Term
| anticoaglated specimen in which cellular components fall or centrifuged to bottom the remaining supernatant fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| does NOT contain fibrinogen- fibrinogen consumed in creation of fibrin clot |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| RBC with less hgb per cell |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| series of tests of the peripheral blood that provide information about the hematological system |
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Definition
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Term
| most common order diagnostic lab study |
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Definition
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Term
| From where are cell derived in CBC? |
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Definition
| cells are derived from the bone marrow |
|
|
Term
| How are specimens obtained in CBC? |
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Definition
| Specimens may be obtained via venous, arterial or heelstick |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 types of cells evaluated in CBC? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 6 components of the CBC |
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Definition
WBC (total + differential)
RBC
Hgb
HCT
Plts
MPV (Mean Platelet Volume) |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 RBC indices in a CBC? |
|
Definition
MCV
RDW (Mean Cell Distribution Width)
MCHC
MCH |
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Term
| What are the 5 types of WBCs? |
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Definition
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophil
Basophil
Neutrophil |
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Term
| What is an automated or manual percentage of each type of WBC? |
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Definition
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Term
| Normal values of WBC's differ for what population? |
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Definition
| Differ for infants and very young children; in this population lymphocytes are higher than neutrophils |
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Term
| Infection, Inflammation, Trauma, Medical Stress, Dehydration, Malignancy (leukemia), and Medications all cause what abnormality in a CBC? |
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Definition
| Elevated WBC (leukocytosis) |
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Term
| Decreased bone marrow cell production, Bone marrow failure (aplastic anemia), Malignancy, Chronic Disease, Severe sepsis, Hypersplenism, and Post-chemotherapy all cause what abnormality in a CBC? |
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Definition
| Decreased WBC (leukopenia) |
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Term
| What is the prevalence of the 5 WBC's in order of concentration from highest to lowest? |
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Definition
Highest concentration: Neutrophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Lowest concentration: Basophils |
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Term
|
Definition
| polymorphonuclear leukocytes; neutrophils |
|
|
Term
| What is the cellular defense against acute bacterial infection? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How do immature neutrophils, or "bands" associated with severe infections occur? |
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Definition
| enhanced neutrophil production- earlier immature cells enter circulation |
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|
Term
| What might precursor neutrophils indicate? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| Absolute Neutrophil Count = WBC * (% neutrophil + % band) |
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Term
| What is defined as a prominence of immature cells in the peripheral blood and is noted in the white cell differential? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two types of lymphocytes? |
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Definition
| B cells (antibodies) and T cells (cell mediated immunity) |
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Term
| Are lymphocytes differentiated in the CBC testing? |
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Definition
| Lymphocytes not differentiated in the CBC testing. |
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Term
| Why might lymphocytosis indicate? |
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Definition
| high lymphocyte count indicates viral infection (CMV, EBV, HSV) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the term for monocytes after they travel through blood and enter into tissue area of infection? |
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Definition
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Term
| What abnormality in a CBC is caused by infections (TB, Hep, subacute bacterial endocarditis), collagen-vascular disorders, and lymphomas? |
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Definition
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Term
| What WBC has a role in allergic reactions and parasitic infections? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is caused by neoplastic disease, collagen-vascular disease, and hypereosinphilic syndromes? |
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Definition
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Term
| What role do basophils play in the body? |
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Definition
| Role in allergic infections |
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Term
| What abnormality in a CBC is seen with systemic mast cell disease and mloproliferative disease? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is defined as the percentage of total blood volume made of RBCs? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is a spun Hct calculated? |
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Definition
| Height of column of RBC / height of column of whole blood * 100 |
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Term
| What are the normal hct values for men and women? |
|
Definition
Males 40-52%
Females 37-47% |
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Term
| What is the oxygen binding component of RBCs that correlates with Hct |
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Definition
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Term
| Hgb is equal to 1 gram of Hgb per what volume of blood? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Normal values of Hgb for males and females |
|
Definition
males: 14-18 g/dL
females: 12-16 g/dL |
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Term
| What is the number of RBCs in 1 mm3 of blood, and is closely related to Hgb or Hct? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| RBC indices include information about what 4 characteristics of RBCs? |
|
Definition
size, weight, and Hgb concentration
absolute RBC values |
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|
Term
| What is defined as the average size of RBCs? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| [HCT/RBC million/mm3] * 10 |
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|
Term
| What is defined as a variation in RBC size that measures the distribution around the mean of any given MCV? |
|
Definition
| RBC Distribution Width (RDW) |
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|
Term
| How would a normal RDW differ from an elevated RDW? |
|
Definition
normal: RBCs usually about the same size
elevated: 2 or more cell populations |
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Term
| What is defined as the average concentration of Hgb per volume (dL) of blood divided by Hct? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Is hyperchromia a real entity? |
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Definition
| Hyperchromia is not a real entity. |
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Term
| What is the average weight of Hgb per RBC? |
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Definition
| MCH- Mean Corpuscular Hgb |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| MCH closely follows what other measurement? |
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Definition
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Term
| A decreased MCH is associated with what other values? |
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Definition
| Small RBCs and diminished Hgb |
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Term
| What are 3 diseases that may cause Low MCV? |
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Definition
| Fe deficiency anemia, thalassemia, anemia of chronic disease |
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Term
What is the MCV in the following diseases:
Acute blood loss anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Anemia of chronic disease
Chronic renal or liver disease
Bone marrow failure
Red cell aplasia
Hypothyroidism
Mixed anemia (macrocytic and microcytic) |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the MCV in the following diseases?
B12 or folate deficiency
Medications (cancer drugs- folate deficiency)
Alcohol use
Chronic liver disease
Hypothyroidism |
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Definition
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|
Term
What is the RDW in the following diseases?
Fe deficiency
B12 or folate deficiency
Sickle cell anemia
Hemolytic anemia
Post hemorrhagic anemia
Chronic liver disease |
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Definition
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|
Term
How would the RBC count differ in the following conditions?
High altitude
Chronic hypoxia
COPD
Dehydration
Congenital heart disease
Hematological disease (polycthemia vera and epogen secreting tumors) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Reticulocytes are released into the blood under what conditions? |
|
Definition
| erythropoietic stress- precursor cells released from bone marrow into circulation- intense production, damaged bone marrow |
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Term
| Where are platelets formed? |
|
Definition
| Formed from megakaryocytes in the bone marrow |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Where are platelets mostly found? |
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Definition
| Most in blood circulation |
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Term
| A small amount of platelets are found in what 2 organs? |
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Definition
| Small amount in liver and spleen |
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Term
What blood level is altered with the following conditions?
Bone marrow malignancy
Medications
Alcohol
B12 deficiency |
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Definition
| thrombocytopenia from decreased production |
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Term
| Splenic sequestration causes what abnormality? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What abnormality in the CBC is found with the following abnormalities?
ITP
lupus
lymphoma
drug induced
infectious (EBV and malaria)
DIC
TTP
vascular |
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Definition
| thrombocytopenia- peripheral destruction |
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|
Term
What abnormality is seen with the following conditions?
Fe deficiency anemia
post-splenectomy
acute inflammatory process
essential thrombocytosis |
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Definition
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Term
| In what test is a Wright-Giemsa stain used? |
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Definition
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Term
| Peripheral blood smear evaluates what 3 blood components? |
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Definition
| RBC, WBC, plateltet evaluation |
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Term
| How is the WBC performed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Toxic granulation (WBCs) or basophilic stippling (RBCs) are examples of what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What stops blood loss from a damaged vessel? |
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Definition
| In hemostasis, a fibrin clot stops hemorrhage and helps repair damaged vessels |
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Term
| What process involves coagulation with platelets initiated less than or equal to 20 seconds of blood vessel injury? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process involves activation of coagulation cascade, the formation of fibrin (by coagulation factors) and strengthening of platelet plug? |
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Definition
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Term
| What process involves the formation of plasmin for clot breakdown and is down regulated by anticoagulant pathways? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What leads to fibrin formation and involves the following coagulation factors:
high-molecular weight kininogen
prekallikrein
Factors XII, XI, IX, and VIII
and cofactor VIII |
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Definition
| Intrinsic pathway (contact activation pathway) |
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Term
| What is a minor pathway that involves a 2nd rounte of intrinsic pathway stimulation that involves direct activation of factor IX by the tissue factor-factor VII complex? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What leads to fibrin formation and involves the following coagulation factors:
tissue factor
factor VII complex
activates factor X |
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Definition
| Extrinsic pathway- Tissue Factor Pathway |
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|
Term
| How does the extrinsic pathway generate thrombin? |
|
Definition
| primary conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin |
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Term
| What involves factor X mediated generation of thromin from prothrombin, factor V, Ca2+, and platelet phospholipid |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Fibrinolysis is involved in which stage of the coagulation process? |
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Definition
| Final process of coagulation |
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Term
| What are 4 clinical indications for obtaining coagulation studies? |
|
Definition
Excessive bleeding
Increased risk of thrombosis
Therapeutic monitoring
Abnormal screening tests |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 coagulation system lab tests? |
|
Definition
aPTT (activated partial thromboplastin time)
PT(INR) prothromin time (international normalized ratio) |
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|
Term
| PT is often ordered with what other test? |
|
Definition
| PT and PTT are often ordered together |
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|
Term
| What are 2 screening tests for problems in blood clotting process |
|
Definition
| Coagulation System Lab Tests (PT and PTT) |
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Term
| PT and PTT detect most clotting proglem associate with what? |
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Definition
| Detects most clotting problems associated with coagulation factors |
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Term
| Does PT measure extrinsic or intrinsic pathway of coagulation? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How is the PT test performed? |
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Definition
| Test is performed by adding tissue thromboplastin and Ca2+ resulting in plasma and measuring time and clot formation |
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Term
| INR is usually reported with what value? |
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Definition
| INR is usually reported with PT |
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Term
|
Definition
| International Normalized Ratio |
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Term
|
Definition
| (Pt prothrombin time/control prothrombin time)^ISI |
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Term
| What is defined as the function of the relationship btwn working and WHO thromboplastins? |
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Definition
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|
Term
What test is indicated by the following:
Assess clotting tendencies
Liver damage
Vitamin K synthesis
Warfarin dosing |
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Definition
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|
Term
What abnormality occurs with the following conditions?
Warfarin therapy
Vitamin K deficiency
Poor factor VII synthesis
Increased consumption of extrinsic factors |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What measures intrinsic pathway (and common pathway)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is formed by adding Factor XII activator, a phospholipid and Ca2+ ions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What tests are indicated with the following:
Assess clotting tendency
Monitor liver damage
Monitor heparin therapy |
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Definition
|
|
Term
What abnormal test result occurs with the following conditions:
Use of heparin
antiphospholipid Ab
coagulation factor deficiency (e.g. hemophelia) |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is indicated when PTT or aPTT are about 1.5 to 2.5 times the normal values? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What are 5 other coagulation system lab tests beside aPTT, PTT, and PT? |
|
Definition
TCT (thrombin time)
Bleeding tme
D-dimer
FDP (fibrinogen degradation products)
Platelet function tests (uncommon) |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 etiologies of clotting disorders? |
|
Definition
Platelet and vessel wall
coagulation and thrombosis
hypercoagulability |
|
|
Term
What etiology of clotting disorder occurs with the following conditions?
ITP
TTP
HUS- Hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Glanzmann's thrombasthenia
Bernard-Soulier syndrome (abnormal glycoprotein IB-IX-V complex) |
|
Definition
| clotting disorders resulting from platelet and vessel wall |
|
|
Term
What etiology of clotting disorders occurs with the following conditions:
DIC
Factor Deficiencies
Hemophilia A,B,C
Von Willebrand disease
Factor Inhibitors
Platelet Dysfunction |
|
Definition
| Coagulation and Thrombosis |
|
|
Term
What etiology of clotting disorders occurs with the following conditions?
Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis ("white clot syndrome")
Antiphospholipid syndrome
Fator V Leiden
Prothrombin mutation
Protein C deficiency
Protein S deficiency
Antithrombin deficiency |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* Iron deficiency anemia
* Pernicious anemia or folic acid deficiency
* Aplastic anemia
* Radiation therapy
* Bone marrow failure caused by infection or cancer |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
* Bleeding: If you bleed (hemorrhage), then the number of reticulocytes will rise a few days later in an attempt to compensate for the red cell loss. If you have chronic blood loss, then the number of reticulocytes will stay at an increased level as the marrow tries to keep up with the demand for new RBCs.
* Hemolytic anemia
* Hemolytic disease of the newborn |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| csf: yellowish, turbid. marked increase in polymorphonuclear cells. slightly increased or normal lymphocytes. |
|
Definition
| pyogenic pacterial meningitis |
|
|
Term
| csf: clear fluid. slightly increase or normal polymorphonuclear cell. marked lymphocyte increase. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| csf: yellowish and viscous. slight increase or normal polymorphonuclear cell. marked lymphocyte increase. |
|
Definition
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|
