Term
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Definition
| Greek for 'creeping animal' |
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Term
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Definition
| Animals that obtain heat from their environment. |
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Term
| What are the influences of temp when you are an ectotherm? |
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Definition
Water loss increase/decrease
Behavior increase/decrease |
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Term
| What are some uniting characters of Herps? |
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Definition
ectothermic
tetrapods (for the most part) - 4 legs
not monophyletic group |
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Term
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Definition
| a group that contains all desendents of common ancestor |
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Term
| What are the three clades of the Lissamphibia? |
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Definition
Urodela - Salamanders
Anura - Frogs
Gymnophiona - Caecillians |
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Term
| Are reptiles monophyletic? |
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Definition
| No, you have to include Dinosaurs and birds for them to be monophyletic |
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Term
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Definition
Testudines - Turtles
Crocodylia - Crocs
Sphenodontidae - 2 species in NZ
Squamata - Lizards/Snakes/Worm Lizards
Serpentes - Snakes
Amphisbaenia - Worm Lizards |
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Term
| What are the different characters we can use to describe a creature? |
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Definition
Morphological
Anatomical
Color Pattern
Karyotypes
Biochemical |
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Term
| What is a morphological character that can be used to describe a creature? |
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Definition
Some kind of body form or structure. They are either morphometric or menistics.
Morphometric are quantitative
Menistics are counted |
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Term
| What are anatomical characters that can be used to describe a creature? |
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Definition
| shape, presence/absence, yes/no questions |
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Term
| What are color patterns that can be used to classify a creature? |
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Definition
| These are not very reliable because they are often change with time or temperature. Bands of color are often good marks |
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Term
| What are karyotypes that can be used to classify a creature? |
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Definition
| The number and morphology of Chromosomes |
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Term
| What are the biochemical ways to classify a character? |
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Definition
The composition of toxic secreations of frogs
Neuculotide sequence of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| The study of evolutionary relationships among organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| describing and classifying organisms |
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Term
| What is Linnaean taxonomy? |
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Definition
| categories that provide info on similarities, this reflects evolutionary history |
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Term
| What is evolutionary taxonomy? |
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Definition
| arranging species by their similarity as it reflects homology (descent form a common ancestor) |
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Term
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Definition
| members of a group share a common evolutionary history and are closely related |
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Term
| What are the assumptions of cladistics? |
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Definition
- any group of organisms is realted by descent from a common ancestor
- there is a bifurating patter of cladogenesis (splits into 2 groups)
- changes happen over time |
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Term
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Definition
| closet to ancestral state |
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Term
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Definition
| derived or changed characteristic from the ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| a shared derived chracteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait in common because it was shared with common ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
a similarity due to convergent evolution not a common ancestor
eg - bats and birds |
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Term
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Definition
a monophyletic group more closely related to the group in question then any other group
eg - crocs and birds |
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Term
| define - transformation series |
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Definition
| a group of characters ordered from ancestral to derived |
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Term
| compare Linnean Taxonomy vs Evolutionary Taxonomy |
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Definition
Linnean is based on putting species into groups/bins
Evolutionary uts things based on a time scale |
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Term
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Definition
| a group containing some by not all of its decendents |
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Term
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Definition
| a group containing taxa that lack a common ancestor |
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Term
| What are the barriers from water to land |
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Definition
1 - respiration
2 - movement
3 - Feeding
4 - skin
5 - senses
6 - other |
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Term
| What is necessary for water to land transition regarding respiration? |
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Definition
| need development of buccal pump and lungs |
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Term
| What is necessary for water to land transition regarding movement? |
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Definition
transition from fins to limbs
shit from rowing to bottom walking
need to be able to bend |
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Term
| What is necessary for water to land transition regarding feeding? |
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Definition
have to develop new way of feeding (no suction)
need functional neck for capturing prey
need head to become seperate from pectoral girdle
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Term
| What is necessary for water to land transition regarding skin? |
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Definition
Epidermis needs to thicken
Keratinzation of outer layers
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Term
| What is necessary for water to land transition regarding senses? |
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Definition
-Transition from aquatic to terrestrial perception
- need to be able to deal with density differences between water and air
- later line and electric organs only present in aquatic animals |
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Term
| What is necessary for water to land transition regarding other things? |
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Definition
development of metamorphosis
diversification
reproduction remained fishlike (external) |
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Term
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Definition
- Teeth are pedicellate and bicuspid
- Eater with stapes and operculum and a pair of papillae
- gonads and fat bodies develop from same place
- specialized green rods
-cutaneous respiration
- ribs do not encircle body
- raise and lower eyes |
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Term
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Definition
| egg that contains 4 extracrologtic membrances |
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Term
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Definition
- gas diffusion
- removal of waste
- involved in formation of umbilical cord in placental mammals |
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Term
| what are the uses of a yolk sac? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the use of Chorion? |
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Definition
| surrounds all membranes and provides over all exclosure for young |
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Term
| Transition to dry habitats |
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Definition
skin - keratinization
senses - lacked eardrums
very visual
skin highly permeable
reproduction limited to water
Locomotion - streghten verterbal column
- hindlimbs longer/stronger
Respirtaion - change from buccal pump to thoraic
- reduction of bones |
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Term
| 3 major groups of Amniotes |
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Definition
synapsida - mammals
anapsida - testudines and stem turtles
Diapsiada - birds/crocs/ lizards/snakes,etc |
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Term
| contrast anapsid/synapsid/diapsid |
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Definition
Anapsid - no hole
Synapsid - one hole
Diapsid - two hole
no fenestra/hole considered more primative |
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Term
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Definition
1 - amniotic egg and associated membranes
2 - internal fertilization
3 - loss of complex folding of dentine in tract
4 - caniniform maxillary teeth
5 - many others |
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Term
| Archosauromorpha synapomorphies |
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Definition
teeth set in sockets
new skull openings
process on shart of femur as an attachment for tail muscles
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Term
| Testudines (Turtles) synapomorphies |
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Definition
Anapsid
Solid Stapes
HOrney back covering
no teeth on jaw
limb girdles encased on shell |
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Term
| Lepidosaur synapomorphies |
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Definition
teeth attached loosely to tooth-bearing bones
funsion of pelvic bone late in development
paired copulatory organs
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Term
| What are some differences between pond living tadpoles and stream living tadpoles? |
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Definition
| strea types are more stream lined, have reduced gills and are bullet shaped |
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Term
| What are granular glands? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the three kinds of reptile teeth? |
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Definition
Acrodont - directly to bone
Thecodont - in sockets
Pleunodont - arise from groove |
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Term
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Definition
| Teeth that are set in the bone |
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Term
| What are thecodont teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are Pleunodont teeth? |
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Definition
| teeth arising from a groove in the jaw |
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Term
| What are the two methods of fertilization? |
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Definition
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Term
| What species always have external fertilization? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the difference in yolk content between reptiles and amphibians? |
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Definition
Amphib - moderate to heavy yolk
- hatch partially developed
Reptiles - heavy yolk
- hatch as mini adults
- no larval stage |
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Term
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Definition
| differentiation of cells into tissues/organs etc |
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Term
| What stage do amphibians hatch at? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stage do reptiles hatch at? |
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Definition
| mini adults, at the end of embryogenesis |
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Term
| What method of development do amphibians have? |
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Definition
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Term
| What method of development do reptiles have? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The change in time or rate of development relative to an ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| sexually mature individual with juv characteristics |
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Term
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Definition
| a trait that develops beyond the state or condition of the trait of the ancestor |
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Term
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Definition
| Change in development time without change in morphology |
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Term
| What are the differences between interspecific and intraspecific |
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Definition
Inter - between species
Intra - within species |
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Term
| What are free living larvae? |
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Definition
| Most are able to actively feed though some depend on yolk sac. They need fishless areas. Most are aquatic. |
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Term
| What are the anatomical features of free living larvae? |
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Definition
thin skin - highly vascularized
external gills
lidless eyes
muscular trunks
tails or caudal fins
skeleton mostly or entirely made of cartilage
lateral line system |
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Term
| What are important for reptile eggs? |
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Definition
Oviposition sites
temperature (sex ratio)
moisture (no submersion) |
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Term
| Do most herps have parental care? |
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Definition
| No, crocs are an example that do though |
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Term
| What affects speed of growth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are some characteristics of reptiles skin? |
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Definition
Most of skin is modified into scales, plates, scutes or sheilds
All karatinized
scales tend to overlap in squamates but not in turtles/crocs |
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Term
| What are some characteristics of amphibians skin? |
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Definition
mucus and granular glads
breath through skin (highly vascularized) |
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Term
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Definition
| plates under the skin of reptiles that function as armor |
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Term
| What are the purpose of skin glands? |
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Definition
| water proofing/pheromones/etc |
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Term
| What are the special uses of keratin in amphibians? |
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Definition
spades formed on foots of spadefoot toads
nuptual pads
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What were some of the changes that had to take place regarding the skeleton to move from water to land |
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Definition
lost the bouyancy of water
needed to move from undulatory movement to limbed
needed linked vertebrate
needed to modify cranium to capture and ingest terrestrial food
reps and amphibs (not turtles) have lateral body fixiation |
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Term
| What kind of teeth do caecillians or frogs have? |
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Definition
| they have unicuspid or curved teeth |
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Term
| where do salamanders have their teeth? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the appendicular trends ? |
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Definition
~ limbs are derived from fins of fishes
~ pectoral girdle loses articulation with skull
~ pelvic girdle becomes enlarged and elaborated
~ joints form along limbs |
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Term
| What sensory organs do have larvae have? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the ampullary sense? |
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Definition
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Term
| What groups lack the tympana? |
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Definition
| salamanders, caecilians and some frogs |
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Term
| What is the purpose of the tympana |
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Definition
| to detect airborne sounds |
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Term
| what are the two ways that herps detect sounds? |
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Definition
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Term
| What species can close their ears? and for what purpose? |
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Definition
crocs and geckos
for when they go underwater |
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Term
| How do amphibian lungs work? |
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Definition
thin walled sacs that are highly vascularized
or the buccal pump system |
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Term
| how does the buccal pump system work? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many lungs do snakes have? |
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Definition
| ussually only one and on the right side |
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Term
| How do most reptiles breath? |
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Definition
| with lungs that are filled through thoratic contractions |
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