Term
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Definition
| In ______ _____, adaptive behavior is behavior that promotes the organism's survival in a natural habitat. |
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Term
| adaptation, reproduction, and "survival of the fittest" |
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Definition
| Evolutionary psychology holds that ____, ______, and ______________, are important in shaping behavior. |
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Term
| Evolutionary developmental psychology |
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Definition
| _________ _________ __________ emphasizes that humans need an extended "juvenile" period to develop a large brain and learn the complexity of social communities. |
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Term
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Definition
| Except in the span and egg, the nucleus of each human cell contains _____ chromosomes, which are composed of DNA. |
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Term
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Definition
| Genetics are passed on to new cells when chromosomes are duplicated during the process of ______ and ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| A specialized form of cell division that occurs to form eggs and sperm (or gametes). |
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Term
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Definition
| Cellular reproduction in which the cel's nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes. |
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Definition
| A person's genetic heritage; the actual genetic material. |
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Term
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Definition
| The way an individual's genotype is expressed in observed and measurable characteristics. |
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Term
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Definition
| The term ________________ ________ is increasingly used to describe studies that focus on the interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development. |
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Term
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Definition
| the field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development. Researchers in this field often study either twins or adoption situations. |
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Term
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Definition
| A study in which the behavioral similarity of identical twins is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins. |
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Term
| Scarr's heredity-environment correlation |
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Definition
| In Scarr's ________-_______ _________ view, heredity directs the types of environments that children experience. |
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Term
| passive, evocative, and active (niche-picking). |
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Definition
| Scarr identified tree types of genotype-environment interactions: ____, _____, and _____. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ________ _______ emphasizes that development is a result of an ongoing, bidirectional interchange between heredity and environment. Recently, interest has developed in how gene interaction influences development. |
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Term
| germinal, embryonic, fetal |
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Definition
| Prenatal development can be divided into three periods: _____, ______, and _______. |
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Term
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Definition
| Approximately ____ to ___ percent of U.S. couples have infertility problems. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ____ stage of the birth process is the longest. Uterine contractions are 15 to 20 minutes apart at the beginning and last up to a minute each. |
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Term
| By the end of the first stage |
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Definition
| At what stage in birth are contractions dilating the cervix to an opening of about 10 centimeters? |
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Term
| When the baby's head starts to ove through the cervix and the birth canal |
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Definition
| When does the second stage of birthing begin? |
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Term
| when the baby completely emerges from the mother's body |
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Definition
| When does the second stage of birthing end? |
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Term
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Definition
| for a woman having her first child, the first stage of birthing lasts an average of how many hours? |
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Term
| every minute, last for about a minute |
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Definition
| By the time the head is out of the mother's body, the contractions come almost ___________ and last for about ____. |
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Term
| every minute, last for about a minute |
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Definition
| By the time the head is out of the mother's body, the contractions come almost ___________ and last for about ____. |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ is the third stage, during which the placenta, umbilical cord, and other membranes are detached and expelled. |
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Term
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Definition
| A ______ is a caregiver who provides continuous physical, emotional, and educational support for the mother before, during, and after childbirth. |
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Term
| analgesia, anesthesia, and oxytocin/Pitocin |
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Definition
| Three basic kinds of drugs that are used for labor are ____, _____, and ______. |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ is used in late first-stage labor and during delivery to block sensation in an area of the body or to block consciousness. |
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Term
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Definition
| An ____ ____ is regional anesthesia that numbs the woman's body from the waist down. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ is a synthetic hormone that is used to stimulate contractions. |
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Term
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Definition
| a childbirth method in which no drugs are given to relieve pain or assist in the birthing process. The mother and her partner are taught to use breathing methods and relaxation techniques during delivery. |
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Term
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Definition
| This childbirth strategy is similar to natural childbirth but includes a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor and more detailed anatomy and physiology instruction. |
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Term
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Definition
| low birthweight, preterm, and small for date infants are at risk for __________ ______ although most of these infants are normal and healthy. |
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Term
| no but close contact can reduce the mother's anxiety and lead to better interaction later |
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Definition
| Is early bonding critical in the development of a competent infant? |
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Term
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Definition
| The _______ _______ lasts for about six weeks after childbirth or until the body has returned to a nearly prepregnant state. |
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Term
| cephalocaudal and proxidismal |
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Definition
| most development follows _____ and _____ patterns. |
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Term
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Definition
| Newborns usually sleep ___ to ___ hours a day, but by 4 months many American infants approach adult-like sleeping patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| Infants need to consume about ____ calories per day for each pound they weigh. |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ _____ ________ seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for perceiving and acting. This theory emphasizes that experience plays an important role in motor development, and that perception and action are coupled. |
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Term
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Definition
| _______ - automatic movements- govern the newborn's behavior. |
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Term
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Definition
| ___________, which involve large-muscle activities, developed during infancy include control of posture and walking. |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ is the interpretation of sensation. |
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Term
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Definition
| The infant's visual acuity increases dramatically in the first year of life. By ___________ of age, infants show size and shape constancy. |
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Term
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Definition
| The fetus can hear ________ _______ prior to birth |
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Term
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Definition
| In _______ theory, children construct their own cognitive worlds, building mental structures to adapt to their world. Schemes, assimilation and accommodation, organization, and equilibration are key processes in this theory. |
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Term
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Definition
| An approach different from _______ focuses on infants' operant conditioning, attention, imitation, memory, and concept formation. |
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Term
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Definition
| _________ argues that children are born with the ability to detect basic features and rules of language. |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ is a feeling or affect that occurs when a person is in a state or an interaction that is important to them. |
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Term
| stranger anxiety and fear of separation from a caregiver |
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Definition
| Two fears that infants develop are? |
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Term
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Definition
| __________ is an individual's behavioral style and characteristic way of responding emotionally. |
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Term
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Definition
| ________ argued that an infant's first year is characterized by the stage of trust versus mistrust. Independence becomes a central theme in the second year of life, which is characterized by the stage of autonomy versus same and doubt. |
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Term
| contact comfort and trust |
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Definition
| In infancy, ______ and ______ are important in the development of attachment. |
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Term
| avoidant, resistant, disorganized |
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Definition
| Three types of insecure attachment are? |
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Term
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Definition
| This cry follows a rhythmic pattern usually consisting of a cry, a briefer silence, a shorter inspiratory whistle that is higher pitched than the main cry, and then a brief rest before the next cry |
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Term
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Definition
| A cry similar to the basic cry, with more excess air forced through the vocal cords. |
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Term
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Definition
| A sudden outburst of loud crying without preliminary moaning, followed by breath holding |
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Term
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Definition
| child who is generally in a positive mood, who quickly establishes regular routines i infancy, and who adapts easily to new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| child who tends to react negatively and cry frequently, who engages in irregular daily routines, nd who is slow to accept new experiences |
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Term
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Definition
| child who has a low activity level, is somewhat negative and displays a low intensity of mood |
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Term
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Definition
| "reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation |
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Term
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Definition
| refers to the match between a child's temperament and the environmental demands with which the child must cope |
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Term
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Definition
Which phase of Bolwby's conceptualization of attachment is the following:
from 7 to 24 months, specific attachments develop. With increased locomotor skills, babies actively seek contact with regular caregivers such as a mother or a father |
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Term
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Definition
| An observational measure of infant attachment that requires the infant to move through a series of introductions, separations, and reunions with the caregiver an an adult stranger in a prescribed order |
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