Term
| 2 circuits of the cardiovascular system |
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Definition
pulmonary (lungs)
systemic (includes coronary circulation) |
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Term
| At what week/day does that heart start pumping blood? |
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Definition
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Term
| 2 histological layers of the pericardium |
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Definition
| fibrous pericardium and serous pericardium |
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Term
| what are the 3 layers of the serous pericardium |
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Definition
parietal pericardium
visceral pericardium (pericardium)
pericardial cavity |
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Term
| 3 main layers of the heart wall |
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Definition
epicardium (mesothelium and areolar CT)
myocardium
endocardium (endothelium and areolar CT) |
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Term
| What 4 vessels deliver blood TO the RIGHT atria |
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Definition
superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
coronary sinus
anterior cardiac veins |
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Term
| What vessels deliver blood TO the LEFT atria |
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Definition
| left and right pulmonary veins |
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Term
| What does the fossa ovalis develop from? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the valve that connects the right atria and right ventricle? |
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Definition
| Right atrioventricular valve (tricuspid) |
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Term
| What is the valve that connect the left atria and left ventricle? |
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Definition
| Left atrioventricular valve (bicuspid) |
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Term
| What bundle of tissue located in the right ventricle connects from the interventricular septum to the ventricle floor? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the ligamentum arteriosum develop from? |
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Definition
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Term
| In what part of the thoracic cavity is the heart located? |
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Definition
| pericardium of the mediastinum |
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Term
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Definition
| inflammation of the pericardium surrounding the heart |
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Term
| When do you hear a heart sound? |
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Definition
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Term
| How much more pressure does the left ventricle generate and how much bigger is the ventricle wall than the right side of the heart? |
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Definition
| 5 times more pressure and 3 times thicker |
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Term
| What is the function of the bands of fibrous CT surrounding valves and at the base of the pulmonary trunk and aorta? |
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Definition
| Reinforcement and electrical separation of the atria and ventricles |
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Term
| What is the fibrous skeleton of the heart made of? (2) |
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Definition
| fibrous CT and Myocardial CT |
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Term
| During what phase of the cardiac cycle does blood flow to the coronary circulation? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which veins empty into the coronary sinus? |
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Definition
great cardiac vein
posterior cardiac vein
middle cardiac vein
small cardiac vein |
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Term
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Definition
| partial or complete block in artery of the heart |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| thickened scar tissue calcified fused cups of valve-> requires more ventricular pressure to push blood through the valve. Leads to hypertrophy and cardiac failure |
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Term
| What structure connects cardiac muscles? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| how many nuclei do cardiac cells have? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Do cardiac cells have more or less mitochondria than skeletal muscles cells? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What are the two sources of Ca for cardiac cells? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the voltage peaks for contractile cells? |
|
Definition
RMP= -90
peak= +30
threshold= -75 |
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|
Term
| What are the voltage peaks for autorhythmic cells? |
|
Definition
negative peak= -65
threshold= -45
positive peak= +10 |
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Term
| What ion do funny channels allow to move across the membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What two nuclei in the medulla effect changes in HR? |
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Definition
| Cardioacceleratory center and cardioinhibitory center |
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Term
| What nerve does the cardioacceleratory center use to signal the heart? |
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Definition
| sympathetic cardiac nerve |
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Term
| What nerve does the cardioinhibitory center use to signal the heart? |
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Definition
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Term
| What 3 effects does the E/NE from the cardioacceleratory center have on autorythmic cells? |
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Definition
-reduced repolarization
-increased slope of drift potential (increase HR)
-increase speed of propagation of AP along conducting cells |
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Term
| What is released from the vagas nerve when the cardioinhibitory center is stimulated? |
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Definition
| Ach (binds to muscarinic receptors which open K channels) |
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Term
| What is the path an AP travels through the heart from the SA node? |
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Definition
| SA node-> AV node-> AV bundle-> Bundle brances-> perkinje fibers |
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Term
| What occurs during the P wave? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What occurs during the QRS complex? |
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Definition
| ventricular depol and atrial repol (enlarged R wave indicates hypertrophy) |
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|
Term
| What occurs during the T wave? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What does the S-T segment represent? |
|
Definition
| plateau phase of ventricular AP |
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|
Term
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Definition
| when cells other than the SA node determine the frequency of heart AP's (if SA node fails and something else takes over) |
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Term
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Definition
| premature ventricular contraction- ectopic pacemaker depolarizes before the SA node does= no fill time. |
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|
Term
| What are the 3 types of arrhythmias and which one is the most dangerous? |
|
Definition
junctional rhythm (faulty SA node- no P wave)
fibrillation (most dangerous)
AV heart blocks (faulty AV node or bundle) |
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|
Term
| What are the 4 phases of the cardiac cycle? |
|
Definition
filling phase
isovolumetric contraction phase
ejection phase
isovolumetric relaxation phase |
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|
Term
| What is the ejection fraction? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is happening during the Lubb sound? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is happening during the Dupp sound? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is an incompetent valve? |
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Definition
| doesn't close all the way (swishing sound) |
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|
Term
| what is a stenotic valve? |
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Definition
| don't fully open (high pitch sound or click) |
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Term
| How do E/NE increase contractility? |
|
Definition
bind B1 receptors-> increase cAMP-> increase protein kinase
1. increase Ca from ECF
2. increase Ca from SR
3. increase myosin ATPase activity (faster crossbridge cycling)
4. increase Ca ATPase in ST (storage)- shortens systole |
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|
Term
| What are substances that effect contractility called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name positive inotropic agents |
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Definition
| E/NE, glucagon, TH, digitalis, caffeine, hypercalcemia |
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|
Term
| Name negative inotropic agents |
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Definition
| B-blockers (carvedilol), caclium-channel blockers (verapamil, diltiazem), hyperkalemia, acidosis |
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|
Term
| What are substances that effect HR called? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| Name positive chronotropic agents |
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Definition
| E/NE, B-agonists, TH, caffeine |
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|
Term
| Name negative chronotropic agents |
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Definition
| Ach (muscarinic agonist, hyperkalemia, digitalis |
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Term
|
Definition
| greater than 100 bpm (HR) |
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|
Term
|
Definition
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|
Term
|
Definition
| CO is too low to maintain adequate blood flow to tissues |
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Term
|
Definition
| one side of the heart failing to keep up with the other. Eventually causes both sides to fail |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| left Ventricle failure. Blood backs up in the pulmonary circuit (lungs)- pulmonary adema and suffocation (more common) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Right ventricle failure. Blood backs up in the systemic circuit- Edema which blocks nutrient/waste exchange (less common) |
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Term
| How would you treat peripheral CHF? |
|
Definition
1. eleviate adema by decreasing hydrostatic pressure- decrease volume (diuretic)
2. dialate BV's- vasodialators (ANP) or reduce levels of ADH and AngII
3. Digitalis- lowers HR but increases contractility. |
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|
Term
| At what voltage does the plateau phase end? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How is the AP for a autorhythmic cell different than a contractile cell? |
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Definition
| no RMP and no plateau phase |
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|
Term
| Name ion movement and channel for the early drift phase of autorhythmic cardiac cell AP. |
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Definition
| decreased PK and increased PNa (funny channel) |
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Term
| Name ion movement and channel for the late drift phase of autorhythmic cardiac cell AP. |
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Definition
| decreased PNa and increased PCa (T-type Ca channels- Fast) |
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|
Term
| Name ion movement and channel for the rapid depol phase of autorhythmic cardiac cell AP. |
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Definition
| increased PCa (Slow L-type Ca channels) |
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|
Term
| Name ion movement and channel for the rapid repol phase of autorhythmic cardiac cell AP. |
|
Definition
| increased PK and decreased PCa (voltage gated K channels) |
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|
Term
| How does the AV node delay the AP between the atria and ventricles? |
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Definition
| The AV node cells are much smaller which increases the resistance and slows the passage of the AP. (can also have fewer gap junctions to allow passage of the AP) |
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|
Term
| What are two ways of changing the rate of APs? |
|
Definition
| increase rate at SA node and increase speed of conduction along the AV bundle (by increasing number and speed of Ca channels for passing depolarization) |
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Term
| What is an interval on an EKG? |
|
Definition
| Interval is region that includes the waves |
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|
Term
| What is a segment on an EKG? |
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Definition
| Region BETWEEN waves (does not include a wave) |
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Term
| What circuit of circulation does the foramen ovale allow blood to bypass? What two regions of the heart does it connect? |
|
Definition
| pulmonary circulation- left and right atria |
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|
Term
| What circuit of circulation does the ductus arteriosum allow blood to bypass? |
|
Definition
| bypasses lungs- connects aortic arch and pulmonary trunk |
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|
Term
| What structure in cardiomyocytes allows them to be electrically connected? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does an ECG/EKG measure? |
|
Definition
| electrical activity of the heart over time |
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|
Term
| For the Frank-Starling principle, how is the heart able to eject the extra volume of blood (increased EDV)? |
|
Definition
| Increased overlap of the thick and thin filaments of muscle fibers (length-tension relationship)- able to generate more force. |
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