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hemolytic disorders
final
96
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Professional
06/13/2012
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Term
1.     Inflammatory edema is always mediated through the use of _____.
 Definition
CYTOKINES
Term
2.     Non-inflammatory edema is always mediated through the role of _____ across _____.
 Definition
HEMODYNAMIC FORCES ACROSS THE CAPILLARY WALL
Term
3.     4 causes of non-inflammatory edema.
 Definition
1) INCREASED HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (HYPERTENSION), 2) DECREASED PLASMA COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE, 3) IMPAIRED LYMPH FLOW, 4) RENAL RETENTION OF SALT AND WATER
Term
4.     The main cause of a local increase in hydrostatic pressure in non-inflammatory edema is impaired venous outflow due to _____.
 Definition
THROMBOSIS
Term
5.     2 general causes of increased hydrostatic pressure in non-inflammatory edema.
 Definition
HEART FAILURE AND RENAL FAILURE
Term
6.     4 causes of a reduced plasma oncotic pressure in non-inflammatory edema.
 Definition
1) LOSS OF SERUM ALBUMIN, 2) NEPHROTIC SYNDROME, 3) CIRRHOSIS, 4) MALNUTRITION
Term
7.     3 causes of lymphatic obstruction in non-inflammatory edema.
 Definition
1) INFLAMMATION, 2) NEOPLASIA, 3) PARASITIC INFECTION
Term
8.     What is the primary cause of salt and water retention in non-inflammatory edema?
 Definition
REDUCED RENAL FUNCTION
Term
9.     What is a secondary cause of salt and water retention in non-inflammatory edema?
 Definition
HEART DISEASE
Term
10.  _____ is localized edema in subcutaneous tissues.
 Definition
DEPENDENT EDEMA
Term
11.  Dependent edema is most often caused by _____, and it often involved the lower extremities.
 Definition
HEART FAILURE
Term
12.  _____ is having peritoneal edema.
 Definition
ASCITES
Term
13.  _____ is a form of subcutaneous edema that cause periorbital pitting and edema.
 Definition
ANASARCA (GENERALIZED EDEMA)
Term
14.  The most often cause of anasarca is _____.
 Definition
RENAL FAILURE
Term
15.  What is more severe dependent edema or anasarca?
 Definition
ANASARCA
Term
16.  _____ is characterized by edematous, proteinaceous (“frothy”) fluid within alveoli.
 Definition
PULMONARY EDEMA
Term
17.  _____ is a macrophage which has ingested and digested RBC’s due to increased hydrostatic pressure in alveolar capillaries causing pulmonary edema.
 Definition
HEART FAILURE CELL
Term
18.  2 causes of pulmonary edema.
 Definition
1) HEART FAILURE, 2) MICROVASCULAR DAMAGE BY MICROBES
Term
19.  What are the 2 main symptoms of pulmonary edema?
 Definition
DYSPNEA AND CHEST PAIN
Term
20.  _____ edema is caused by an increase in intracranial pressure.
 Definition
BRAIN EDEMA
Term
21.  Brain edema can either be _____ or _____.
 Definition
LOCALIZED OR DIFFUSE
Term
22.  _____ is an increase of blood flow to a tissue.
 Definition
HYPEREMIA
Term
23.  2 causes of hyperemia.
 Definition
1) SYMPATHETIC STIMULATION, 2) CHEMICALLY MEDIATED
Term
24.  _____ is decreased blood flow away from a tissue.
 Definition
CONGESTION
Term
25.  Congestion can occur either _____ or _____.
 Definition
LOCALLY OR SYSTEMIC
Term
26.  Congestion usually results in _____.
 Definition
EDEMA
Term
27.  Congestion leads to _____ of the affected tissue causing cyanosis.
 Definition
HYPOXIA
Term
28.  Congestion in the lungs is causes by _____.
 Definition
LEFT SIDED HEART FAILURE
Term
29.  Congestion in the liver is caused by _____.
 Definition
RIGHT SIDED HEART FAILURE
Term
30.  Congestion in the liver is referred to as _____.
 Definition
NUTMEG LIVER
Term
31.  7 causes of hemorrhaging.
 Definition
1) TRAUMA, 2) ANEURYSMS, 3) EROSION, 4) MICROBES, 5) NEOPLASIA, 6) VITAMIN DEFICIENCY OF C+K, 7) THROMBOCYTOPENIA
Term
32.  The clinical significance of hemorrhage is dependent on these 3 factors.
 Definition
1) VOLUME OF BLOOD LOSS, 2) RATE OF BLOOD LOSS, 3) LOCATION OF HEMORRHAGE
Term
33.  _____ is a collection of blood in the space between the chest wall and the lung (pleural cavity).
 Definition
HEMOTHORAX
Term
34.  _____ is when there is effusion of blood in the pericardial sac of the heart.
 Definition
HEMOPERICARDIUM
Term
35.  _____ is the presence of blood in the peritoneal cavity.
 Definition
HEMOPERITONEUM
Term
36.  _____ is a bruise about 1cm in diameter that is generally round in shape.
 Definition
HEMATOMA PURPURA
Term
37.  _____ is a subcutaneous extravasation of blood in a thin layer under the skin over 1cm in diameter.
 Definition
ECCHYMOSIS
Term
38.  _____ are small pinpoint hematomas less than 3mm in diameter usually caused by bacteria damaging capillary membranes.
 Definition
PETECHIAE
Term
39.  _____ is the maintenance of clot-free blood within the vascular system while allowing for the formation of a solid plug of blood under conditions of vessel wall injury.
 Definition
HEMOSTASIS
Term
40.  These are the 3 key players in hemostasis.
 Definition
1) VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM, 2) PLATELETS, 3) COAGULATION SYSTEM
Term
41.  _____ are platelets from sub-endothelial collagen.
 Definition
INSULATES
Term
42.  _____ and _____ synthesis inhibits platelet aggregation.
 Definition
PROSTACYCLIN (PGI2), and ADPASE
Term
43.  Nitric oxide synthesis causes _____ and _____.
 Definition
VASODILATION AND INHIBITS PLATELET AGGREGATION
Term
44.  Heparin like molecule synthesis activates _____ to degrade thrombin.
 Definition
ANTI-THROMBIN III
Term
45.  _____ is responsible from converting plasminogen to plasmin.
 Definition
TISSUE PLASMINOGEN ACTIVATOR (T-PA)
Term
46.  _____ is responsible for degrading fibrin.
 Definition
PLASMIN
Term
47.  4 proteins needed for platelet adhesion to a damaged endothelium.
 Definition
1) VON WILDEBRAND FACTOR, 2) TISSUE FACTOR SYNTHESIS, 3) PAF, 4) T-PA INHIBITOR
Term
48.  The synthesis of _____ is essential for platelet adhesion.
 Definition
VON WILDEBRAND FACTOR
Term
49.  _____ synthesis is a glycoprotein which activates the coagulation system.
 Definition
TISSUE FACTOR SYNTHESIS
Term
50.  _____ are the “bricks” of a thrombus.
 Definition
PLATELETS
Term
51.  5 cytokines released by platelets causing activation of the coagulation system.
 Definition
1) TXA2, 2) ADP, 3) FACTOR V, 4) FACTOR VIII, 5) CALCIUM
Term
52.  Von wilebrand factor causes activated platelets to bind to exposed _____ forming a platelet plug.
 Definition
COLLAGEN
Term
53.  The platelet plug becomes definitive with formation of _____ from _____, which causes a fused mass of platelets.
 Definition
FIBRIN FROM THROMBIN
Term
54.  The coagulation system is activated by _____ or _____.
 Definition
FACTOR XII OR TISSUE FACTOR
Term
55.  What is the end product of the coagulation system?
 Definition
FORMATION OF FIBRIN MONOMERS
Term
56.  _____ is the “cement” of a thrombus.
 Definition
FIBRIN
Term
57.  _____ is an aggregate of platelets, fibrin, and blood cells within the non-interrupted vascular system within the non-interrupted vascular system.
 Definition
THROMBUS
Term
58.  A thrombus is adherent to the _____.
 Definition
VASCULAR ENDOTHELIUM
Term
59.  A thrombus may arise in _____ or _____ circulation.
 Definition
ARTERIAL OR VENOUS
Term
60.  3 pre-disposing factors to arterial thrombi.
 Definition
1) DAMAGED ENDOTHEMIUM, 2) ALTERATIONS IN NORMAL BLOOD FLOW, 3) INCREASED COAGULABILITY OF BLOOD
Term
61.  8 causes of endothelium injury leading to arterial thrombi.
 Definition
1) ATHEROSCLEROTIC LESION PROGRESSION, 2) HEMODYNAMIC STRESS, 3) RADIATION, 4) TRAUMA, 5) CHEMICALS, 6) MICROBES, 7) ISCHEMIC DAMAGE TO ENDOCARDIUM, 8) VALVULAR DAMAGE
Term
62.  4 steps in the alteration of normal blood flow causing arterial thrombi.
 Definition
1) PHYSICAL DAMAGETO ENDOTHELIUM, 2) DISRUPTS LAMINAR FLOW, 3) PREVENT RENAL CLEARANCE OF COAGULATION PROTEINS, 4) RETARDS FLOW OF ANTICOAGULATS TO SITE OF INJURY
Term
63.  6 predisposing increased coagulability factors leading to arterial thrombi.
 Definition
1) HOMOCYSTEINE, 2) GENETIC DEFECT IN ANTICOAGULANT PROTEINS OR COAGULANT PROTEINS, 3) NEOPLASIAS RELEASING PROCOAGULANTS, 4) POLYCYTHEMIA VERA, 5) SMOKING, 6) OBESITY
Term
64.  _____ is the most common cause of death in the US.
 Definition
ARTERIAL THROMBI
Term
65.  Arterial thrombi results in _____.
 Definition
ISCHEMIC INFARCTION
Term
66.  Arterial thrombi can cause death through these 3 mechanisms.
 Definition
1) MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION, 2) CEREBRAL INFARCTION, 3) RENAL INFARCTION
Term
67.  Where is the most common site of venous thrombus?
 Definition
SUPERFICIAL LEG VEINS
Term
68.  _____ is the most common clinical manifestation of thrombosis in the venous system.
 Definition
DEEP VEIN THROMBOSIS
Term
69.  The most common clinical manifestation of deep leg vein thrombosis is _____.
 Definition
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
Term
70.  4 clinical manifestations of deep leg vein thrombosis.
 Definition
1) EDEMA OF FOOT AND ANKLE, 2) PAIN IN FOOT AND ANKLE, 3) LOCAL ISCHEMIA CAUSED BY BACTERIAL SKIN INFECTIONS, 4) PULMONARY EMBOLIZATION
Term
71.  _____ is the pain in the foot or ankle of a patient with a deep leg vein thrombosis.
 Definition
HOWMAN’S SIGN
Term
72.  5 different fates of a thrombus.
 Definition
1) DISSOLUTION, 2) PROPAGATION, 3) ORGANIZATION, 4) RECANALIZATION, 5) EMBOLIZATION
Term
73.  _____ is a detached intravascular mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin.
 Definition
EMBOLUS
Term
74.  What is the most common type of embolus?
 Definition
THROMBOEMBOLUS
Term
75.  Emboli formation results in partial or complete occlusion of _____.
 Definition
VESSEL LUMINA
Term
76.  Emboli may lodge in _____ or _____ circulation.
 Definition
PULMONARY OR SYSTEMIC
Term
77.  _____ is the most common preventable death in hospitalized patients.
 Definition
PULMONARY EMBOLI
Term
78.  _____ and _____ are used to prevent death of pulmonary emboli patients.
 Definition
AMBULATION AND ANTICOAGULANTS
Term
79.  Pulmonary emboli arise from _____.
 Definition
DEEP LEG VEIN THROMBI
Term
80.  _____ are emboli which are arterial in origin.
 Definition
SYSTEMIC EMBOLI
Term
81.  The most common site of enlodgement of a systemic emboli is in the _____.
 Definition
LOWER EXTREMITY
Term
82.  _____ is an area of ischemic necrosis within a tissue or organ.
 Definition
INFARCTION
Term
83.  Infarctions are most often caused by _____ or _____ occlusion.
 Definition
THROMBOTIC OR EMBOLIC
Term
84.  3 determining factors of infarction.
 Definition
1) NATURE OF VASCULAR SUPPLY, 2) RATE OF DEVELOPMENT OF OCCLUSION, 3) VULNERABILITY OF TISSUES TO HYPOXIA
Term
85.  Infarcts eventually lead to _____ necrosis.
 Definition
COAGULATIVE NECROSIS
Term
86.  _____ is the hypoperfusion of tissues.
 Definition
SHOCK
Term
87.  3 different types of shock.
 Definition
1) CARDIOGENIC SHOCK, 2) HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK, 3) SEPTIC SHOCK
Term
88.  3 causes of cardiogenic shock.
 Definition
1) MI, 2) CARDIAC TAMPONADE, 3) COR PULMONALE
Term
89.  3 causes of hypovolemic shock.
 Definition
1) HEMORRHAGE, 2) SEVERE TRAUMA, 3) EXTENSIVE BURNS
Term
90.  _____ is a condition caused by endotoxin release from gram negative bacteria (role of LPS).
 Definition
SEPTIC SHOCK
Term
91.  In septic shock, _____ is the endotoxin released by gram negative bacteria that binds to endothelial cells and causes damage.
 Definition
LPS
Term
92.  In septic shock, endotoxins released by gram negative bacteria stimulates the release of _____, which stimulates the release of _____.
 Definition
CYTOKINES; ALL INFLAMMATORY MEDIATORS
Term
93.  When cytokines are released in septic shock, it causes direct injury to the _____.
 Definition
ENDOTHEMIUM
Term
94.  _____ is a stage of shock that is a compensatory mechanism to maintain blood pressure.
 Definition
NON- PROGRESSIVE STAGE
Term
95.  _____ is a stage of shock where tissue hypoxia and metabolic acidosis occurs.
 Definition
PROGRESSIVE STAGE
Term
96.  _____ is a stage of shock when there is enzyme leakage, and organ shut down.
 Definition
IRREVERSIBLE STAGE
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