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Definition
| the process of orderly, cummulative, directional age-related changes in a person |
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| changes follow a logical sequence |
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| any given phase includes all that went before plus something more |
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| development always moves towards a greater complexity |
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| concept of... quantitative |
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| change in number or amoun ie vocab |
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| fundamental transformation in ability or characteritics ie babbling to first word |
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| changes across all children |
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| concept of... individual development |
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| individual variations around normative course; continuity within pathway |
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| (1632-1704)empirisits... "tabula rasa" (blank slate) |
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| (1712-1778) Nativist...."natural unfolding" |
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| human intellectual abilties to innate |
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| specific mind/brain modules are designed by evolution to perform specific cognitive tasks |
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| nature provides only species-general learning mechanisms, with cognitiion arisng as a result of experience |
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(1809-1882)
Evolution: development of species through structural changes over time |
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| process by which traits that are well adapted to an enviornment are selected through reprouduction |
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| changes in a species that increases the chance of survival in a particular enviornment |
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Theories of development...
3 cognitive? |
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Definition
| Piaget, Information processing, sociocultural |
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theories of development...
3 social/emotional? |
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Definition
| psoychoanalytic, social learning, bowlby |
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Definition
(1896-1980) believes in active engagement in children, nothing passive
ie learning object sense |
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development=qualitative change
as children grow, they undergo major qualitative changes in how they think and learn |
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-development cant be accelerated through training
-targeting their specific developmental stage |
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| 0-2 years, coordinate sensory experience with motor actions ie smiling and laughing when tickled |
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| 2-7 years, begin to represent the world in words, images and drawings |
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| 7-11 years, begin to perform operations, thinking logically |
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| 11-15 years, abstract, logical thinking |
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Definition
| (1896-1934)most famous idea was the zone of proximal development |
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| zone of proximal development |
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Definition
| working with caregiver and getting brought along |
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Definition
| interested in theory,children skills.... children selling candy to tourists (using 5 and 3 times table) |
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| noticed how children act in a certain way to get a predicted response |
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| (1856-1939) Vinenese neurologist |
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Mind= 3 structures....
What are they? |
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Definition
Id= instincts, unconscious
Ego= self, executive branch, reality driven
Superego=conscience, morality |
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Definition
qualitive changes, want pleasure not survival skills
-oral 0-18 months
-anal 18-3 years
-phallic 3-6 years
-latency 6-puberty
-genital puberty onward |
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Definition
| under or overdevelopment in a certain stage of development |
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Definition
english psychiatrist (1908-1990)
-adaptional theory
-infants are predisposed (bilogically hard-wired) to behave in certain ways that promote closeness with caregivers |
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| specific, testable, assumption and prediction derived from a theory |
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| study conducted under controlled conditions |
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| degree to which experimental findings in the lab generalize to the outside world |
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| naturalistic observation- ethological approach, "real world", behavior observed outside the lab |
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| believed in studying children when they cant speak |
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| social acceptability problem |
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Definition
-commercially prepared tests that assess performance in different domains
-compare performance with norms |
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| in depth look at an individual |
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| studying the same individuals over a period of time |
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| studying people of many ages at one time |
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| (1917-____) Ecological Theory |
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| setting where person lives in regular enviornment |
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| bell's directional effect |
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| childs behavior effects what parent does, in turn effecting what the child does |
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Definition
| realtionships between microsystems |
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Definition
societal institutions that a person does not experience first hand, that still influence development
ie school systems, local government, local media, religious institutions |
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Definition
| culture in which indivuals live (behavior patterns, beliefs) |
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Term
| SES (socio-economic status) |
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Definition
the grouping of people with similar occupational, educational, and econmic characteristics
ie occupational prestige
-educational resources
-economic resources
-power to influence community and institutions |
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Term
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Definition
1 genetics
2 prental development
3 developmental history intil this point |
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SES related outcomes:
high ses parents |
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Definition
-explain more
-use more verbal praise
-reason during discipline
-ask children more questions |
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Definition
-ideas, values, assumptions about life that guide people's behavior
-human made
-passed from generation to generation |
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| the tendency to favor one group over other groups |
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Definition
| comparison of culture with one or more other cultures... answers questions about universality of child development |
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| Order of bio-ecological theory |
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Definition
1 genetics
2 microsystem
3 mesosystem
4 exosystem
5 macrosystem
6 chronosystem |
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Term
| how many chromosomes are in a nucleus of every somatic cell? |
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Definition
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| 46 chromosomes equals how many pairs? |
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Definition
| 23 paris (inherited from mom and dad) |
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Term
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Definition
| the members of each chromosome pair are of the same general size and shape and carry genes from the same type |
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| every indiviual has how many copies of each gene? |
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Definition
| 2... except males dont have XY |
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Definition
| threadlike structures found in the nucleus |
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Definition
| section of chromosomes that codes for a particular position |
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| about how many total genes are there? |
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Definition
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Term
| explain mitotic cell division |
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Definition
1 dna duplicates itself
2 line up along the cell center
3 split into two single stranded chromosomes
4 seperate to opposite side of cell
5 cell division down the middle
6 result in two new exact replica cells |
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Term
| explain meitoc cell division |
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Definition
1 DNA in germ cell duplicates
2 homologus chromosomes pair up
3 homologus pairs seperate
4 first meitic cell
5 double stranded dna in both new cells
6 second meiotic cell divison = 4 new cells with 23 chromosomes |
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Term
| explain meitoc cell division |
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Definition
1 DNA in germ cell duplicates
2 homologus chromosomes pair up
3 homologus pairs seperate
4 first meitic cell
5 double stranded dna in both new cells
6 second meiotic cell divison = 4 new cells with 23 chromosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| only 4 cells become sperm, only 1 in 4 become eggs |
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Term
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Definition
| deletion, trisomy, maternal uniparental disomy |
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Term
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Definition
| williams syndrome, 5p- syndrome, smith-magenis |
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Definition
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| maternal uniparental disomy |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a child that is born with a syndrome is probabic to show phentotypes, but every child is different |
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Definition
-1 in every 25,000
-behavioral phenotype:
cognitive, linquistic, pyschopathology |
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Term
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Definition
-(pre-dispaw syndrome)
-intellectual disability |
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Term
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Definition
-extra chromosome 21
-1 in 700 births |
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Term
| relative strengths and weaknesses in down syndrome |
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Definition
strengths:
-visuo-spatial processing
-some aspects of social-emotional functioning
-receptive language
weaknesses:
-auditory, verbal processing
-expressive language
-motor functioning |
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Term
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Definition
-both chromosome 15 are from mom
- 1 in 15,000 births
behavioral phenotype:
-cognitive, personality motivation, pyschopathology |
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Term
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Definition
| uncontrollable desire to eat |
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Definition
| caused by a deletion (missing piece)on chromosome 7. Piece only carries between 16-33 genes on it |
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Term
| strengths and weaknesses of williams syndrome |
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Definition
stengths:
-verbal/auditory processing
-some aspects of social/emotional functions
-expressive language
weaknesses:
-visuo-spatial processing
-receptive lanquage
-fine motor skills
-anxietics, fears, in attention |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| = fraternal twins; share 100% of genetic makeup |
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Definition
| =identical twins; share 50% of genetic makeup |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens within first 24 hours of fertilization? |
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Definition
| zygote moves through fallopian tubes |
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Term
| what happens within 30 hours of fertilization? |
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Definition
| first cell divison (mitotic) |
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Term
| what happens within 60 hours of fertilization? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens within 1 week of fertilization? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| about one hundred cells in a hollow ball |
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Definition
| zygote planted into uterus |
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Term
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Definition
| formation of organs and other body structures |
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Term
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Definition
1 embryoblast(becomes inner cell mass)=embryo
2 trophobalst(becomes outer cell mass)=life support system
3 implantation of zygote into lining of uterus |
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
| CNS, sensory organs, skin |
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Term
| cephalocaudal development |
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Definition
| development proceeds from head downward |
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Term
| proximodistal development |
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Definition
| development proceeds from center of body outward |
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Definition
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Definition
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| what happens in week 4 of the fetal period? |
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Definition
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| what happens in week 5 of the fetal period? |
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Definition
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true or false
the fetus is more responsive than the embryo |
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Definition
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