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| Leader of the Turks in Afghanistan. Conquered surrounding regions in northern India. Most famous for raiding Buddhist and Hindu temples. Attempted to convert the local populace to Islam |
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| group of Mongols which overran Russia. Kicked out by Russian state in mid-16th century |
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| Stone city along the silk road, capital of Timur. Center of Arab scholarly study. |
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| Unifier of the Mongol Empire. “Universal Ruler” |
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| 1071, Suljuqs defeated the weakened Byzantine empire in Anatolia |
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| Ghinggis’s Khans grandson. Ruled the mongol empire at its height. Spread Buddhism, supported other major religions. Helped the poor and built roads. Most successful of Ghinggis’s grandsons. |
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| Conqueror, Timur ruler. Expanded his empire, and his capitol at Samarkand |
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| Alcoholic drink, made from fermented Mare’s milk |
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| ruler of a federation of people |
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| Islamic group of turks who extended rule to palsetine, Syria. Defeated the Byzantines at Manzikert. |
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| Afghan Turks who conquered northern India. Mahmud of Ghazni was a Ghaznavid Turk. |
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| Khubilai Khans brother. Established mongol rule in Persia. Was stopped in Syria by Muslim Egyptians. |
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| Principle state in west Africa. Center for the gold trade. Became an important religious center for Islam. |
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| Arabic term meaning “coasters”. Trading people who lived along the east African coast. Developed into city states of great power. |
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| One of the most powerful city states along east African coast, also an important site in the gold trade. |
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| Important figures in African religion. Intelligent individuals (M/F) who served as intermediaries between humanity and the supernatural. |
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| The lion emperor. Founder of the Mali empire. Used a largely cavalry army to conquer in the first half of the 13th century |
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| Kingdom which converted to Christianity in modern day Ethiopia. |
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| Sundiata’s grandnephew. Made pilgrimage to Mecca, spread islam throughout the kingdom. Caused the collapse of the Mali empire to the Songhay, but brought a system of centralized government to the region. |
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| Sub Saharan people, settled along river banks which they travelled by canoe. Cultivated crops, spread language. |
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| West African Kingdom founded in the 13th century by Sundiata. Reached its peak during the reign of Mansa Musa. |
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| One of the best organize of the Bantu states. Had a centralized government in which A king ruled over 6 individually governed provinces. |
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| in reference to the Bantu not having a “formal” system of government, but rather governing themselves through a system of family and kinship groups. |
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| black slaves from the swahilli coast. |
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| groups of similar age within African societies which worked together to accomplish tasks, such as community service, for example building new households. Also formed political and social ties between the individuals and their families. |
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| extended families or clans which served as the basis for triba society in Africa. Shared land and property as a community. |
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| Moroccan born Islamic scholar/ traveler. Traveled for 30 years and traversed the entirety of the Islamic world. |
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| radical Christian sect that believed the world was a struggle between good and evil. Lived in southern france/northern Italy. Was crushed during a crusade against them by the roman catholic church. |
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| Pope who in 1095 called for a crusade to capture the holy land. Anyone who fell in conquest would be granted eternal salvation. |
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| First king after the death of the Carolingians. Started a line known as the Capetian kings which would centralize power in France. |
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| A crusade to Palestine. Venitian ships were contracted to take 30,000 troops. However they were paid insufficient funds. In return the crusaders saced their rival city of Zara, and then Constantinople. Setting up a Christian regime there. |
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| Crusade by French and norman nobles which captured Jerusalem and turned the surrounding areas into Christian states. |
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| Norman conqueror of Sicily. Ruled his subjects justly. |
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| Duke of Normandy, captured England and establish Norman rule there |
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| made a policy saying Emperors no longer choose members of the church. When Henry IV challenged him, he was excommunicated. |
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| devout friars who preached for food. Attempted to bring heretics back to the Roman Catholic Church. |
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| Island in a marshy region in which the Mexica (Aztecs) settled. |
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| The incas main god, the sun god |
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| Mexica war god, patron diety of warriors. Reason for a majority of the ritual sacrifices |
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| “The Obsidian Serpent” led the Mexica against the Oaxaca in southwestern Mexico. Slaughtered the population and colonized the city |
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| Small plots of dredged fertile muck which the Mexica cultivated. |
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| Founder of the Inca empire. Created a system of government in which the state owned storehouses of crops and materials. Also implemented a road system |
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| led the Mexica against the Oaxaca in southwestern Mexico. Slaughtered the population and colonized the city |
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| Aztec ruler at the height of the mexica’s power |
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| Capitol city of the Tolecs. Center of obsidian, pottery, and obsidian work. |
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| regional state in Mexico. Fierce Warriors |
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| Migrants from central mexico. Caused trouble by kidnapping women and stealing already cultivated land. Forced to move by their neighbors. |
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| palace an administrative center, created by the Sandeleur dynasty |
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| The mexica. Capitol at Tenochtitlan, became one of the most powerful states in central Mexico. |
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| The mexica. Capitol at Tenochtitlan, became one of the most powerful states in central Mexico. |
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| settled around lake Titicaca, became on of the most powerful of the city states in Mexico |
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| “The place of the 7 legendary caves”, where the Aztec name comes from. Also the home of their ancestors |
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| “the feathered serpent”, reputation for supporting arts, crafts, and agriculture |
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| Mexica diety “The smoking mirror” giver and taker of life |
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| From American southwest. Agricultural society. Constructed stone and adobe buildings. |
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| From American southwest. Agricultural society. Constructed stone and adobe buildings |
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| Iriquois people living in upstate new york. Foundation for the 5 main tribes of the Iroquois nation. |
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| large scale agricultural society along the Mississippi river. |
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| One of the 5 Iroquois nations that emerged from the Owasco. |
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| One of the 5 Iroquois nations that emerged from the Owasco. |
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| State around the highlands of Peru. Cultivated potatoes, and herded llamas and Alpacas, the only domesticated animals in the Americas at the time. |
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| Sate in the lowlands along Peruvian coast. Very wealthy, distinct differences in social classes |
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| Incian information storage system using knotted strands of colorful rope. |
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| the class of high chiefs in Polynesian society |
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| system of taboo rules for comoners in Polynesian society which forbade them from eating like royalty (Ali`i nui) or even casting shadows on them. |
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| emphasized the disunion between humanity and the divine nature of Jesus. Later condemned as heretical by the church |
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| black death, responsible for the deaths of 30%-60% of the entire European population |
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| compilation of Chinese history, philosophy, and literature. Was an attempt to bring back Chinese cultural traditions |
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| Conflict between France and England which lasted 116 years. Was fought over lands in France |
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| 700 year period in which Christian kings reclaimed the Iberian peninsula from the Muslims. |
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| Son of a Ventitian merchant who spent several years in China under Khubilai Khan. |
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| Turkish monk/ diplomat. Nestorian Christian, traveled to Mongol controlled Baghdad |
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| Established the Ming dynasty. Spent much of his childhood as a beggar. Rose through military ranks, and led the rebellion on the Yuan Dynasty. |
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| Successor to Hongwu, organized naval expedition into the Indian ocean. |
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| leader of yongles expeditions. Muslim from southwestern china. |
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| published first edition of the greek testament |
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| traveled Europe looking for manuscripts |
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| discovered the Americas by trying to reach india from the west |
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| portugeese explorer. Commander of the first ship to sail directly to india fom Europe. |
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| Portuguese explorer who sailed around the southernmost tip of Africa in 1488 |
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| Islamic law based on hadiths and the Koran |
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| rebirth of artistic and intellectual creativity from 14th to 16th century in western Europe |
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| Italian priest, philosopher, and theologian. |
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