Term
| What developmental process fails to give valve stenosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be the effect on the ventrical below the valve with stenosis? |
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Definition
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Term
| An atrial septal defect causes blood to flow in which direction? |
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Definition
left atrium to right.
Remember in infants their is, by design, a shunt in the atrial wall that flows right to left to circumvent the pulmonary system |
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Term
| If an atrial septal defect is strong enough, what kind of presentation can be seen? |
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Definition
| Cyanosis from poor perfusion |
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Term
| What is a probe patent foramen ovale? |
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Definition
| This is an atrial septal defect that results from poor fusion of the septum primum and secundum |
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Term
| What is an ostium secondum atrial septal defect? |
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Definition
| This is when the apoptotic event that forms the Ostium Secundum is misplaced resulting in open communication between atria |
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Term
| What is the clinical effect on fetuses with atrial septal defects? |
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Definition
| Nothing. Remember fetuses should have communication between atria. This becomes once fetus is born |
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Term
| Ventricular Septal defects result in blood flow where? |
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Definition
| from left ventricle into right ventricle |
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Term
| What is the effect on the ventricles of a patient with a ventricular septal defect? |
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Definition
| Right ventricular hypertrophy which can continue into heart failure if left alone for long enough |
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Term
| What is a persistent atrioventricular canal? |
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Definition
| This is when valves fail to form between atria-ventricles |
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Term
| Persistant Atriventricular Canal is a defect associated with a failure of what developmental cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is Pulmonary Atresia? |
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Definition
| asymetric division of conus truncus. Results in a small and insufficent pulmonary artery |
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Term
| How does transposition of the great vessels occur? |
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Definition
| Insufficient spiraling of conal truncal ridge |
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Term
| What is transposition of the great vessels? |
|
Definition
| When the outflow tracks (aorta and pulmonary artery) connect to the incorrect ventricle making two closed loops of circulation |
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Term
| What is the clinical effect of a transposition of great vessels to a fetus? |
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Definition
| Does not have a large impact since the fetus has an atrial shunt |
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Term
| What is the tetralogy of fallot? |
|
Definition
A set of four presenting congenital heart defects:
1: Pulmonary stenosis
2: Right ventricular hypertrophy
3: Overriding aorta
4: Ventricular septal defect
overriding aorta: overly large aorta that recieves blood flow from both ventricles |
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Term
| What conducting system node develops first? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which node develops branches that provide the right and left ventricle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The cells that form the conductive system are differentiated? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the adult derivatives of the vitelline arteries? |
|
Definition
GI and mesentary
specifically:
splenic, gastroduodenal, superior and inferior mesenteric and portal |
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Term
| What are the adult derivatives of the umbilical arteries? |
|
Definition
internal iliac and superior vesical arteries
also the medial umbilical ligaments |
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Term
| What are the derivatives of the third aortic arch? |
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Definition
| Common carotid and proximal internal carotid |
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Term
| What are the derivatives of the fourth aortic arch? |
|
Definition
| Aorta (around the descending/arch area) |
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Term
| What are the derivatives of the 6th aortic arch? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What do the vitelline veins develop into? |
|
Definition
Will connect to the liver and eventually form the portal venous system.
The umbilical vein will also connect into this system |
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Term
| What is the ductus venosus? |
|
Definition
| a vessel that shunts blood from the placenta to the heart, bypassing the liver |
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Term
| What are the veins that first develop centrally to the cardinal veins? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What veins develop between the subcardinal and cardinal veins? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the adult derivatives of the anterior cardinal veins? |
|
Definition
| brachiocephalic, jugular, superior vena cava, and subclavian |
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|
Term
| What is the inferior vena cava derived from? |
|
Definition
| Vitelline, subcardinal, supracardinal, and cardinal veins |
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Term
| What do supracardinal veins differentiate into? |
|
Definition
| Azygos and hemiazygos venous system |
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|
Term
| What does the posterior cardinal vein develop into? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| From where do the coronary vessels come from? |
|
Definition
| The aorta with some contribution from epicardial cells |
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|
Term
| In fetal circulation what has a higher PO2, the left atrium or the right ventricle? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What happens to pulmonary vascular resistance after birth? |
|
Definition
| Drops, more markedly at the beginning |
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|
Term
| What happens to pulmonary blood flow after birth? |
|
Definition
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Term
| What happens with Pulmonary and Aortic pressure after the closing of the ductus arteriosis? |
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Definition
| Pulmonary artery pressure drops and aortic blood pressure increases. |
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Term
| What atrium has higher pressure in a fetus, what about in a newborn? |
|
Definition
In the fetus the right atrium will have a higher pressure
In the newborn the right atrium will have lower pressure
this makes sense as it allows for the foramen ovale to function in the fetus and close off in the newborn |
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Term
| What is the effect of PGE2 (prostaglandins) on the ductus arteriosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the effect of Bradykinin on the dutus arteriosis? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What is the effect of indomethacin on the ductus arteriosis? |
|
Definition
| promotes ductal closure (inhibits prostaglandins) |
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|
Term
| What drug would you administer to a newborn who has a congenital heart defect that does not affect the baby as a fetus? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| What coarctation will promote compensatory internal thoracic dilation? |
|
Definition
post-ductal coarctation.
Preductal will not develop this affect |
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Term
| What clinical presentation can a patient with a double aorta have? |
|
Definition
Dysphagia and dyspnea
This is caused by the double aorta wrapping around and constricting the esophagus/trachea |
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Term
| What can happen to a patient with a right aortic arch? |
|
Definition
| Constriction of aorta due to the ligamentum arteriosum |
|
|
Term
| What is an interupted aortic arch? |
|
Definition
surgically repairable condition in which the
ascending aorta connects to left ventricle
descending aorta connects to right ventricle |
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