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a. The significant transformation that occurs in every developmental domain
b. Understand the impact of early experience on development
c. We currently have more tools and information available to guide our inquiry than at any previous time |
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| whether they occur independently of experience i |
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| result predetermined “program” |
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| 4.) Historical studies of children and childhood |
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literary evidence
quantitative archival evidence
material culture |
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| parents diaries and letters |
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| quantitative archival evidence? |
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| toys, clothing, furniture |
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a. Children valued as future of society but regarded as property and had few rights
b. Babies were often abandoned if not seen fit |
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a. Infant mortality rates were high- number of deaths per 1,000 live births before the age of 1 yr.
b. Oblation was another form of abandonment- permanent donation of an infant or very young child to a monastery |
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a. Children were abandoned and left at the doors of churches
b. Usually infants taken to the orphanages died |
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a. Infancy began in the womb and prayers were needed because infants believed to be conceieved in sin
b. Prenatal care was spiritual and physical
c. At birth babies were considered innocent vipers
d. Mostly puritan parents |
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| an early nineteenth century movement imported to the united states from Europe in which educators believed that children as young as 18 months could be educated and taught to read |
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| first professor of psychology in the united states and the first president of the American psychological Association; used questionnaire method to study childrens thinking |
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| pioneer in organizing psychological science in north America; studied movement patterns and handedness |
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| rejected European traditions like questionnaire research and used observations |
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| founded a child study lab at Yale; believed infants have an innate ability to develop in optimal ways and studied physical growth and motor development |
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| used clinical observations of the mother infant relationship to construct theory of attachment in humans |
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| characterization of development as gradual, smooth process of change |
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| number of deaths per 1,000 live births usually reported with reference to the age of 1 year |
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Definition
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| an early nineteenth century movement imported to the united states from Europe in which educators believed that children as young as 18 months could be educated and taught to read |
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Definition
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| written information, including parents diaries and letters, childrearing advice written by ministers and doctors and childrens books |
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| physical evidence such as toys, clothing, furniture and works of art |
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| medieval European practice involving the permanent “donation” of an infant or young child to a monastery |
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| official sources of written information and data, including census data, tax records, and legislative and court records |
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Definition
| quantitative archival evidence |
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| characterization of development as occurring in distinct phases, with qualitative differences between stages |
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Definition
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| • Observer records all instances of a particular behavior during a specific time period |
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Definition
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| • Observer records whether certain behaviors occur during a sample of short time intervals |
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• Participants may react in unnatural ways
• Can be minimized |
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| participant influence and observer/research bias |
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• Observers record what they expect, rather than what really happens
• A serious danger |
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| high external validity; low internal validity |
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| high internal validity; low external validity |
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| how much you can contribute the results of your experiment for independent variable to turn to dependent variable |
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• Experimenter changes or manipulates
• Expected to course changes in another variable |
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• Experimenter measures but does not manipulate
• Expected to be influenced by the independent variable |
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o Descriptive, qualitative technique
o Goal is to understand a culture or social group |
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| • Researcher lives in community for months or years |
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| o Brings together a wide range of wide information on one child |
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| clinical/case study method |
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| • Use rare opportunities for random assignment in natural settings |
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• Quasi-Experiment
• Compare differences in treatment that already exist
• Groups chosen to match characteristics as much as possible |
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o Same participants studied repeatedly at different ages
• Patterns of individual development
• Relationships from time 1 to time 2
• Measurement equivalence
• Examine long term effects of interventions |
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o People of differing ages all studied at the same time
o Efficient at getting at age related changes
o No worries regarding practice effects
o Some limited cohort effects
o May miss important developmental achievements. Misses individual development trajectories
o With wide age spans-we may have cohort effects
o We can only compare differences across ages |
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o Measures of the involuntary activities of the automatic nervous system activity
• Heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, pupils, stress hormones |
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| psychophysiological methods |
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Definition
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| o Basic principle that certain noticeable behaviors changes will occur with presentation of new stimuli and the repeated presentation of the same stimuli. |
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o Biased
o Important part of many studies
• Parents as gatekeepers |
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• Examine more sociological factors
• Number of children born
• Weight, maternal age, infant mortality |
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Term
| consequences of infertility |
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Definition
1. Personal level-depression
2. Couple level-sex life may suffer
3. Social level- feelings of isolation |
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Term
| )- any fertility treatment in which both egg and sperm are handled |
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Definition
| assisted reproductive technology (ART) |
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| inserting donor sperm directly into a woman’s body (cheap) |
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| use of fertility drugs to increase the monthly release of eggs |
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| freezing eggs or sperm for later use |
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| the process to determine genetic or chromosomal disorders in the embryo before implantation ; can also determine the sex |
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| preimplantation genetic diagnosis PGD |
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| you try to weed out the best genetic traits |
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Definition
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| store and transmit genetic information |
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| segments of DNA located along the chromosomes |
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| substance of which genes and chromosomes are made |
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Definition
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| iv. A single chromosome can have _____ genes in it |
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| process of cell duplication where each pair of chromosomes are also duplicated-thus when the cell divides each cell has a full complement of the 23 pairs of the chromosomes |
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| vi. The first 22 pairs of chromosomes in your body |
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| which provide the genetic basis for things other than biological sex. |
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| - 23rd pair of chromosomes, determine sex, |
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1. Two zygotes or fertilized ova
2. Fraternal twins with different skin tone |
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Definition
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| 1. One zygote that divides into two individuals |
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Definition
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Term
| maternal factors related to fraternal twinning? |
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Definition
ethnicity
family history of twinning
age
nutrition
number of births
fertility drugs and in vitro fertilization |
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| one gene of a pair that always exerts its effects |
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Definition
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| one gene of a pair that only exerts its effects if the other one is also recessive |
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| mother’s or father’s allele is chemically marked and thus activated, often temporary |
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| sudden, permanent change in a DNA segment |
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| problems with the X or Y chromosomes |
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| sex chromosome abnormalities |
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1. Structural
2. Chromosomal |
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Definition
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Term
| a. Individuals likely to choose genetic counseling include: |
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Definition
i. Those who have had difficulty bearing children
ii. Women who delay childbearing past age 35
iii. Those with a family history of inherited disorders or diseases |
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Term
a. Trisomy 21
b. Intellectual disabilities, memory and speech problems, limited vocabulary and slow motor development |
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Definition
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i. Permits food and oxygen to reach developing organism
ii. Permits waste products to be carried away |
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Definition
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i. Delivers blood to developing organism
ii. Removes waste from developing organism |
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| any substance in the environment that can cause physical malformations during prenatal development |
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