Term
| What was significance of Levy's study? |
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Definition
| when word aging as a positive thing, lived 22 years more after study as opposed to 15 years |
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Term
| Stone Ages: what year and what was associated with it? |
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Definition
evil spirits in head= illness, trephination
4000 BC |
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Term
| Middle Ages: what year and what was associated with it? |
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Definition
16th century AD
- disease= from God from being bad
- 4 elements - Astrology |
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Term
| What decade was the Black Death in and what was it? |
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Definition
| Middle Ages (1347 AD) and victims of plague died |
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Term
| What was the Four Elements and Zodiac Chart and what decade were they in? |
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Definition
it was in Middle Ages
FOUR ELEMENTS- when 4 elements of air, fire, earth, and water were lack of balance between planet, moon, and person it caused illness
ZODIAC CHART- different chart of phases of moon and planets that give idea of what treatments to use (incisions and where) |
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Term
| Renissance: what year and what was associated with it? |
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Definition
-organ and cell pathology
- microscope and autopsies
- dualism (mind and body seperate) |
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Term
| What was major component to medical field in mid 1700s? |
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Definition
| capillary tension--> cause of disease |
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Term
| What was major component to medical field in mid 1800s? |
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Definition
- all about comfort
- penicillin was invented in 1825 |
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Term
| What was major component to medical field in 1900s? |
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Definition
-biomedical model
-drugs
- Descartes: body and mind seperate
- success with accute illness (infectionous illness) but not chronic
-behavioral illnesses=major cause of death |
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Term
| What was significant about 1960s? |
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Definition
| invented biopsychosocial model |
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Term
| In the Tale of Fiber vs Colon Cancer study, what were the different types of studies done and what was found? |
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Definition
1) Correlational studies: meat eating countries--> higher rate of colon cancer
2) case control study: high fiber diets-> less colon cancer
3) prospective study: high fiber diet not associated with colon cancer
4) randomized trials: high fiber diets do not decrease chances of colon cancer |
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Term
| What are the 3 different correlational designs? |
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Definition
| cross sectional, retrospective, and prospective |
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Term
| What are the 4 different types of stressors? |
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Definition
| physical (to all humans and animals), physiological (only to humans), acute (immediate attention and dont last long), and chronic (dont require immediate attention but last long) |
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Term
| Who discovered fight or flight behavior and what did it find? |
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Definition
Walter Cannon
- increase in blood sugar level, adrenaline, pulse rate and blood pressure, and blood flow into skeletal muscles |
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Term
| Who discovered General Adaptation Syndrome and what was the study? |
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Definition
- Hans Selye
- rats were injected with ovarian extract= symptoms related to stress not the extract |
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Term
| What are the 3 medical symptoms found in both control and experimental rats? |
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Definition
1) enlarged adrenal glands
2) shrunken lymph nodes
3) bleeding ulcers |
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Term
| What are the 3 stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome? |
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Definition
1) Alarm
2) Resistance (Cope with stressor)
3) Exhaustion |
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Term
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Definition
changed physiolofical systems to meet demands of stress (costs)
- repeated and chronic stress
-exhaustion stage= cumulative damage |
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Term
| Who came up with the Stressful Life EVents study and what was it? |
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Definition
Holmes and Rahe
- came up with social readjustment scale (numeric value to each stressful event)
- Found that daily hassles predicted negative psychological and physical symptoms more than major life events |
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Term
| Who came up with Stress Appraisals and What was it? |
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Definition
- Lazarus
what matters is how we percieve and interpret event thats stressful
-1) Primary Appraisal: decide if positive, negative, or neutral event
-2) secondary appraisal: have coping abilities available? |
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Term
| What was Lazarus's experiment? |
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Definition
| cognitive appraisals matter: people watched video with genital removal, least stressed were the ones who had scientific or denial narrative, most stressed were those with trauma narrative, and next stressful was no sound |
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Term
| What was Blascovich's model and what example does he use to support it? |
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Definition
- Biopsychosocial Model
- those baseball players with more challanges during season did much better in that season |
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Term
| What are the parts of the biopsychosocial model regarding challanges and threats and what axis and chemicals do they release? |
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Definition
Challenge: resources> demands,
- activation of SAM axis, (release of epinephrine, nonepinephrine) QUICKER recovery
Threat: Demands > Resources
- activation of HPA and SAM axis
- release of cortisol
- slower recovery |
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Term
| What was Taylor's finding and what notion did she challenge? |
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Definition
| - Tend and Befriend and it challenged the fight or flight notion |
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Term
| What did Taylor's "Tend and Befriend" Theory state? |
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Definition
Males and females have different behavior responses to sex, each adaptaive for that sex
- males: fight or flight--> testosterone
- females: tend and befriend--> oxytocin (more likely seek social support) |
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Term
| According to Scott Norris's case with brain cancer, can psychological processes aid in coping with cancer? |
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Definition
stress, depressed mood, and decreased social support are associated with cortisol output, disruptions of cortisol secretion, and higher levels of urinary catecholamines
- stress hormones can impact cancer cells
- social support--> lower levels of growth factors (interleukin-6) that help tumors develop a viable blood supply
- optimism |
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Term
| What are emotional processing and emotional expression and which ones is better for health? |
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Definition
emotional processing: people to understand their feelings
emotional expression: people share their emotions with others
** less distress, better for health |
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Term
| What was the Self Affirmation Writing in Breast Cancer Survivors experiment and what 3 different groups were involved? |
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Definition
- participated in an expressive writing trial
- wrote 4 essays during 3 week period
1) emotional expression-- deepest thoughts and feelings
2) percieved benefits (benefit finding)
3) facts and treatments (control) |
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Term
| What is Self Affirmation? |
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Definition
| positive reflection on a valued self domain |
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Term
| What are the 5 things you need with coping with illness that Scott Norris mentioned? |
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Definition
Psycholgoical Control
Positive State of Mind
Positive Adjustment
Self Affirmation
Social Support |
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Term
| What are the four functions of coping? |
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Definition
1) master or eliminate the distress
2) alter appraisals of situation
3) reduce psychological and physiological distress reactions
4) return to normal or better functioning |
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Term
| What is Emotion Focused Coping and Problem- Focused Coping? |
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Definition
Emotion Focused: reduce or manage the distress from the stressor (emotional avoidance/ approach: processing and expression)
Problem Focused: solve or alter the stressor (come to terms) |
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Term
| What are the 4 different types of Social support? |
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Definition
1) Tangible Support (providing aid)
2) Informational Support (advice)
3) Emotional Support (showing concern)
4) Belonging Support (having ppl to be with) |
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Term
| What are the 4 Aspects of Social Support? |
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Definition
1) social integration-- do you have social relationships?
2) social network properties-- characteristics of network
3) function-- quality of network
4) transactions-- utilize networks |
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Term
| What did Berkmen and Syme find in their Prospective Longitudinal Study? |
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Definition
found more social ties leads to greater longevity
- statistical test tested for 3rd variables |
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Term
| What was Cohen's study and what did it have to do with? |
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Definition
- Prospective Longitudinal Study
- gave subjects cold virus
- ppl with more social networks got fewer cold symptoms |
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Term
| What are the 3 models of Social Support affecting health and explain how each one works |
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Definition
1) direct effects model (support--> health)
2) buffering model (stress-->support-->health)
3) health behavior model (support-->behavior-->health) |
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Term
| What was Spiegel's Breast Cancer Intervention Study? |
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Definition
- assigned to support or wait list control group
- support group women lived 18 months longer |
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Term
| What are relationships like in individualistic cultures? |
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Definition
- self= primary
- voluntary and freely chosen
- few obligations
- more european cultures |
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Term
| What are relationships like in collectivistic cultures? |
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Definition
- relationship is primary
- more "given" less volutnary
- greater sense of obligation
0 proceed with caution in social support transaction
- more asian cultures |
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Term
BOOK::::
What can the discharge of epinephrine and nonepinephrine lead to? |
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Definition
- supression of cellular immune function
- increase blood pressure and heart rate
- provoke variations in heart rhythems
- produce neorchemical imbalances
- catecholamines-- effects lipid levels
- prolonged cortisol secretion-- hippocampus |
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Term
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Definition
degree of change that occurs in autonomic, nuerodocrine, and or immune responses as a result of stress
- certain situations make certain people more vulnerable to stress |
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Term
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Definition
finds when people perform stressful tasks they should both pscyholgoical distress and strong indications of sympathetic activity and neuroendocrine responses
- helps show what kind of factors conribute to experiencing stress |
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Term
|
Definition
pervasive negative moods marked by anxiety, depression, and hostility
- like neuroticism
- cortisol secretion and heart rate go up |
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Term
| Problem vs emotional focused coping |
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Definition
PROBLEM FOCUSED: -involves attempts to do something constructive about stressful condition, emerges during childhood
EMOTIONAL FOCUSED: involves efforts to regulate emotions, experienced because of stressful event, develops later in life, involves rumination -- negative reccurant thoughts focused on stress-- detrimental to health |
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Term
| What is emotional approach coping? |
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Definition
| clarifying, focusing on, and workign through the emotions experienced in conjunction with a stressor, beneficial, especially to women |
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Term
| DIRECT EFFECTS HYPOTHESIS VS BUFFERING HYPOTHESIS |
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Definition
Direct EFFECTS: social support is generally beneficial during non stressful and stressful times
BUFFERING: only during period of high stress is social support important |
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Term
|
Definition
| - social support has beneficial effects when there is a match between what one needs and what one recieves from others in ones social network |
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Term
| What are 4 coping interventions? |
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Definition
1) Mindfullness training (meditation)
2) Expressive Writing
3) coping effectiveness training (appraisal)
4) stress management |
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Term
| What are the different parts of the Combat Stress Now Program? |
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Definition
1) learn what stress is and how it creates phsyical wear and tear
2) monitor stress
3) identify stress antecedents
4) avoid negative self talk
5) complete take home assignments
6) acquisitons skills
7) new goals
8) engaging in self talk and self instruction
9) using other cognitive behavioral techniques
10) self affirmation
11) relaxation training and stress management
12) supplamentary skills |
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Term
|
Definition
| HYPOTHALAMUS releases CRH which stimulates ACTH which stimulates ADRENAL CORTEX to release CORTISOL |
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Term
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Definition
| labeled by CEREBRAL CORTEX transmitted by HYPOTHALAMUS and stimulates MEDULLA of ADRENAL GLANDS and secretes EPINEPHRINE AND NONEPINEPHRINE and also PARASYMPATHETIC functioning |
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Term
|
Definition
| study of the frequency distribution and courses of infectious and noninefectious disease in a population |
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Term
|
Definition
| all elvels of organization are linked to each other heiarchically and taht change in any one level will effect change in all other levels |
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Term
| In the second article on Voodoos, what are the different aspects involved in cardiovascular stress response? |
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Definition
| blood vessels (myocardial ischemia), sympathetic nervous system, blood flow, kidneys, |
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Term
| In the second article on Voodoos, what is the process of blood vessels spliting into smaller and smaller units that leads to cardiovascular stress response? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the second article on Voodoos, what is atheroscierosis? |
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Definition
| accumulation of plagues which also has to do when sympathetic nervous system is continually activated |
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Term
| In the second article on Voodoos, what is fibrillation? |
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Definition
| uncoordinated heart beats that occur in dogs when they are angry or fearful. also has to do with cardiac death |
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Term
| In the second article on Voodoos, what is the #1 killer in the US? |
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Definition
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Term
| In the second article on Voodoos, what was Cannons vs Ritchers take on voodoo death? |
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Definition
Cannon: flight or flight response
Richter: thought it was from too much parasympathetic nervous system due to "vagal storm" or slowing down of the heart system |
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Term
| In the second article on Voodoos, what type of personality is especially at risk for cardiac death? |
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Definition
| type A personality because of their hostility and stressful outlook. more releasing of epinephrine and nonepinephrine |
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