Term
| What does the brain develop from? Where, in relation to somites, does it develop? |
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Definition
| The neural tube, rostral to the 4th pair of somites |
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Term
| What are the three primary vesicles of the brain? |
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Definition
| Proencephalon, mesencephalon, rhombencephalon |
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Term
| Proencephalon gives rise to what secondary vesicle(s)? |
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Definition
| Telencephalon, diencephalon |
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Term
| Mesencephalon gives rise to what secondary vesicle(s)? |
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Definition
| It remains and develops into the midbrain |
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Term
| What secondary vesicles does the rhombencephalon give rise to? |
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Definition
| Metencephalon, myelencephalon |
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Term
| The telencephalon develops into... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The diencephalon develops into... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The mesencephalon develops into... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The metencephalon develops into... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The myencephalon develops into... |
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Definition
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Term
| The cerebral aqueduct is a remnant of which secondary brain vesicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| The 4th ventricle of the brain is a remnant of which secondary brain vesicle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the function of the precentral gyrus? |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary sensory cortex can be found where? |
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Definition
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Term
| The area of the brain responsible for audition is... |
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Definition
| the superior gyrus of the temporal lobe |
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Term
| The vision center of the cortex is on the ________ lobe, on banks of the __________ fissure. |
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Definition
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Term
| The primary motor cortex is Brodmann's area ____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the path of upper motor neuron axons. Where do they cross, and what proportion of them cross? |
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Definition
| Leave the cortex, descend in the internal capsule, through the cerebral peduncle, into the pons/medulla. 90% cross in the medullary pyramids. |
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Term
| How in the anterior (medial) corticospinal tract different from the lateral corticospinal tract? |
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Definition
| The axons do not cross, and they innervate the trunk muscles (vs. extremities) |
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Term
| The primary sensory cortex is Brodmann's area(s)... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The dorsal columns (sensory pathway) carry what types of information? |
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Definition
| Discriminatory touch, propioception, vibratory sense |
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Term
| The anterolateral columns carry what type of information? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do axons in the dorsal columns cross? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do axons in the anterolateral columns cross? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where do anterolateral and dorsal column systems RELAY through (on the way to the cortex)? |
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Definition
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Term
| Injury of the corticospinal system above the pyramidal decussation causes... |
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Definition
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Term
| Injury of the corticospinal system anywhere below the decussation causes... |
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Definition
| ipsilateral paralysis below the lesion |
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Term
| Injury to the spinal cord will cause loss of pain and temperature sense below the lesion on the ________ side. |
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Definition
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Term
| Injury to the spinal cord will cause ipsilateral loss of what sensations below the lesion? |
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Definition
| Discriminative touch, propioception, vibration |
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Term
| What two arterial systems contribute to blood supply of the brain? |
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Definition
| Internal carotid and vertebral |
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Term
Internal carotid artery comes off __________,
enters cranial cavity via the ____________, supplies primarily the ______, _______ and _______. |
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Definition
| common carotid, carotid canal, orbit, eye and brain. |
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Term
| _________ artery is the 1st branch of subclavian artery, travels through the ________ foramina of ______, enters the _______ ________, joins artery of opposite side to form __________ artery.W |
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Definition
| Vertebral, transverse, C6-C1, foramen magnum, basilar |
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Term
| What are the important branches from the internal carotid artery? |
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Definition
| Ophthalmic, posterior communicating, middle cerebral, anterior cerebral |
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Term
| What are the 3 branches of the VERTEBRAL artery (not basilar)? |
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Definition
| Anterior spinal, posterior spinal, posterior inferior cerebellar |
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Term
| The basilar artery surface is formed on the ______ surface of the ________. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the paired branches of the basilar artery, from caudal to rostral? |
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Definition
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Pontine arteries (about 3)
Superior cerebellar arteries |
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Term
| What is the termination of the basilar artery? |
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Definition
| It bifurcates into two posterior cerebral arteries. |
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Term
| The internal carotid artery passes through what important venous structure? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| The Circle of Willis is an anastamosis between which arterial systems? |
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Definition
| Vertebrobasilar and internal carotid |
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Term
| Posterior communicating arteries connect... |
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Definition
| Posterior cerebral to the internal carotid |
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Term
| There is a watershed region between what two cerebral arteries? |
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Definition
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Term
| Occlusion of which cerebral artery could lead to vision disturbances? Can you name the specific branch? |
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Definition
| Posterior cerebral artery, calcarine artery |
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Term
| Abducens nerve could be affected by an aneurysm of which artery (think of the inferior surface of the brain)? |
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Definition
| Anterior inferior cerebellar artery |
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Term
| What are the layers of the cranial dura? What are they continuous with (at the foramen mangnum)? |
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Definition
| Periosteal layer - periosteum of outer skull, meningeal layer - spinal dura |
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Term
| Where is the superior sagittal sinus in relation to the layers of cranial dura? |
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Definition
| Between the two layers of dura |
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Term
| Dural venous sinuses are lined with... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the anterior attachment of the falx cerebri? |
|
Definition
| crista galli of the ethmoid, frontal crest of the frontal bone |
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Term
| What is the posterior attachment of the falx cerebri? |
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Definition
| It attaches and blends with tentorium cerebelli |
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Term
| Falx cerebri contains what two venous structures? |
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Definition
| Superior and inferior sagittal sinuses, straight sinus |
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Term
| Tentorium of cerebelli is a horizontal shelf of... |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the posterior attachment of the tentorium? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the lateral attachment of the tentorium? |
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Definition
| The superior border of the petrous part of the temporal bone |
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Term
| What is the anterior and medial attachment of the tentorium? |
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Definition
| Those borders are free, forming the tentorial notch |
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Term
| What passes through the tentorial notch? |
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Definition
| The midbrain, basilar artery |
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Term
| What structures pass through the tentorial notch during a transtentorial herniation? |
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Definition
| The medial temporal lobe and uncus |
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Term
| What are the classic signs of an uncal herniation? |
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Definition
| Blown pupil, hemiplegia, coma |
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Term
| A subfalcine herniation occurs where? In which direction is the force directed? |
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Definition
| Inferior to the falx cerebri, horizontally (toward the midline) |
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|
Term
| With a central herniation, where is the force directed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the posterior attachment of the falx cerebelli? |
|
Definition
| The internal occipital crest of the occipital bone |
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|
Term
| What is the superior attachment of the falx cerebelli? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What "separates" the two hemispheres of the cerebellum? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| What is the small horizontal shelf of meningeal dura that covers the hypophyseal fossa? What passes through it? |
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Definition
| Diaphagma sellae, the infundibulum |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the dura in the anterior cranial fossa? |
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Definition
| Anterior meningeal arteries (branches of ethmoidal artery) |
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Term
| What arteries supply the dura in the middle cranial fossa? What are they branches of? Where do they enter the skull? |
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Definition
| Middle (foramen spinosum) and accessory meningeal (foramen rotundum) arteries - branches of maxillary. |
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Term
| What supplies blood to the dura in the posterior cranial fossa? What is it a branch of? |
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Definition
| Posterior meningeal artery, from ascending pharygneal |
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Term
| An epidural bleed is usually caused by damage to which artery? |
|
Definition
| Middle meningeal, particularly the anterior branch (from trauma to the pterion) |
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Term
| In an epidural bleed, where exactly does blood collect? Between which layers? |
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Definition
| Between the calvaria bone and the periosteal layer of dura, slowly separating it from the bone |
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Term
| An epidural hemorrhage causes blood to accumulate in what shape (on a CT)? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the brain for pain and touch sensation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| One cause of headache is from stretching of... |
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Definition
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Term
| Except for the posterior fossa, dura is mostly innervated by what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What innervates the dura in the posterior fossa below the tentorium? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| Where do fibers from C2 and C3 enter the skull to innervate the posterior portion of the dura? |
|
Definition
| Foramen magnum, hypoglassal canal and jugular foramen |
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Term
| What are the properties of the arachnoid mater? Thick or thin? Vascular or avascular? What is its relationship to the dura? |
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Definition
| Thin, avascular, against but not adherent to the dura |
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|
Term
| What is the potential space associated with the dura and the arachnoid? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The subarachnoid space is between which layers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What attaches the arachnoid to the pia mater? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Blood vessels travel in which meningeal space? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of brain bleed typically occurs in older individuals, and can have a seemingly trivial history? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| During a subdural bleed, where does blood collect? Where is the blood from? |
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Definition
| Blood from torn veins fills the potential space between the dura and arachnoid mater |
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|
Term
| Which type of bleed produces a crescent-shaped hemorrhage? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| SIGNIFICANT head trauma or bursting of a cerebral aneurysm can cause what type of bleed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| During a subarachnoid bleed, where does blood flow? |
|
Definition
| Down between the gyri of the brain, down into the sulci |
|
|
Term
| The abducens nerve could be affected by an aneurysm of which artery on the base of the brain? |
|
Definition
| Anterior inferior cerebellar artery |
|
|
Term
| A subarachnoid hemorrhage produces what shape on a CT? |
|
Definition
| It fills the subarachnoid space around the entire brain |
|
|
Term
| During an uncal herniation, what is moving where? |
|
Definition
| The median temporal lobe and uncus through the tentorial notch |
|
|
Term
| During a tonsillar herniation, what is moving where? |
|
Definition
| herniation of the cerebellar tonsil through the foramen magnum |
|
|
Term
| Dural venous sinuses empty into which vein, via which foramen? |
|
Definition
| The internal jugular, via the jugular foramen |
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Term
|
Definition
| Superior sagittal, inferior sagittal, straight, confluence of sinuses, superior petrosal, inferior petrosal, transverse, cavernous, basilar, sphenoparietal |
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|
Term
| The superior petrosal sinus lies within what structure? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The confluence of sinuses unites which sinuses? |
|
Definition
| Superior sagittal, straight and transverse |
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|
Term
| What sinuses lies beneath the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What artery runs through the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
| The internal carotid artery |
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|
Term
| What nerve(s) lie WITHIN the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What nerves lie within the wall of the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What specialization of dura makes the roof of the cavernous sinus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gland (sitting in a bony structure) almost divides the cavernous sinus into left and right halves? |
|
Definition
| The pituitary in the sella turcica. |
|
|
Term
| What does the cavernous sinus have to do with cancer? |
|
Definition
| It can be the site of metastasis from breast, lung and prostate cancer |
|
|
Term
| A cavernous aneurysm of the internal carotid could cause what syndrome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Cavernous sinus syndrome can cause what symptoms? |
|
Definition
| diplopia, painful ophthalmoplegia |
|
|
Term
| With cavernous sinus syndrome, there can be sensory loss of what nerve? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CSF-filled spaces in the brain called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many lateral ventricles are there? Where? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the 3rd ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
| in the region of the pons, beneath (deep to) the cerebellum |
|
|
Term
| How much CSF is made per day? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does CSF get into the third ventricle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does CSF get from the 3rd to 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Via the cerebral aqueduct, aka the aqueduct of Sylvius |
|
|
Term
| How does CSF leave the 4th ventricle? |
|
Definition
| Median foramen of Magendie and lateral foramen of Lushka |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| In the arachnoid villi in the superior sagittal sinus |
|
|
Term
| Hydrocephalus can be caused by what two major methods? |
|
Definition
| Congenital obstruction of the aqueduct of Sylvius, or tumors can block it |
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