Term
| What and when was the red river flood? |
|
Definition
1950.
when one river floods there, all the others back up and flood.
Over 100,000 people evacuated from winnipeg.
Canadian army helped evacuate/sand bag. |
|
|
Term
| What was the response to the red river flood in 1950? |
|
Definition
Creation of a flood way to prevent future floods. set to prevent a 1 in 60 year flood.
flood insurance does not exist so all damages had to be paid previously by the federal government.
built in 1962-68.
cost was 63 mil $
66.5 million metres of earth excavated.
it is 47km long
estimated 63 billion $ in damages already prevented. |
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 of the 3 major dams? |
|
Definition
Gardener @ lake defienbaker
E.B. Campbell at squaw rapids |
|
|
Term
| What do dams allow humans to control> |
|
Definition
agricultural/water use for irrigation.
hydroelectric power
water supply
control of water flow (reduce floods)
creation of lakes
tourism |
|
|
Term
| Describe the gardener dam: |
|
Definition
1959-1967. 120 million $
provides 45% of SK's population with water. |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| the man made flood way that allows flood water from the red river to bypass Winnipeg. |
|
|
Term
| What are the negative effects of dams? |
|
Definition
species loss
aboriginal communities often affected/forced to move.
floods often occur up stream/lakes expand |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Suggested the construction of Gardener Dam 1858. |
|
|
Term
| How did electrification of the prairies have an affect on agriculture and farming? |
|
Definition
rural depopulation: between 1951 and 1971, farm population dropped by forty percent (953,000 to 599,000)
Number of farms dropped: from 249,000 to 175,000
Farming changed from a way of life to a commercial business
farm mechanization escalated; commercialization and diversification of farming; reduced labour needs |
|
|
Term
| Key points on how electrification affected farming: |
|
Definition
Switch from horses to machinery
Economic spinoff: machinery dealerships, supplies, gasoline and oil
Decline in horses, livery, blacksmithing
Labour needs decreased
Amount of land farmed increased |
|
|
Term
| How did the oil boom affect alberta? |
|
Definition
Rural depopulation: to the oil rigs, refineries, towns and cities
Oil money bought schools, hospitals, highways, and parks
Major increase in provincial population. |
|
|
Term
| Throughout the 50s as a result of oil extraction, what occured in terms of development? |
|
Definition
pipelines we being build across the prairies for energy transportation and international trade.
Entire towns would appear due to mines opening. |
|
|
Term
| What was unique about Uranium City? |
|
Definition
| Uranium City: uranium was under federal jurisdiction as uranium was a ‘strategic and military resource’ |
|
|
Term
| With the rise of new resources being extracted and electricity, what happened to urbanization and infrastructure? |
|
Definition
| Luxuries of the home: to accommodate indoor plumbing and water, electricity, modern heating, home decor, modern electrical appliances, and a car garage. |
|
|
Term
| How did technology and resources effect living in cities / farms? |
|
Definition
1941: one quarter of prairie population lived in five big cities: Winnipeg, Regina, Saskatoon, Calgary, Edmonton
1971: HALF of prairie population lived in those cities: Calgary and Edmonton grew fastest |
|
|
Term
True or False:
Post-war economic development saw the decline of rural life in favour of urban: primary industrial development led to secondary and tertiary jobs and opportunities. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 3 branches of western alienation are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| After 1885, what are all the methods which the government has suppressed aboriginals? |
|
Definition
| restrictions on trade; rations withheld; refusal to give reserves where requested; cultural restrictions; residential schools; land appropriations. pass system |
|
|
Term
| What happened in 1885 (aboriginals)? |
|
Definition
Rebellion at Batoche
- was the result of alienation
Reil was hanged as a traitor
Scrip: offered money or land to Metis... majority took the money. |
|
|
Term
| Post WWI resulted in what for aboriginals? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Post 1945, better health led to what for indians? |
|
Definition
91% increase in population.
Poverty struck many. |
|
|
Term
| In 1951, the Indian act was revised how? |
|
Definition
Cultural bans were lifted.
women could vote on band issues.
Indians could participate in Land Claims |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| essentially was a formula for Aboriginals to lose Indian Status through marriages and birth. |
|
|
Term
| What acted as a catalyst for Aboriginal Organizations such as the Indian Brotherhood to rise? |
|
Definition
| Technology and the ease of traveling. |
|
|
Term
| What was the White Paper Policy and Who proposed it? |
|
Definition
Pierre Trudeau and John Chretian
Purpose: to repeal the Indian act, have a just society, create equal status with aboriginals and whites, give aboriginal responsibility to provincial government, and remove the two tier system idea. |
|
|
Term
| What was the response by aboriginals to the white paper policy? |
|
Definition
Red Paper or Citizen's Plus was created.
acccused government of duplicity, having no consultations with first nations.
felt the white paper would lead to absolute poverty.
treaties are the basis for rights being recognized and must be in future plans.
White Paper Policy would be disbanded and left a heavy strain on relationship. |
|
|
Term
| What is the national energy policy? |
|
Definition
1980
tripled national revenue on oil
supported oil and gas exploration in federally-controlled off-shore and territorial regions, NOT west
oil companies closed and left
oil prices plummeted from $30 to less than $10 per barrel |
|
|
Term
| Describe the Regina Cyclone in 1912. |
|
Definition
deadliest tornado in canada
40 people killed
6 city blocks
300 injured
500 building destroyed
1/4 population homeless
3 minutes long, 46 years to repay |
|
|
Term
| How are tornados measures? |
|
Definition
| typically by how much damage and deaths. |
|
|
Term
| What natural disasters are the western prairies exposed to? |
|
Definition
Tornado
blizzard
forest fires
hail
flood
Eutriphication |
|
|
Term
| What is Eutriphication? Where has it happened? |
|
Definition
Lake Winnipeg - many bodies of water lead to it, one river away.
It is the blooming of Algae..
- due to large amounts of nutrients being released into nutrient deficient body of water, leading to excessive amounts of plants growth. |
|
|
Term
| How many residential schools in AB, SK, MB? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Formally apologized for residential schools in 2008. |
|
|
Term
| What is the Common Experience Payment? |
|
Definition
For aboriginals who have suffered directly or indirectly from residential schools.
$10,000 for first year in RS
$3,000 for each subsequent year or part year
CEP recipients give up their right to sue the government over IRS.
extra compensation for those who experienced physical or sexual abuse |
|
|
Term
| Who and how does natural disasters affect people? |
|
Definition
disasters and tar sands effect water
particularly farmers and reserve communities |
|
|
Term
| What factors increase vulnerability of a community to tar sands and natural disasters? |
|
Definition
poverty
exposure to risk
lack of technology
reliance on subsistence
lack of good infrastructure
remoteness
market access/wealth
demographics
erosion of cultural practices and strength
lack of historical memory/traditional ecological knowledge |
|
|
Term
| What is the idea of an Earth farm? who was previously successful in this? |
|
Definition
Treat the earth well: it was not given to you by your parents; it was loaned to you by your children
Aboriginals in 1800-early 1900's. |
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