Term
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Definition
-trade of plants, animals, and disease across the Atlantic
-introduced potatoes, tomatoes, and corn and syphilis to Europe
-brought horses, chickens, okra, and smallpox to Americas
-start of globalization (to trust observations rather than soley relying on the Bible to determine good or bad) |
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Term
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Definition
| a sea captain who had permission from the home government to raid the enemy at will |
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Term
| Whose ships did the privateers approved by Queen Elizabeth raid? |
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Definition
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Term
| The first migrants to the Americas are believed to have crossed..? |
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Definition
| A land bridge (where the modern day Bering Strait exists), separating Asia and North America. |
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Term
| The earliest French settlement in the New World ventured for ______. The Earliest Spanish settlement in the New World ventured for _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Reasons for settlement (3 G's)? |
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Definition
-Gold: searching for exotic worlds filled with gold, silver, and jewels
-Glory: increasing national and personal power as a result of conquest and fame
-Gospel: spreading the Christian faith |
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Term
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Definition
| -an idea that Spanish were bloodthirsty conquerors with no regard for human life |
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Term
| Where did the Black Legend myth originate? |
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Definition
| criticisms first voiced by the Spanish, including the Dominican friar, Las Casas |
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Term
| the impact of the Protestant Reformation (the split or schism among European Christians) |
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Definition
| competition to spread one form of Christianity, or the other, to the inhabitants of the "New World" |
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Term
| Why did England join the race to settle North America, even though they were in a war with Spain? |
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Definition
| There were writings which described America as a place where "the earth would produce things in abundance, as in the Garden of Eden, without toil or labor." |
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Term
| After the Black Death, European society was..? |
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Definition
-on the brink of change
-newly rejuvenated
-continuing to struggle against the effects of two strains of bubonic plague |
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Term
| Why did Europeans search for a more efficient and inexpensive trade route to China? |
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Definition
| the Silk Road ( the long overland trading route from China to the Mediterranean) became costlier and more dangerous |
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Term
| Conflict between the Protestant England and Catholic Spain resulted in _______ and demonstrated ________. |
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Definition
defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588;
religious rivalries that encouraged settlement of the New World |
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Term
| what were the consequences of the European discover of the New World? |
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Definition
-death and disease for Indian peoples
-development of the modern concept of progress |
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Term
| One appropriate description of the Spanish "invasion" of the New World is? |
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Definition
| the greatest demographic disaster in the history of the world |
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Term
| how were the Easter Woodland Indians likely to live? |
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Definition
| in small autonomous clans or tribal units, each group adapting to the specific environment in which they lived |
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Term
| because of the Columbian Exchange, Europe experienced ______ in population resulting from _________. |
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Definition
| growth; introduction of new crops |
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Term
| What evidence is there that the first inhabitants of the Americas originated from Asia? |
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Definition
| Asians and American Indians share genetic markers on a Y chromosome |
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Term
| What allowed Ferdinand and Isabella the military and financial freedom to dispatch Columbus to spread the Catholic faith and search for new wealth in the name of the newly reunited Spain? |
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Definition
| the expulsion of North African Muslims from the Kingdom of Granada, along with the exile of all unconverted Jews from Spain. |
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Term
| What drove the English to colonization (other than the 3 G's)? |
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Definition
-rapid enclosure of traditional common lands driving English poor into jobs as wage laborers
-a vision that colonies would serve as a market for English goods and a source of raw materials and commodities such as furs
-a belief that the colonies represented a place to send the poor and ensure that they would contribute to the nation's wealth |
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Term
| the interest of Virginia colonials in spreading Protestantism is illustrated by ________'s conversion to _________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Queen Elizabeth's determination to block ____'s effort to eliminate ______, the __________ from elite families determined to discover instant wealth with little work, and the determination of ______________ to profit from colonization were some of the motives behind ________ _________. |
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Definition
| Spain; Protestantism; "younger sons"; the Virginia Company; English colonization |
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Term
| Former indentured servants who wanted more opportunities to expand their territory was the primary cause of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| what land did Cecilius Calvert (the second Lord Baltimore) receive for a loyal service to England and conceive as a refuge for English Catholics? |
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Definition
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Term
| slavery for life is defined as ______ slavery. service for a fixed number of years is defined as ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| 3 of the early settlers of Jamestown (important ones) were..? |
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Definition
| George Percy, John Smith, and John Rolfe |
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Term
| What were the first Africans to reach Jamestown in 1619 viewed as? |
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Definition
| a type of indentured servant without the protection of a legal written contract (the indenture) |
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Term
| in 1619 _______ slavery did not exist in England. In Jamestown, Africans worked as _______ and (could or could not) acquire land of their own? |
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Definition
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Term
| The business arrangement in which wealthy merchants and the landed elite pooled their resources in hope of eventual profit is called..? |
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Definition
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Term
| for exploration and settlement, Spain relied on ______ and England relied on ______ to advance national goals. |
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Definition
| government; individual joint stock companies |
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Term
| in exchange for passage to the English colonies, young Englishmen were willing to __________. |
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Definition
| Become indentured servants |
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Term
| Sir Walter Raleigh introduced the practice of _________. |
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Definition
| pipe smoking in court circles |
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Term
| what did Virginians do when the demand for labor suddenly increased during the early 1600's? |
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Definition
| white bondage called indentured servitude |
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Term
| Who introduced Trinidad tobacco, a profitable crop, to Virginia? |
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Definition
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Term
| the system of paying for passage for yourself or others to Virginia and receiving ___ acres per person is called the ______ system. |
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Definition
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Term
| What was the first representative assembly in the New World and when did they convene? |
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Definition
| House of Burgesses in 1619 |
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Term
| Most emigrants (3/4ths) to the Chesapeake colonies were ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What might explain why Virginia did not embrace chattel slavery right away? |
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Definition
| the death rate for new immigrants to Virginia was high so slavery was expensive |
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Term
| What name was assigned to the time when Jamestown nearly collapsed due to poor health, lack of food, and fighting with the native population? During what years? |
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Definition
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Term
| Prior to their arrival in the English colony, what was the intent for the first Africans? |
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Definition
| to serve as slaves in Spanish or Portugese colonies |
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Term
| John Rolfe mistakenly reported the arrival of "20 and odd" Africans arriving aboard a _____ warship. It was actually the English privateer _________ that introduced Africans to the colony. |
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Definition
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Term
| How did the English define "black" prior to their first contact with Sub-Saharan Africans and what affect did that definition have on them? |
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Definition
| Evil and wicked. It made it easier to exploit "black" Africans in the colonies. |
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Term
| _____ did not have the "rights of Englishmen" |
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Definition
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Term
| What factors made the Spanish and Portuguese embrace racial slavery? |
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Definition
-profitability of the African slave trade became apparent
-Catholic church denounced enslavement of Christians
-native American population seemed to be on the verge of extinction |
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Term
| The idea that reliance upon indentured servants threatened social stability, which hastened the transition to African slavery in the Chesapeake colonies, came from..? |
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Definition
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Term
| Migration of Africans to the New World is known as |
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Definition
| Diaspora of African Peoples |
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Term
| What was the law that stated servants who were not Christian in their native country should henceforth be defined as “real estate” |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the concerns that were made clear by Bacon’s Rebellion? |
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Definition
presence of a large class of laborers (former servants) jeopardized the power of the wealthy colonial elite
-an alliance of black and white former servants, forged during the rebellion, threatened the power of the wealthy colonial elite |
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Term
| What were the results of the court case involving John Punch? |
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Definition
-two white servants got additional years of service
-all three offenders got lashes
-John Punch got lifelong servitude (slavery) |
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Term
| Describe the Middle Passage |
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Definition
-transport of Africans to the New World
-marked by slaved mutinies, attempted suicides, and refusal to eat
-ships carried between 400-700 captives
-typically took more than 7 weeks
-death rate reached 25 percent in the 17th and early 18th century |
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Term
| What legislation regarding blacks and slaves followed Bacon’s Rebellion? |
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Definition
| -prohibited free blacks and slaves from congregating in large numbers and from bearing arms |
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Term
| What was the most important issue that drove the English colonies to embrace slavery? |
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Definition
| The demand for labor to grow New World cash crops |
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Term
| What did Congregationalists believe? |
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Definition
-only they know the one true faith
-they had a moral obligation to use the government to enforce their beliefs and practices
-there was profit to be made in the New World, as they spread the boundaries of the English territories |
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Term
| What name was given to the first English to settle in the New World to escape religious persecution? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two categories of Congregationalists? |
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Definition
-Separating Congregationalists: Pilgrims of Plymouth (aka Separatists)
-Non-separating Congregationalists: Puritans of Massachusetts Bay |
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Term
| What is a critical distinction between Puritans of Massachusetts Bay and Pilgrims of Plymouth? |
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Definition
| Pilgrims believed the Church of England to be to corrupt to save and demanded significant reform to the practices and hierarchy of the church |
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Term
| What events serve as evidence that there was extreme fear of slave insurrection? |
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Definition
| The large number of blacks executed in New York during the 18th century |
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Term
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Definition
An idea presented by Quakers of Pennsylvania
-idea that every person possessed a spark of divinity within them |
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Term
| What was the cause of the Salem Witch Scare? |
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Definition
| Severe social stresses caused by Indian wars, political conflict with England, and the elimination of religious qualifications for voting |
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Term
| Who was the founder of the Society of friends and where did he get the ideas of simplicity, charity, and humility? |
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Definition
| George Fox took those ideas from the Sermon on the Mount |
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Term
| Which Congregationalists believed in Predestination? |
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Definition
| Puritans of Massachusetts Bay |
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Term
| Which Congregationalists believed it the responsibility of godly men to remain part of the English church and serve as a model for others? |
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Definition
| Puritans of Massachusetts Bay |
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Term
| What did John Winthrop take with him when he sailed for Massachusetts Bay Colony and why? |
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Definition
| The company charter to insure that the colony would be self governing |
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Term
| Which American values did Puritans help shape? |
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Definition
| A sense of mission, work ethic, and moral sensibility |
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Term
| Who rejected both the Church of England and the Puritans? |
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Definition
| Quakers, aka the Society of Friends |
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Term
| What were the causes of the French and Indian War? |
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Definition
-rival claims along the frontier in present day western Pennsylvania
-because George Washington gave the command to fire on the French soldiers
-well connected planters from Virginia faced stagnant tobacco prices and hoped expanding would stabilize their wealth and status |
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Term
| results of the French and Indian War |
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Definition
-removal of the French threat to the colonies
-reduced colonial dependency upon the British for protection against the French and Indians
-addition of Canada as a British colony |
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Term
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Definition
-humans are capable of using their faculty of reason to gain knowledge
-empiricism promoting the idea that knowledge comes from experience and observation of the world
-natural laws could be discovered through observation of nature
-reason above religion and tradition |
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Term
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Definition
-forced colonists to ship goods on British ships
-profit the mother country by implementing mercantilism |
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Term
| what did merchants, especially those in Massachusetts, do in response to the Navigation Acts? |
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Definition
| engaged in smuggling to avoid the financial cost resulting from laws |
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Term
| French and Indian War is also known as |
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Definition
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Term
| The financial cost of the Seven Years' War (French and Indian War) led the British government to..? |
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Definition
| look to North American colonies as a reasonable source of revenue |
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Term
| What, lesser known, symbolic tea party demonstrated inter-colonial unity? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happened in the Glorious Revolution? |
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Definition
| King James II was overthrown by Parliament and replaced with two monarchs of their choice (co-regents, William and Mary) |
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Term
| What was the purpose of the Daughters of Liberty? |
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Definition
| to lead popular protest against efforts to enforce the Navigation Acts |
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Term
| What is the "Massachusetts Circular'? |
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Definition
-published by Samuel Adams
-laid out unconstitutionality of taxation without representation and encouraged the other colonies to protest the taxes by boycotting British goods again. |
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Term
| What are examples of the Navigation Acts? |
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Definition
Townshend Duties
Tea Act
Stamp Act |
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Term
| What is the name given to the lax enforcement of the Navigation Acts? |
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Definition
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Term
| According to John Locke, when was government formed? |
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Definition
| When people agreed to a "social compact" in which they give up some liberties in exchange for the protection of their most sacred rights (life, liberty, and property) |
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Term
| What did the king do in response to colonial efforts to circumvent the Navigation Acts? |
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Definition
| organized the Dominion of New England and appointed a royal governor to assert control over the resistant merchants |
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Term
| _______'s ideas of natural rights provided the rationale which justified the ____________. |
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Definition
| John Locke; Glorious Revolution |
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Term
| Why did English debt increase? |
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Definition
| Anglo-Dutch Wars and the addition of new colonies including Pennsylvania and New York due to the French and Indian War |
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Term
| How did colonials oppose Navigation Acts? |
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Definition
-formed the Sons of Liberty
-initiated inter-colonial correspondence committees
-tea parties
-Declaration of Rights by the Stamp Act Congress |
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Term
| Federalists favored what, in reference to the Constitution vs Articles of Confederation debate? |
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Definition
-strong central government established by the Constitution
-limiting state power to representation by State Senate (2 representatives per state)
-removal of Bill of Rights
-veto of Articles of Confederation
-large republic as protection for individual freedoms |
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Term
| Anti-Federalists favored what, in reference to the Constitution vs Articles of Confederation debate? |
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Definition
-strong power and influence for states
-Bill of Rights
-amended Articles of Confederation
-small republic to protect rights |
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Term
| Where does John Locke place sovereignty? |
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Definition
| In the hands of the people |
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Term
| Where does John Locke place sovereignty? |
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Definition
| In the hands of the people |
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Term
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Definition
unalienable rights
right to defend ones property, right of the people to dissolve government if it was not working solely in the people's favor |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What beliefs did Enlightenment thinkers, especially Deists, hold? |
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Definition
-personal morality (an individual's moral compass which leads to good works and actions) is more important than strict church doctrines
-God who created, but has no continuing involvement, in the world and the events within it |
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Term
| who were pivotal figures of the Enlightenment? |
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Definition
| John Locke and Isaac Newton |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What did the Continental Congress Olive Branch Petition do? |
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Definition
-Continental Congress acknowledged the advantages of continuing colonial loyalty
-the Revolution was attributed to the mistakes of Parliament |
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Term
| How did the Great Awakening prepare colonists for the revolution |
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Definition
-fueled a social and cultural connectedness throughout the colonies
-transformed them to rebellious perishioners when they were ordered to shun the excitement of traveling revivalists such as George Whitefield |
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Term
| who were the authors of Cato's Letters and what did they believe? |
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Definition
-the monarchy was a constant threat to English liberty
-the mixing of "pure" forms of government including monarchy, democracy, and aristocracy made England the greatest government |
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Term
| What fundamental contradiction did the Constitution of Independence reveal about the American Revolution? |
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Definition
| the notion that "all men are created equal" and the simultaneous existence of slavery |
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Term
| Who were the most significant preachers of the Great Awakening in America? |
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Definition
| Jonathan Edwards and members of the Tennent Family |
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Term
| What was the main contradiction within the new nation in regards to the three-fifths compromise to the constitution? |
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Definition
-Whether enslaved Africans/African Americans should (Northerners) or should not (Southerners) be regarded as taxable property
-Whether Africans/African Americans should (Southerners) or should not (Northerners) be regarded as population represented in Congress |
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Term
| What movement fueled a sense of connecteness across the colonies and provided many with their first experience rejecting authority when forced to decide between their traditional church leaders and the excitement of evangelists? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who established modern day Princeton University and what was its purpose? |
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Definition
William Tennent and his sons
Presbyterian seminary (Log College) was to train clergymen in the new emotionally charged, hellfire-and-brimstone, extemporaneous sermons appealing to the heart |
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Term
| What did the Sons of Liberty do? |
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Definition
-Spread warnings about how the acts would affect liberty of all colonists
-tried to keep the captains of ships from paying the duties and posted groups around the ships to make sure the tea wasnt unloaded |
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Term
| Who was the author of Common Sense, a pamphlet that inspired colonists toward independence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What were the Coercive or Intolerable Acts |
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Definition
| laws passed by Parliament to punish Boston for the Tea Party |
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Term
| What did Thomas Jefferson and the Democratic-Republicans think about Hamiltons plan, rural areas, and the kep to success of the American republic? |
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Definition
-Hamiltons program encouraged economic inequalities and worked against the ordinary American yeoman
-rural areas offered opportunities for ownership and virtue for American people
-key to success was self-sufficient, property owning republican citizens or yeoman farmers |
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Term
| Why and how did the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions condemn the Alien and Sedition Acts? |
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Definition
-the acts infringed on personal freedoms like freedom of speech, protected by the Bill of Rights
-the theory of "states' rights" allowed states to declare federal laws null and void |
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