Term
| What is the lifespan of a RBC? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of a WBC? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lifespan of a platelet? |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
| What are the primary constituents of plasma? |
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Definition
| water, fibrinogen, albumin |
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Term
| In an embryo, where does hematopoiesis occur? |
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Definition
| yolk, then liver/spleen, then in bone marrow |
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Term
| Are hematologic stem cells pluripotent? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Are hematologic stem cells self reproducing? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where are hematologic stem cells found? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| in an embryo, where does hematopoiesis occur? |
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Definition
| hemopoietic growth factors, colony stimulating factors, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin and cytokines (interleukins, TNF) |
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Term
| What % of RBC's is hemoglobin? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the structure of hemoglobin? |
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Definition
| 4 hemes; each consisting of 2 alpha and 2 beta globin strands |
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Term
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Definition
| immature RBC's, about 1% of RBC in body. The nucleus has already been ejected. |
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Term
|
Definition
| MCV = mean cell (corpuscular) volume |
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Term
|
Definition
| MCH = mean cell (corpuscular) hemoglobin, average content (mass) of hemoglobin/cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| Too few RBC's or enough RBC's but with reduced function |
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Term
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Definition
| Too many RBC's. Also called erythrocytosis |
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Term
|
Definition
| An elevated rate of RBC destruction |
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Term
| What are the 3 types of anemia morphology |
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Definition
| microcytic, macrocytic, normocytic |
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Term
| Where is hypochromicity found? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| Where is normochromicity found? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Sideroblastic anemia is a subset of what type of anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| Folic acid deficiency can be seen in what dx? |
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Definition
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Term
| B12 deficiency can be seen in what disease? |
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Definition
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Term
| Pernicious anemia is seen in what kind of anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| abnormal hemoglobin production due to genetic disorder |
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Term
| How is thalassemia passed? |
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Definition
| Genetically, automsomal recessively |
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Term
| What anemia has thalassemia as a sign? |
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Definition
| microcytic-hypochromic anemia |
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Term
| If you have anemia due to iron deficiencey, what type is it? |
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Definition
| microcytic-hypochromic anemia |
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Term
| What is deficient in hemolytic anemia? |
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Definition
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Term
| What form of anemia has sickle cell as a subset? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is hereditary spherocystosis? |
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Definition
| Abnornal RBC morphology, spherical instead of biconcave disk |
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Term
| What kind of anemia can present spherocytosis |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What are the types of normocytic anemia? |
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Definition
| anemia due to chronic disease, acute blood loss, or aplastic anemia |
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Term
|
Definition
| A lack of bone marrow RBC production |
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Term
| What is a pale conjunctiva an early sign of? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| compulsive eating often seen with anemia |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is sideroblastic anemia? |
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Definition
| Abnormal hemoglobin production due to inability to use iron, iron present systemically in normal amounts |
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Term
| If iron is seen accumulating in the mitochondria of RBC precursors, what disease is this? |
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Definition
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Term
| Can thalassemia present with varying degrees of symptoms? |
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Definition
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Term
| What anemia is mild and has normal lifespans? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the treatment for thalassemia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most common anemia? |
|
Definition
| iron deficient microcytic-hypochromic; both in U.S. and worldwide |
|
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Term
| What does normochromic mean? |
|
Definition
| Hemoglobin/RBC are within normal range |
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Term
|
Definition
| Low amount of hemoglobin/RBC |
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|
Term
| What dx can be seen in 20% of U.S. women? |
|
Definition
| iron deficient anemia (microcytic-hypochromic) |
|
|
Term
| What can cause iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
| blood loss (gastrointestinal or menstrual); dietary deficiency, hookworms |
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|
Term
| What is the #1 cause of iron deficiency worldwide? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the ferritin level? |
|
Definition
| The measure of iron/protein complexes that store iron in intestinal cells |
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|
Term
| What does a low ferritin level mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do you treat iron deficiency? |
|
Definition
| Stop the blood loss, then replace the iron |
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Term
| What are two signs of a good response to iron replacemtn therapy? |
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Definition
| An increase in reticulocytes at 1 week; hemoglobin back to normal by week 6 |
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|
Term
| What does it mean if reticulocytes are normal? |
|
Definition
| bone marrow is functional |
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|
Term
| When are reticulocyte levels increased? |
|
Definition
| acute blood loss or iron therapy |
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|
Term
| What is a subset of macrocytic anemia? |
|
Definition
Large celled (megaloblastic) anemia
Non-megaloblastic anemia |
|
|
Term
| What abnormal biologic process causes macrocytic anemia? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes nonmegaloblastic macrocytic anemia? |
|
Definition
| alcoholism, hypothyroidism, chronic liver disease |
|
|
Term
| How long does the body's folic acid supply last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 4 things can cause folic acid deficiency? |
|
Definition
| pregnancy, diet, alcoholism*, inflammatory bowel disease |
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|
Term
| How long do B12 supplies last? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can cause B12 malabsporption? |
|
Definition
| Diet, veganism, being elderly, alcoholism |
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Term
| What is the most common side affect of Vit B12 malabsorption? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are basic B12 deficiency symptoms? |
|
Definition
| neurologic problems, atrophic glossitis (tongue inflammation) |
|
|
Term
| What is the cascade of events that cause pernicious anemia? |
|
Definition
| autoimmune attack of gastric parietal cells leads to loss of intrinsic factor which leads to B12 malabsorption |
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|
Term
| A lack of intrinsic factor is a hallmark of what disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease presents anti-parietal cell antibodies? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease presents anti-Intrinsic Factor antibodies |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are treatments for macrocytic anemia (3)? |
|
Definition
| remove/treat the cause if you can, B12 supplementation, Folate |
|
|
Term
| What is anemia of chronic disease? |
|
Definition
| anemia caused by chronic inflammation |
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|
Term
| What 2 diseases often cause anemia of chronic disease? |
|
Definition
| rheumatoid arthritis and renal disease |
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|
Term
| How to you treat anemia of chronic disease? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the primary mechanism of anemia of chronic disease? |
|
Definition
| inability to metabolize iron in the bone marrow |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a glycoprotein that causes RBC synthesis |
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|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What induces EPO production? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What drug is often used in end-stage renal failure? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What causes aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| Hematopoietic stem cell failure |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reduction of WBC, RBC, and platelet production |
|
|
Term
| What is thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of primary aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are 2 common causes of secondary aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are signs/symptoms of leukopenia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are signs/symptoms of thrombocytopenia? |
|
Definition
| bleeding, petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
bruises greater than 1cm in size
Subcutaneous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemorrhagic bleeding less than 3mm in size |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| hemorrhages between 3mm and 1cm in size |
|
|
Term
| What are 4 ways to treat aplastic anemia? |
|
Definition
| RBC transfusion, antibiotics if infection present, platelet transfusions, bone marrow transplant |
|
|
Term
| What Is the survival of aplastic anemia if untreated? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of anemia is blood loss anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is reticulosytosis seen with acute blood loss anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are two signs of acute blood loss anemia? |
|
Definition
| low blood pressure, tachycardia |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 treatments for acute blood loss anemia? |
|
Definition
| Prevent shock, give fluids,control bleeding, blood transfusions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Shock due to low blood volume |
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalance of the sickle cell gene in blacks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the prevalence of sickle cell anemia in blacks? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is abnormal in sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What hemoglobin protects against malaria? |
|
Definition
| hemoglobin S (affected in sickle cell anemia) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 3 main characteristics of sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
| chronic hemolysis, acute vaso-occlusive crises, increased susceptibility to infection |
|
|
Term
| What causes the sickling of RBC's in sickle cell crisis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What triggers sickle cell crisis? |
|
Definition
| cold exposure, pregnancy, infections, gallbladder disease, stimulant drugs (cocaine, meth, nicotine) |
|
|
Term
| What is the mechanism of jaundice? |
|
Definition
| heme breakdown produces bilirubin |
|
|
Term
| What can present jaundice as a symptom? |
|
Definition
| sickle cell crisis and hereditary spherocytosis |
|
|
Term
| What can cause splenomegaly? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 ocular signs of sickle cell? |
|
Definition
| retinopathy, vitreous hemorrhage, retinal detachments, neovascularization |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important treatment for sickle cell anemia? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are treatments for sickle cell anemia |
|
Definition
| Oxygen, Fluids and transfusions, treat infections, hydroxyurea |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a sickle cell anemia med that increases Hb F which inhibits the sickling effect |
|
|
Term
| What disease presents with fragile, less pliable cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What diseases can present with splenomegaly? |
|
Definition
| Sickle Cell Crisis and hereditary spherocytosis |
|
|
Term
| How do you treat hereditary spherocytosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a G-6-PD deficiency? |
|
Definition
| deficiency of G-6-P dehydrogenase; an antioxidant that protects RBC's |
|
|
Term
| What is the primary demographic w/ G-6-PD deficiency? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are meds that can trigger G-6-PD deficiency (3) |
|
Definition
| sulfa, aspirin, antimalarials |
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