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| joined Alaska and Siberia, allowed people to cross into Americas |
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| all food obtained by wild animals, nomadic |
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| ancient city in current St. Louis, Missouri |
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| the group of Quechuan peoples of highland Peru who established an empire from northern Ecuador to central Chile before the Spanish conquest |
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| a people of central Mexico whose civilization was at its height at the time of the Spanish conquest in the early 16th century |
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| a Mesoamerican Indian people inhabiting southeast Mexico, Guatemala, and Belize, whose civilization reached its height around a.d. 300-900. The Maya are noted for their architecture and city planning, their mathematics and calendar, and their hieroglyphic writing system |
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| An outbreak of bubonic plague that was pandemic throughout Europe and much of Asia in the 14th century |
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| Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico |
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| Italian navigator who discovered the New World in the service of Spain while looking for a route to China |
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| A person of mixed racial ancestry, especially of mixed European and Native American ancestry |
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| an uprising of many pueblos of the Pueblo people against Spanish colonization of the Americas in the New Spain province of New Mexico. |
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| a dramatically widespread exchange of the animals, plants, culture and human populations (including slaves), communicable diseases, and ideas between the Eastern and Western hemispheres |
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| The theory and system of political economy prevailing in Europe after the decline of feudalism, based on national policies of accumulating bullion, establishing colonies and a merchant marine, and developing industry and mining to attain a favorable balance of trade |
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| the series of events in 16th-century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope and the Roman Catholic Church |
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| a group of English Protestants who in the 16th and 17th centuries advocated strict religious discipline along with simplification of the ceremonies and creeds of the Church of England |
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| A former village of southeast Virginia, the first permanent English settlement in America. It was founded in May 1606 |
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| Between 1585 and 1587, several groups attempted to establish a colony, but either abandoned the settlement or died. Started by Sir Walter Raley and Richard Grenville. The final group of colonists disappeared after three years elapsed without supplies from England during the Anglo-Spanish War. They are known as "The Lost Colony" and their fate is still unknown |
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| a type of corporation or partnership involving two or more individuals that own shares of stock in the company, helped found colonies |
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| remembered for his role in establishing the first permanent English settlement in North America at Jamestown, Virginia, and his brief association with the Virginia Indian girl Pocahontas during an altercation with the Powhatan Confederacy and her father, Chief Powhatan. He was a leader of the Virginia Colony (based at Jamestown) between September 1608 and August 1609, and led an exploration along the rivers of Virginia and the Chesapeake Bay |
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| credited with the first successful cultivation of tobacco as an export crop in the Colony of Virginia and is known as the husband of Pocahontas |
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| used in Jamestown, Virginia, starting in 1616 as an attempt to solve labor shortages due to the advent of the tobacco economy, which required large plots of land with many workers, Virginian colonists were each given two headrights of 50 acres; immigrant colonists who paid for their passage were given one headright, and individuals would receive one headright each time they paid for the passage of another individual |
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| a Virginia Indian chief's daughter notable for having assisted colonial settlers at Jamestown. She converted to Christianity and married the English settler John Rolfe; stirs up the idea that Native Americans can be civilized |
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| About a thousand Virginians rose because they resented Virginia Governor William Berkeley's friendly policies towards the Native Americans. When Berkeley refused to retaliate for a series of Indian attacks on frontier settlements, others took matters into their own hands, attacking Indians, chasing Berkeley from Jamestown, Virginia, and torching the capitol. |
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| the first governing document of Plymouth Colony. It was written by the colonists, later together known to history as the Pilgrims, who crossed the Atlantic aboard the Mayflower |
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| used by John Winthrop in 1630 sermon "A Model of Christian Charity." Winthrop admonished the future Massachusetts Bay colonists that their new community would be a "city upon a hill", watched by the world |
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| an American Protestant theologian, and the first American proponent of religious freedom and the separation of church and state, founder of Rhode Island |
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| a pioneer settler in Massachusetts, Rhode Island and New Netherlands and the unauthorized minister of a dissident church discussion group; argued that the Puritan heirarchy were not among the Elect and did not have the right to lead; didn't believe in the gender structure either |
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| an armed conflict between Native American inhabitants of present-day southern New England and English colonists and their Native American allies in 1675–1676, |
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| was a viceroyalty of the Spanish colonial empire,at its greatest extent included much of North America south of Canada: all of present-day Mexico and Central America (except Panama), most of the United States west of the Mississippi River and the Floridas |
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| any place in colonies with "mixed" societies |
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| major crop in the Caribbean colonies, huge demand in Europe |
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| a British general, member of parliament, philanthropist, and founder of the colony of Georgia in the United States. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's poor, especially those in debtors' prisons, in the New World |
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| a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies, which started in 1651. Their goal was to force colonial development into lines favorable to England, and stop direct colonial trade with the Netherlands, France and other European countries |
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| a young unskilled laborer who came to America under contract to work for an employer for a fixed period of time, typically three to seven years, in exchange for their ocean transportation, food, clothing, lodging and other necessities during the term of their indenture |
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| developed in colonies due to lack of medical knowledge, friends or neighbors that cared for women during childbirth |
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| The Royal African Company |
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| a slaving company granted a monopoly over the English slave trade, by its charter issued in 1660 |
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| theory held that the human body was filled with four basic substances, called four humors, which are in balance when a person is healthy. All diseases and disabilities resulted from an excess or deficit of one of these four humors. These deficits could be caused by vapors that were inhaled or absorbed by the body. The four humors were black bile, yellow bile, phlegm, and blood |
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| members of the Protestant Reformed Church of France (or French Calvinists) from the sixteenth to the seventeenth centuries |
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| most numerous non-English newcomers (Presbyterians), tended toward western frontier communities |
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| men in Puritan New England controlled society |
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| the stage of the triangular trade in which millions of people from Africa were taken to the New World, as part of the Atlantic slave trade |
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| crops grown exclusively for markets |
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| high demand causes supply to exceed demand |
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| restricted metal processing in the colonies in order to lessen competition for producers in Great Britain |
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| South Carolina 1739- 100 slaves rise up and kill slave owners to try and escape to Florida, quickly crushed and most participants were executed |
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| group of young girls accused many West Indian slaves/servants of witchcraft- 19 people were put to death |
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| First large-scale religious revival in North America |
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| sermons of despair over people turning away from God |
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| people who engage in the practice of relaying information about a particular set of beliefs to others who do not hold those beliefs |
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| New England congregationalist preacher |
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| A time when people were looking to their own intellect and rationality for guidance on how to live |
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| a treatment of smallpox using a small form of the virus to create an immunity |
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| division between religious people in Great Awakening |
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| most famous almanac in North America, published by Ben Franklin |
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| The French and Indian War |
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| The final struggle between three imperial powers in the Northeast (French, British, Iroquois Confederacy) |
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| raises the duty on sugar while simultaneously cutting in half the tax on molasses |
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| outlawed printing of paper money in the colonies |
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| imposes a tax on all documents printed in the colonies |
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| forbade colonists from expanding into area west of Appalachian Mountains |
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| anti-tax revolt in Pennsylvania, bloodshed avoided |
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| Prime Minister of England (1763), believed colonists should be forced to pay for debt incurred by war; ruled in George III sted most of his reign |
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| largest, most powerful, native group in Ohio Valley and modern New York |
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| King William's War, Queen Anne's War, King George's War, whenever Britain and France went to war in Europe, so did their colonies |
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| passed in Virginia House of Burgesses, stated that colonists had same rights as English, no taxation without representation, anyone trying to execute taxes on colonies from Parliament considered an enemy of the colonies |
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| required colonists to shelter and supply British troops; enacted by William Pitt, later retracted |
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| series of new taxes on various goods imported to the colonies from England (lead, paper, paint, and tea) |
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| merchants in colonies refuse to purchase British goods affected by Townshend Duties |
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| "Virtual" vs. "Actual" Representation |
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| Virtual: Everyone who takes part in a Congress works for the good of the whole; Actual: Representatives speak on behalf of a specific group of people |
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| allows East India Co. to sell tea without paying Townshend Duty |
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| colonists dress up as Indians and dump tea chests into Boston Harbor |
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| (Intolerable Acts) Port of Boston closed, limited local government in Boston, allowed colonists to be tried in England, forced quartering of British troops |
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| makes five major decisions (1. Rejected plan to create union of colonies under British rule 2. Endorsed moderate state of grievances 3. Set of resolutions to protect Boston 4. Agreed to a series of further boycotts in hopes of stopping trade with Britain 5. Agreed to meet again next spring) |
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| managed the colonial war effort, and moved incrementally towards independence, adopting the United States Declaration of Independence on July 4th, 1776. By raising armies, directing strategy, appointing diplomats, and making formal treaties, the Congress acted as the de facto national government of what became the United States. With the ratification of the Articles of Confederation, the Congress became known as the Congress of the Confederation |
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| colonial militia in Massachusetts |
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| the first military engagements of the American Revolutionary War, About 700 British Army regulars, under Lieutenant Colonel Francis Smith, were given secret orders to capture and destroy military supplies that were reportedly stored by the Massachusetts militia at Concord. Through effective intelligence gathering, Patriot colonials had received word weeks before the expedition that their supplies might be at risk and had moved most of them to other locations. They also received details about British plans on the night before the battle and were able to rapidly notify the area militias of the enemy movement |
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| Thomas Paine's "Common Sense" |
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| presented the American colonists with a powerful argument for independence from British rule at a time when the question of independence was still undecided, Britain was too far away to properly govern colonies |
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| Articles of Confederation |
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| the first constitution of the United States and specified how the Federal government was to operate, including adoption of an official name for the new nation, United States of America |
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| the British attempted to put troops in adjacent hills in an attempt to siege Boston and colonial forces fought back against them, eventually losing but killing 1/3 of British forces and greatly weakening their presence in the area |
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| a decisive victory by a combined assault of American forces led by General George Washington and French forces led by the Comte de Rochambeau over a British Army commanded by Lieutenant General Lord Cornwallis. It proved to be the last major land battle of the American Revolutionary War in North America, as the surrender of Cornwallis' army prompted the British government eventually to negotiate an end to the conflict |
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| a decisive victory by American Revolutionary forces under Brigadier General Daniel Morgan, in the Southern campaign of the American Revolutionary War. It was a turning point in the reconquest of South Carolina from the British. |
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| opposite ends of ideas regarding American independence |
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| a society in which men rule and women have few rights |
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| people who were uncivilized but could become civilized if taught white, American ways |
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| Pattern of colonial commerce in which slaves were bought on African Gold Coast with New England rum and then traded in the West Indies for sugar or molasses, which was brought back to New England to be manufactured into rum |
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