Term
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Definition
| what are the 2 functions of the ear? |
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Term
1) external ear
2) middle ear
3) inner ear |
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Definition
| name the 3 gross divisions/parts of the ear |
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Term
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Definition
| what part of the ear is used for perception, transmission, and amplification of sound waves(hearing) |
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Term
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Definition
| In what part of the ear are the sensory receptors for hearing & the organs of equilibrium? |
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Term
| elastic cartilage + skin, aka the external ear, or auricle |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| what kind of cartilage is the ear made of? |
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Term
| the external auditory meatus (ear canal) then to the ear drum |
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Definition
| where does the pinna funnel sound into(what is its purpose)? |
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Term
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Definition
| fancy schmancy name for the ear drum |
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Term
1) external CUTICULAR epithelial layer
2) middle FIBROUS layer of collagen
3) inner MUCOUS layer |
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Definition
| list the 3 layers of the tympanic membrane from external to internal |
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Term
| the inner mucus layer of the tympanic membrane |
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Definition
| what ear part is continuous with respiratory epithelium, but without cilia or goblet cells? |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| what kind of glands are ceruminous glands modified versions of? |
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Term
|
Definition
| where are ceruminous glands located? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what bone is the middle ear in? |
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Term
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Definition
| where is the boder between the external and middle ear? |
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Term
| simple squamous to cuboidal epithelium |
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Definition
| what lines the middle ear cavity? |
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Term
| amplify and convert sound waves to mechanical signals transmitted to a liquid medium |
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Definition
| what is the job of the middle ear? |
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Term
| sound waves strike the ear drum, and the ossicles amplify them and convert them to mechanical signals |
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Definition
| how does the middle ear function? |
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Term
| the oval window of the fluid-filled inner ear |
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Definition
| where does sound immediately go as it leaves the middle ear? |
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Term
1) malleus
2) incus
3) stapes |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| which ossicle is in contact with the tympanic membrane? |
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Term
|
Definition
| which ossicle is in contact with the oval window? |
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Term
|
Definition
| where are the ossicles found? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what does Wile E Coyote drop on Road runner? |
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Term
| bones in the jaws (of reptiles) (which come from gill arches of fish) |
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Definition
| where do the ossicles come from evolutionarily? |
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Term
the SINGLE ear ossicle of birds, reptiles, and amphibians
forms from the hyomandibular gill arch |
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Definition
| what is a columella? what does it form from? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is the columella in mammals? |
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Term
the quadrate:articular jaw joint of reptiles becomes modified to become the dentary squamosal jaw joint in mammals
quadrate -> incus
articular -> malleus |
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Definition
| where do the incus and malleus bones come from? |
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Term
| pelycosaur (has the full jaw joint intact) |
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Definition
| sail/fin back reptile from the early paleozoic era |
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Term
| Therapsid (their jaw is in the middle of an early mammal's and a pelycosaur) |
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Definition
| early mammal-like reptiles |
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Term
|
Definition
| name the part in the dolphin that is a modified fat pad that helps them make sounds with their jaw bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| what kind of joints are the joints between the ossicles? |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle that attaches to the handle of the malleus and keeps the eardrum taut |
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Term
|
Definition
| muscle that attaches to the stapes and oval window |
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Term
| they contract to dampen loud noises |
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Definition
| what is the job of both stapedius and tensor tympani? |
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Term
| when you hear a loud sound, the tensor tympani and stapedius contract to dampen the noise(by allowing the ossicles to move less) and prevent damage to the sterocilia of the inner ear |
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Definition
| what is the attenuation reflex? |
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Term
| the eustacian/auditory tube |
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Definition
| how does the middle ear communicate with the nasopharynx? |
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Term
|
Definition
| allows equilibration of air pressure in the middle ear with the external environment |
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Term
| pseudostratified, ciliated, columnar (respiratory) epithelium |
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Definition
| what lines Eustachian tubes? |
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Term
| swallowing will help open your Eustachian tube, so does yawning |
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Definition
| why should you chew gum on an airplane? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what bone is the osseus(bony) labyrinth in? |
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Term
| the fluid-filled sacs of the membranous labyrinth |
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Definition
| what is found in the bony labyrinth? |
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Term
| simple squamous to columnar epithelium |
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Definition
| what kind of epithelium lines the sacs of the membranous labyrinth? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what kind of fluid is in the membranous labyrinth? |
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Term
| perilymph, in the vestibule |
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Definition
| what kind of fluid surrounds the sacs of the membranous labyrinth? what is this space known as? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what separates the middle ear(vestibule) from the inner ear? |
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Term
1)cochlea
2)vestibular aparatus
3)the vestibule |
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Definition
| what are the 3 areas of the osseous labyrinth? |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the osseous labyrinth used for hearing |
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Term
|
Definition
| part of the osseous labyrinth used for motion detection and maintaining orientation |
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Term
1) semicircular ducts/canals
2) sacculus
3) utriculus |
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Definition
| name the regions of the vestibular apparatus |
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Term
| the saccule and utricle (in the membranous labyinth) |
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Definition
| what is located between the semi-circular canals and the cochlea? |
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Term
| they are part of the membranous labyrinth, so they are filled with endolymph |
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Definition
| what kind of fluid is found in the saccule and utricle? |
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Term
|
Definition
| name the central space that give rise to the semi-circular canals and cochlea |
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Term
|
Definition
| what separates the vestible from the middle ear? |
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Term
| used for sound wave dissipation |
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Definition
| what does the round window do? |
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Term
| both the saccule and utricle, and in the semicircular canals |
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Definition
| where are the special sensory Type I and Type II cells found? |
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Term
|
Definition
| aka hair cells, or columnar cells that have stereocilia and a kinocilium |
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Term
| 1 large kinocilium, but a cluster of sterocilia |
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Definition
| how many sterocilia do type 2 cells have? how many kinocilium? |
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Term
|
Definition
| which special sensory cells are goblet cells? |
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Term
|
Definition
| one side of the sacculus and utriculus that has the cluster of stereocilia and 1 associated kinocilia |
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Term
| glycoprotein layer (hair cells are embedded in it) |
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Definition
| layer of goo overlying hair cells in the macula |
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Term
| the glycoprotein layer around hari cells |
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Definition
| what supports otoliths/otoconia? |
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Term
| little rocks that float on top of the glycoprotein coat of hair cells |
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Definition
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|
Term
| calcium carbonate crystals |
|
Definition
| what are otoconia/otoliths made of? |
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Term
| the otoliths shift in the goo layer and bend the cilia, which signals a nerve |
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Definition
| how do you detect motion? |
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Term
| they send a signal down the afferent axons which go to the vestibular nerve |
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Definition
| what happens when hair cells bend? |
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Term
| LINEAR acceleration, and gravity |
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Definition
| what motions do the hair cells of the saccule and utricle detect? |
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Term
| take a crayfish and relace its otoliths with iron filings, then take a magnet and pass it by the ear, they will think that down is whatever direction the magnet is |
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Definition
| how do you trick the otolith system? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 3 horse-shoe shaped canals oriented at right angles to one another in coronal, horizontal, and sagittal planes |
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Term
| endolymph (they are part of the membranous labyrinth) |
|
Definition
| what fills the semicircular canals? |
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Term
|
Definition
| name the dilated area at the base of the semicircular canal |
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Term
|
Definition
| name the ridge inside the ampulla of semicircular canals |
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Term
| type 1 and 2 hair cells with stereocilia (embedded in a glycoprotein layer) |
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Definition
| what cells are found in the semi-circular canals? |
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Term
|
Definition
| name the glycoprotein layer that surrounds cells in the semicircular canal |
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Term
| ANGULAR acceleration, and decelleration |
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Definition
| what motions do the semicircular canals respond to? |
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|
Term
| NO OTOLITHS in the semicircular canals |
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Definition
| what is the difference between the semicircular canals and the saccule/utricle? |
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Term
| movement of the head moves the endolymph(bending cilia), which stimulates the receptors cells and signals the brain via the vestibular nerve |
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Definition
| how are receptor cells stimulated in the semicircular canals? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what nerve do the afferent fibers go to that function in balance and equilibrium? |
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Term
|
Definition
| how many semicircular canals can be stimulated simultaneously? |
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|
Term
pitch: up and down, front to back (rotate around a transverse axis like fusball guys
yaw: vertical axis of rotation (left and right) = horizonally positioned semicircular canal
roll: longitudinal axis of rotation (told from side to side) |
|
Definition
| relate the motions of the semicircular canals to movements of a boat |
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|
Term
1) sagittal
2) coronal
3) horizontal |
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Definition
| what are the 3 planes the semicircular canals are in? |
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Term
|
Definition
| works with crista ampullaris to determine different body movements |
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Term
|
Definition
| the cochlea is a spiral/conical organ surrounding a bony core, name the bony core |
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Term
| anterior portion of the vestibule |
|
Definition
| what does the modiolus attach to? |
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|
Term
endolymph in some parts
perilymph in other parts |
|
Definition
| the cochlea continuous with the sacculus, utricles, and semi circular canals, so what kind of fluid does it contain? |
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|
Term
sacculus
1) (upper) scala vestibuli
2) scala media/cochlear duct (middle)
3) (lower) scala tympani |
|
Definition
| what does the membranous portion of the cochlea attach to? what are the 3 compartments contained in it? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of fluid is contained in the scala media/cochlear duct? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of fluid is contained within the upper scala vestibuli and lower scala tympani? |
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Term
| vestibular membrane aka Reissner's membrane |
|
Definition
| membrane between scala vestibuli & scala media |
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Term
|
Definition
| membrane between scala media and scala tympani |
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Term
|
Definition
| what is found in the lateral wall of the scala media that secretes endolymph? |
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Term
|
Definition
| opening connecting the scala vestibuli and scala tympani |
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Term
|
Definition
| where are the special sensory cells for hearing located? |
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Term
| inner and outer hair cells |
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Definition
| name the special sensory cells that line the scala media |
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Term
| inner and outer hair cells, surrounded by support cells |
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Definition
| what makes up the organ of corti? |
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|
Term
inner and outer pillar cells
inner and outer phalangeal cells |
|
Definition
| name the support cells for the hair cells of the Organ of Corti |
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Term
|
Definition
| a tiny space in the organ of Corti surrounded by the hair cells, the pillar cells and the phalangeal cells |
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Term
| a gelatinous layer: the tectorial membrane |
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Definition
| just like the sacculus and utriculus and crista ampularis something rests on top of the hair cells of the scala media, name it |
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Term
|
Definition
| what nerve do the hair cells synapse with? |
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Term
|
Definition
| how many rows of inner/internal hair cells are there? |
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Term
|
Definition
| 90-95% of the cochlear nerve fiber terminate on this type of hair cell |
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Term
|
Definition
| which hair cells are responsible for sound transduction(hearing) |
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Term
|
Definition
| how are stereocilia arranged on inner hair cells? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| how are stereocilia arranged on external hair cells? |
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Term
|
Definition
| how many rows of external hair cells are there? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what cells are responsible for modifying the sensitivity of inner hair cells (frequency descrimination)? |
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Term
|
Definition
| name the filaments that connect the tips of stereocilia on outer hair cells |
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Term
|
Definition
| name the rigid plate that holds the stereocilia in place like a sieve |
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|
Term
1) reticular lamina
2) tectorial membrane |
|
Definition
| name the layers that the hair cells project into, in order |
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|
Term
| a long cilium off to the side of the cluster of stereocilium on hair cells |
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Definition
|
|
Term
potassium channels open, causing depolarization
bending in the opposite direction would cause hyperpolarization |
|
Definition
| what happens as a result of stereocilia bending? |
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|
Term
| so that you don't hear a second sound when your hair cells straighten back up |
|
Definition
| why do stereocilia only cause depolarization in one direction? |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| functions as a transducer by converting mechanical energy(vibration) into electrical signals that are percieved as sound |
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|
Term
| high frequency (pitch) sounds |
|
Definition
| what type of sound is detected by the BASE of the cochlea? |
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of sounds are detected at the apex of the cochlea? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| what type of hearing is first to be lost with age? |
|
|
Term
| its more narrow at the base than the apex |
|
Definition
| where is the basilar membrane most narrow in the cochlea? |
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|
Term
| different parts of the cochlea are specialized for different pitches/frequencies of sound, and this corresponds to different areas of the brain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| how many octaves of sound can your brain detect? |
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|
Term
1) nerve deafness (cochlea and cochlear nerve impairment)
2) conduction deafness (impairment of the mechanism of conducting sound into the cochlea) |
|
Definition
| name the two types of deafness |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| what type of deafness is considered permanent deafness? |
|
|
Term
endocochlear implant that stimulates the nerve directly
younger the child is when implanted, the better chance of hearing recovery |
|
Definition
| how do you treat nerve deafness? |
|
|
Term
| you will be blind -> there is a learning curve for the neurons |
|
Definition
| if you are not exposed to light a certain amount of time after you are born, what happens? |
|
|
Term
| decreases ability to hear high frequencies |
|
Definition
| what does prolonged exposure to loud sounds do? |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| age-related loss of high frequency hearing |
|
|
Term
ototoxic: damage hair cells in organ of Corti
-> antibiotics in too high doses such as streptomyosin, kanamycin, chloramphenacol |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| ankylosis, fibrosis of ear ossicles(otosclerosis) |
|
Definition
| what are the other names for conductive hearing loss |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| due to bacterial seeding of the middle ear from the nasopharynx via the Eustachian tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| this is frequently associated with swimming due to retrograde displacement of water into the middle ear |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| this is frequently associated with swimming due to retrograde displacement of water into the middle ear |
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Term
|
Definition
| what can result from a middle ear infection/inflammation (otitis media) |
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|
Term
| your middle ear (it's like a petri dish when you swim) |
|
Definition
| its dark, its moist, its warm, what more could you ask for as a bacteria? |
|
|
Term
| lance the ear drum (poke a hole in and drain the pus so the ear drum doesn't pop |
|
Definition
| what is an initial treatment for otitis media? |
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|
Term
| a tiny prostethic ceramic implant (prosthesis) can be used to replace the stapes |
|
Definition
| how do you correct otosclerosis later in life? |
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