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| officially the Balanced Budget and Emergency Deficit Control Act of 1985, U.S. budget deficit reduction measure. The law provided for automatic spending cuts to take effect if the president and Congress failed to reach established targets; the U.S. comptroller general was given the right to order spending cuts |
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| During the Reagan Administrationknown for the Laffer curve, an illustration of tax elasticity which asserts that, in certain situations, a decrease in tax rates could result in an increase in tax revenues |
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| Webster v. Reproductive Services |
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| Supreme Court decision in 1989 upholding the Missouri law that imposed restrictions on the use of state funds, facilities and employees in performing, assisting with, or counseling on abortions |
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| A political Scandal during the Reagan administration, in which senior US figures agreed to facilitate the sale of arms to Iran, the subject of an arms embargo, to secure the release of hostages and to fund Nicaraguan contras |
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| North was a National Security Council member involved in the clandestine sale of weapons to Iran, which served to encourage the release of U.S. hostages from Lebanon. North formulated the second part of the plan: diverting proceeds from the arms sales to support the Contra rebel group in Nicaragua. North was charged with several felonies |
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| he first woman of the Justice Supreme Court |
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| Jerry Falwell founded the Moral Majority in the summer of 1979. The Moral Majority was a southern-oriented organization of the Christian Right, although the Moral Majority’s state chapters and political activity extended beyond the Sout |
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| an American civil rights activist and Baptist minister. Founder of Rainbow/PUSH |
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| an informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election. Through it, Republican Rutherford B. Hayes was awarded the White House over Democrat Samuel J. Tilden on the understanding that Hayes would remove the federal troops that were propping up Republican state governments in South Carolina, Florida and Louisiana. |
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| Presidential Reconstruction |
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| Johnson wanted to restore the Union in as little time as possible. While Congress was in recess, the president began implementing his plans, which became known as Presidential Reconstruction. He returned confiscated property to white southerners, issued hundreds of pardons to former Confederate officers and government officials, and undermined the Freedmen’s Bureau by ordering it to return all confiscated lands to white landowners. Johnson also appointed governors to supervise the drafting of new state constitutions and agreed to readmit each state provided it ratified the Thirteenth Amendment, which abolished slavery. Hoping that Reconstruction would be complete by the time Congress reconvened a few months later, he declared Reconstruction over at the end of 1865 |
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| Congressional Reconstruction |
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| eized control of Reconstruction from President Johnson. Congress denied representatives from the former Confederate states their Congressional seats and passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 and wrote the 14th Amendment to the Constitution, extending citizenship rights to African Americans and guaranteeing them equal protection of the laws. The 14th Amendment also reduced representation in Congress of any southern state that deprived African Americans of the vote. In 1870, the country went even further by ratifying the Fifteenth Amendment, which gave voting rights to black men. The most radical proposals advanced during Reconstruction--to confiscate plantations and redistribute portions to the freemen--were defeated. |
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| passed on the state and local level in the United States to limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans |
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| officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crim |
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| prohibits each government in the United States from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude" |
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| the name of several past and present far right hate group organizations in the United States whose avowed purpose was to protect the rights of and further the interests of white Americans by violence and intimidation. |
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| system of agriculture in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land. After Reconstruction, many blacks did this to the land given to them. |
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| devised by the Democratic Party to overthrow the Republican Party in the state of Mississippi by organized threats of violence and suppression or purchase of the black vote, in order to regain political control of the legislature and governor's office. The Mississippi Plan was a success and was later adopted by white Democrats in South Carolina |
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| ame given to African Americans who fled the Southern United States for Kansas in 1879 and 1880. After the end of Reconstruction, racial oppression and rumors of the reinstitution of slavery led many freedmen to seek a new place to live |
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| a prominent American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to introduce women's suffrage into the United States. She traveled the United States and Europe, and gave 75 to 100 speeches every year on women's rights for 45 years. |
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| an American social activist, abolitionist, and leading figure of the early woman's movement. Her Declaration of Sentiments, presented at the first women's rights convention held in 1848 in Seneca Falls, New York, is often credited with initiating the first organized woman's rights and woman's suffrage movements in the United States. |
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| a prominent American abolitionist and suffragist, and a vocal advocate and organizer promoting rights for women.[1] In 1839, Stone was the first woman from Massachusetts to earn a college degree. She spoke out for women's rights and against slavery at a time when women were discouraged and prevented from public speaking. Stone was the first recorded American woman to retain her own last name after marriage. |
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| upholding the constitutionality of racial segregation even in public accommodations (particularly railroads), under the doctrine of "separate but equal" |
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| racial separation forced by specific laws. |
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| Racial segregation , especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal |
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| Brown v. Board of Education |
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| a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court that declared state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students |
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| Journalist, newspaper editor, and newspaper owner. Advocate of women's and black's rights. Felt the north should know whats going on, went and spoke on it, people burnt her printing press down, and she never came back for fear of her life. |
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| a mediocre actor who had the brilliant idea to dress as a black person and make fun of them. Became famous for it. |
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| societal system in which one belongs to one's matriline or mother's lineage |
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| is a festival or ceremony practiced among Indigenous peoples of the Pacific Northwest Coast. At these gatherings, before becoming the leader he must ceremoniously give up all of his material possessions |
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| a career United States Army officer and Union general in the American Civil War. He had a brief but successful career in the Western Theater, but he is best known for his defeat at the Second Battle of Bull Run in the East. After the Civil War, he resumed a successful military career in the Indian Wars. |
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| U.S. Army's 7th Cavalry and the Sioux and Cheyenne in one of the Indians last armed efforts to preserve their way of life. Here on June 25, 1876, 263 soldiers and attached personnel of the U.S. Army, including Lt. Col. George A. Custer, died fighting several thousand Lakota and Cheyenne warriors. |
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| A chief of the Nez Perce who were told they had to move to an Indian reservation. Because of his peaceful attitude, his group and he made a run for the canadian border |
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| Transcontinental Railroad |
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| By linking with the existing railway network of the Eastern United States, the road thus connected the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States by rail for the first time |
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| regarding the distribution of land to Native Americans in OklahomaThe act provided for the division of tribally held lands into individually owned parcels and opening "surplus" lands to settlement by non-Indians and development by railroads |
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| Jack Wilson - Northern Paiute religious leader who founded the Ghost Dance movement |
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| 1890, religious movement in many native american belief systems, first performed in accordance with jack wilson(Wovoka)'s teachings among the nevada paiute in 1889 |
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| Wounded Knee (S. Dakota, 1890) |
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| december 20, 1890. 365 troops of us 7th calvary killed an encampment of Miniconjou and hunkapapa sioux over fire arms. |
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| January 24, 1848 gold was discovered by James Marshall in california. word spread, and hundreds of thousands of men and women came to partake in the gold |
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| first major discovery of silver ore in US. Virginia City, Nevada |
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| gave applicant freehold title up to 160 acres of undeveloped land outside of the 13 colonies. 3 steps:file and applications, improve the land, file for deed of title |
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| invented by Lucien B Smith in 1867 to restrain cattle |
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| the log cabin of the plains. prairies lacked standard building materials, so thick rooted prairie grass sod was used for walls |
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| very large scale farms that grew mostly wheat |
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| first peacetime all black regiments in the US army |
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| Oklahoma Land Rush (1889) |
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| April 22, 1889. 50000 people lines up to claim land in the Oklahoma area |
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| famous leader of the industry in the late 19th and 20th centuries. Carnegie Steel Company |
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| petroleum industry, Standard Oil Company |
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| invented by Henry Bessemer, inexpensive way to mass produce steel from molten pig iron |
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| supply chain where each part of the chain has a product or service that all combines to meet a common need |
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| where one business takes in or merges with another of the same type of industry |
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| dominated corporate finance. merged Edison General Electric and Thomson-Houston Electric to form General Electric |
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| Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) |
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| first federal statute to limit cartels and monopolies |
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| inventor, scientist, buisiness man, invented: phonograph, motion camera, lightbulb |
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| inventor, mechanical and electrical engineer; the AC motor, polyphase system |
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| largest retailer in the Us by the mid 20th century, famous for catalogs |
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| noble and holy order of the knights of labor; demanded an end to child and convict labor, equal pay for women, income tax |
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| national leader of the the Knights of Labor |
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| american Federation of Labor |
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| one of the first labor unions in the US |
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| leader of the ALU, key figure in American labor history, founder of American Federation of Labor |
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| a massacre of people in Haymarket Square Chicago IL that were striking |
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| the labor unions strike against the railroads of the United STates |
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| was imprisoned becaouse of the Pullman Strike |
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| before the late 19th century; immigrants from north and west europe; britain, france, germany, ireland, schaninavia |
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| southern and eastern europe, latin america and asia |
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| hudson river NY, immigration depot until 1954. |
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| immigration port, california |
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| people that come to america for work and send money home to their families |
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| the US decided to have no more chinese workers in the us. only merchants were allowed to immigrate |
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| in asian cultures marriages were arranged with women from back home. |
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| first japanese to immigrate |
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| people born to the issei in the new country |
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