Term
| The Left Coronary Artery is responsible for perfusing what 3 regions of the heart? |
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Definition
| The anterior wall, the anterior 2/3 of the interventricular septum, and the distal end or apex of the heart. |
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Term
| What separates right dominant heart from left dominant heart? |
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Definition
| The source of supply for the posterior 1/3 of the interventricular septum (Rt. Dominant = RCA; Lft. Dominant = Branch of the Circumflex) |
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Term
| What are the 3 components of the endothelium in the heart? |
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Definition
| The inner part consists of collagen (fibrosa); there is a central part known as the spongiosa, which contains loose connective tissue for shock absorption; and then there is the elastin layer (ventricularis or atrialis) |
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Term
| How many patients in the US, each year, suffer from congestive heart failure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two common causes of systolic dysfunction leading to heart failure? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the common causes of diastolic dysfunction, leading to heart failure? |
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Definition
1. Left ventricular hypertrophy
2. constrictive pericarditis
3. Amyloidosis
4. Myocardial fibrosis |
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Term
| When is right-sided heart failure not associated with left-sided heart failure? |
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Definition
| When there is a primary pulmonary process |
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Term
| Cardiac hypertrophy to more than 3x the normal size raises the possiblity of what diseases? |
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Definition
| Aortic regurgitation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy |
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Term
| Hypertrophy to 2x the normal size of the heart points to what possibilities? |
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Definition
| Ischemic heart disease, pulmonary hypertension |
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Term
| What are heart failure cells? |
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Definition
| Hemosiderin-laden macrophages in the alveoli due to left-sided heart failure that causes pulmonary congestion and extravasation of red cells into the lungs |
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Term
| Right-sided heart failure consists of what two processes? |
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Definition
right ventricular hypertrophy and dilatation
engorgement of systemic and portal systems |
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Term
| 90% of IHD involve what pathological process |
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Definition
| development of obstructive atherosclerotic lesions in the coronary arteries |
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Term
| What are the four possible clinical manifestations of ischemic heart disease? |
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Definition
1. angina pectoris
2. myocardial infarction
3. sudden cardiac death
4. chronic ischemic heart disease |
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Term
| What is chronic ischemic heart disease often seen as the "silent killer" |
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Definition
| Often times there is collateral circulation protecting against chronic fixed obstruction, so that the patient may not even know something is wrong until he has a heart attack. |
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Term
| What the 3 areas of the coronary supply that are susceptible to symptomatic stenosis? |
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Definition
| proximal left anterior descending artery, proximal circumflex artery, the entire right coronary artery |
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Term
| What is the common cause of acute coronary syndrome? |
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Definition
| An acute change in atherosclerotic plaque associated with thrombosis. |
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Term
| What are some of the external influences on acute plaque change? |
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Definition
| vasopasm, stress, systemic hypertension |
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Term
| What is the mechanism of death in sudden cardiac death? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two methods of dealing with stable angina? |
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Definition
1. rest
2. vasodilators (nitroglycerin) |
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Term
| What is unstable angina also referred to as? |
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Definition
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