Term
|
Definition
| political and spiritual leader of the Indian Independence movement, assassinated by a Hindu extremist in 1948 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a Russian mystic who is perceived as having influenced the latter days of the Russian Emperor Nicholas II, his wife Alexandra, and their only son Alexei |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Economic policy adopted by the USSR to increase labor efficiency |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Japanese term for “wealthy cliques,” which are similar to American trusts and cartels but usually organized around one family |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Pre-World War I alliance of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a meeting of Asian and African states, most of which were newly independent, which took place on April 18–24, 1955 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Successor to the League of Nations, an association of sovereign nations that attempts to find solutions to global problems |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the climax of trade disputes and diplomatic difficulties between China under the Qing Dynasty and the British Empire after China sought to restrict illegal British opium trafficking |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| his assassination in Sarajevo precipitated Austria-Hungary’s declaration of war against Serbia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan, during which twenty to thirty million were killed; the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the nineteenth century |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| played an instrumental role in inspiring the overthrow of the Qing Dynasty, the last imperial dynasty of China |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| North Vietnamese nationalist communists under Ho Chi Minh |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| peasants who, while not chattel slaves, were tied to the land and who owed obligation to the lords on whose land they worked |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Indian troops who served the British |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| political ideology and mass movement that was prominent in many parts of Europe between 1919 and 1945; it sought to regenerate the social, political, and cultural life of societies, especially in contrast to liberal democracy and socialism; fascism began with Mussolini in Italy, and it reached its peak with Hitler in Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a political philosophy inspired by John Locke and the ideals of the Enlightenment that advocated individual liberty, constitutional government, and free trade. Nineteenth-century liberals favored representative government but not necessarily democracy |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| philosophy and movement that began in middle of the nineteenth century with the work of Karl Marx; it has the same general goals as socialism, but it includes the belief that violent revolution is necessary to destroy the bourgeois world and institute a new world run by and for the proletariat |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| early nineteenth-century artisans who were opposed to new machinery and industrialization |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russian elected councils that originated as strike committees during the 1905 St. Petersburg disorders; they represented a form of local self-government that went on to become the primary unit of government in the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The term was also used during the cold war to designate the Soviet Union |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| German term meaning “living space”; the term is associated with Hitler and his goal of carving out territory in the east for an expanding Germany |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| South African system of “separateness” that was implemented in 1948 and that maintained the black majority in a position of political, social, and economic subordination |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| revolutionary leader of the Chinese Communist Party, who came to power in 1949 and ruled until 1976 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| allows water transportation between Europe and Asia without navigating around Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the leader of Ghana who gained freedom from Britain for Ghana |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Russian term meaning “openness” introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985 to describe the process of opening Soviet society to dissidents and public criticism |
|
|
Term
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO) |
|
Definition
| which was established by the United States in 1949 as a regional military alliance against Soviet expansionism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a military alliance formed by Soviet bloc nations in 1955 in response to rearmament of West Germany and its inclusion in NATO |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a peace treaty signed on March 3, 1913 between Russia and the Central Powers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a war limitless in its scope in which a belligerent engages in the mobilization of all their available resources, in order to render beyond use their rival’s capacity for resistance |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| processes that seem to accelerate the experience of time and reduce the significance of distance during a given historical moment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| leader of Vietnam during revolution |
|
|
Term
| Berlin West Africa Conference |
|
Definition
| meeting organized by German chancellor Otto von Bismarck in 1884-1885 that provided the justification for European colonization of Africa |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a period of reform in the Ottoman Empire between 1845 and 1876 |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the idea, popular in the United States in the mid-nineteenth century, that the North American continent was intended by God to be settled by white Americans. This notion helped justify the Mexican war of 1846-1848 and the Indian wars of the 1870s and 1880s |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a gathering of 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations at the Mount Washington Hotel, situated in Bretton Woods, New Hampshire to regulate the international monetary and financial order after the conclusion of World War II |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| U.S. policy instituted in 1947 by President Harry Truman in which the United States would follow an interventionist foreign policy to contain communism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the last monarch of Hawaii before it was annexed by the United States |
|
|
Term
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
(GATT) |
|
Definition
| free trade agreement first signed in 1947; by 1994 it had grown to 123 members and formed the World Trade Organization (WTO) |
|
|
Term
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
(OPEC) |
|
Definition
| an organization begun in 1960 by oil-producing states originally for purely economic reasons but that later had more political influence |
|
|
Term
World Trade Organization
(WTO) |
|
Definition
| an organization that was established in 1995 with more than 120 nations and whose goal is to loosen barriers to free trade |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| International Monetary Fund |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| an Indian statesman who was the first prime minister of India, from 1947 to 1964 |
|
|
