Term
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Definition
| ________ results from release of calcitonin gene-related peptide from the trigeminal nerves at the base of the brain in response to a spreading wave of excitation. Followed by lack of response from the cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| An excitatory postsynaptic potential lasts for about 15 ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| The cells in the nervous system that fill spaces and support neurons both physically and nutritionally are called |
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Term
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Definition
| Each neuron in the CNS recieves input from |
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Term
| SOME ION CHANNELS BEING OPENED WHILE OTHERS BEING CLOSED |
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Definition
| A nerve cell membrane may become depolarized as a result of |
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Term
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Definition
| Diverging axons amplify an impulse by |
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Term
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Definition
| A ______ is the junction between neurons |
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Term
| ALLOWED INCREASED ACTIVITY OF NOREPINEPHRINE |
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Definition
| Drugs that inhibit the enzyme monoamine oxidase |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that decrease membrane permeability to sodium |
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Term
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Definition
| The somatic nervous system controls voluntary actions and the autonomic nervous system oversees involuntary actions TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters that affect a neuron's response to other neurotransmitters |
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Term
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Definition
| An immune response that triggers inflammation of the spinal cord and brain, leaving scars |
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Term
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Definition
| The types of neurons that are organized into neuronal pools |
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Term
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Definition
| Which cells produce myelin in the brain and the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| Viagra is a drug used to treat erectile dysfunction by dilating arteries in the penis. The neurotransmitter that Viagra affects is |
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Term
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Definition
| Astrocytes structurally support neurons and also provide important signals and nutrients to neurons TF |
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Term
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Definition
| An action potential is triggered if |
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Term
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Definition
| Saltatory conduction is ________ than conduction on an unmyelinated fiber |
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Term
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Definition
| Axons from neurons in different parts of the nervous system contacting the same neuron |
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Term
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Definition
| If a resting potential becomes more negative, the membrane is |
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Term
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Definition
| Myeline comprises much of the cell membrane of ______ cells |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| RECEPTORS FOR ENDOGENOUS OPIATES |
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Definition
| Opiate drugs derived from poppies relieve pain in humans because the human nervous system has |
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Term
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Definition
| The most rapid nerve impulses are conducted on fibers that are |
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Term
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Definition
| Myelin is composed largely of carbohydrates TF |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| NEURAL STEM CELLS HAVE LOWER OXYGEN AND ENERGY REQUIREMENTS THAN NEURONS |
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Definition
| Neural stem cells can be harvested from autopsies and stored, alive, in banks, whereas neurons cannot because |
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Term
| ASPARTIC ACID, GLUTAMIC ACID, GLYCINE, GABA |
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Definition
| Neurotransmitters that are modified amino acids are |
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Term
| AXONS OF THE CNS LACK NEURILEMMAE |
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Definition
| A reason that the CNS and the PNS differ in their ability to regenerate after injury is that |
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Term
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Definition
| Muscles and glands that respond to nerve impulses are called |
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Term
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Definition
| When action potential passes over the surface of a synaptic knob, the contents of the vesicles are eleased in response to the presence of |
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Term
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Definition
| In convergence, two or more incomoing fibers contact a single neuron, whereas in diverfgence, impulses leaving a neuron pass into several output fibers TF |
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Term
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Definition
| A nerve is a single neuron that transmits nerve impulses TF |
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Term
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Definition
| A stimulus great enough to change the membrane potential and propagate an action potential is said to have reached |
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Term
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Definition
| Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following cells is only found in the PNS |
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Term
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Definition
| During the absolute refractory period, a stimulus of high intensity may trigger a nerve impulse TF |
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Term
| THE NUMBER OF RECEPTORS TO WHICH THE DRUG BINDS ON NEURONS HAS DECLINED |
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Definition
| Marjorie takes an anti-anxiety drug so that she can sleep better and remain calm enough to study effectively. She begins by taking 25 milligrams every evening, but within a month, this dose is no longer helping, so she takes two pills. After another month, this dosage is no longer effective. This is happening because |
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Term
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Definition
| During an action potential, calcium ions cause |
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Term
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Definition
| Axon branches are called collateral TF |
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Term
| INTEGRATIVE, MOTOR, SENSORY |
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Definition
| Three general functions of the nervous system are |
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Term
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Definition
| Enkephalins are neuropeptides TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Because the response of a nerve fiber is all-or-none, a greater intensity of stimulus does not produce a stronger impulse TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Sensory receptors are part of the CNS TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Dendrites on unipolar neurons are part of |
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Term
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Definition
| The neurotransmitter most likely produced when a person uses a drug that creates a sense of well-being is |
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Term
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Definition
| Synaptic knobs are at the ends of |
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Term
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Definition
| Clusters of neuron cell bodies are called |
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Term
| BASEMENT MEMBRANES AND CONNECTIVE TISSUES |
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Definition
| In order for a severed peripheral nerve to regenerate and recover its original function, nerve fibers must srpoud and enter tubes formed by |
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Term
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Definition
| The cytoplasmic extensions that, together with the cell body, provide the main receptive surfaces for neurons are |
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Term
| WHITE, COMPOSING OF WHITE MATTER OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD; GRAY, COMPOSING THE GRAY MATTER OF THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD |
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Definition
| A mylenated nerve fiber is __________; whereas an unmylenated nerve fiber is ___________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following molecules is responsible for "runner's high", a good feeling that accompanies long-distance running? |
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Term
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Definition
What is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential?
1. The membrane depolarizes.
2. Sodium channels open and sodium ions diffuse inward.
3. The membrane repolarizes.
4. Potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse outward. |
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Term
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Definition
| The difference in electrical charge between the inside and outside of a polarized neuron cell membrane is called the |
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Term
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Definition
| In ______, a neurotransmitter that has already been released into the synaptic cleft is taken back into the synaptic knob of the presyynaptic neuron or into nearby neuroglia or neurons |
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Term
| INHIBITORY POSTSYNAPTIC POTENTIAL |
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Definition
| If a neurotransmitter hyperpolarizes a cell membrane and an action potential is less likely, the change is called |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following neuroglia is not part of the CNS |
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Term
| PROPAGATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS ALONG A FIBER CONSTITUTES A NERVE IMPULSE |
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Definition
| Action potentials are related to nerve impulses in that |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following ions cross cell membrane most readily? |
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Term
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Definition
| Neurons that convey impulses from the CNS to muscles or glands are |
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Term
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Definition
| Nodes of Ranvier lie between neurons TF |
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Term
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Definition
| If a neuron receives a series of stimuli whose effect is excitaroy but subthreshold, the neuron is more excitable to incoming stimulation than before and is said to be |
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Term
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Definition
| The two types of cells of the nervous system are |
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Term
| ONE AXON AND MANY DENDRITES |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The neurotransmitter that controls skeletal muscle contraction is |
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Term
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Definition
| Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear |
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Term
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Definition
| The brain and spinal cord comprise the central nervous system TF |
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Term
| NERVE IMPULSE STIMULATING A PRESYNAPTIC AXON TO RELEASE A NEUROTRANSMITTER INTO A SYNAPTIC CLEFT |
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Definition
| Transmitting a nerve impulse from one neuron to another involves a |
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Term
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Definition
| Converging nerve fibers amplify nerve impulses TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Several nerve fibers converging onto one nerve fiber amplifies nerve impulses TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following is (are) a type of neuroglia |
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Term
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Definition
| Drugs that increase the actions of norepinephrine and/or serotonin by keeping them in synapses longer are most likely used to treat |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The space between neurons is called the neuronal space TF |
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Term
| ACTIVATES A RECEPTOR, HELPING A NEUROTRANSMITTER BIND OR TRIGGERING AN ACTION POTENTIAL IN SOME OTHER WAY |
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Definition
| A drug that functions as an agonist |
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Term
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Definition
| A mixed nerve includes different neuroglial cells TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following is unique to neurons |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple sclerosis is caused by abnormal response of the |
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Term
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Definition
| Neuroglia are specialized to react to environmental change, and neurons support neuroglia TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Presynaptic neurons release neurotransmitters by |
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Term
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Definition
| Interneurons are specialized to carry impulses from receptor cells into the brain or spinal cord TF |
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Term
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Definition
| Sheaths of _______ cells often enclose the larger axons outside of the brain and spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| The space between neurons is a |
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Term
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Definition
| ___________ support the axon from within |
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Term
| NA+ IS HIGHER ON THE OUTSIDE OF THE MEMBRANE AND K+ IS HIGHER ON THE INSIDE |
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Definition
| When a nerve fiber is polarized, concentration of |
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Term
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Definition
| A nerve impulse consists of a wave of ______ ________ moving away from a point of stimulation |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of similar stimuli that increases change in local membrane potential is called |
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Term
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Definition
| Melinda has Parkinson disease. Her movements are slowing and she has difficulty initiiating voluntary muscular actions. The region that is affected in her brain is the |
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Term
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Definition
| The expexted response to the triceps-jerk reflex is |
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Term
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Definition
| The phrenic nerves arise from the |
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Term
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Definition
| A newborn has a CT scan of the brain to identify a cause of seizures. The scan showed no convolutions (gyri) of the cerebral cortex. She has.... |
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Term
| MAY INDICATE AN INJURY TO THE CORTICOSPINAL TRACT |
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Definition
| Stephanic is in a car accident, flung from her vehicle and landing on her back on pavement. At the scene, an emergency medical technician checkers her Babinski reflex, in which the great toe extends upward and smaller toes fan appart. This reflex |
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Term
| FRACTURE OF VERTEBRAE, DISLOCATIONS, BIRTH INJURIES |
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Definition
| Spinal nerve injury may result from |
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Term
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Definition
| Aging of the brain begins |
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Term
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Definition
| The epineurium is composed of nervous tissue TF |
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Term
|
Definition
| A traumatic brain injury results from |
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Term
| VOLUNTARY MUSCLE MOVEMENTS |
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Definition
| The corticospinal tracts control |
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Term
| BLOCKING THE ACTION OF ACETYLCHOLINE |
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Definition
| The drug atropine influences the autonomic nervous system by |
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Term
| CEREBRAL CORTEX-A THIN LAYER OF GRAY MATTER FORMING THE OUTERMOST PART OF THE CEREBRUM |
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Definition
| Which of the following terms and definitions is correct |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brain that is overactive in post traumatic stress disorder is the |
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Term
| MUSCLE TONE INCREASES AND THE MUSCLES DO NOT ATROPHY |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Which lobe of your brain are you using when you answer this question? |
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Term
| DURA MATER AND ARACHNOID MATER |
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Definition
| In a subdural hematoma resulting from a blow to the head, blood accumulates between the |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sympathetic tone is continuous stimulation of smooth muscles in the walls of blood vessels, which results in partial contriction |
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Term
| PARTIAL BLINDNESS IN BOTH EYES |
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Definition
| Injury to the visual cortex of the right occipital lobe can cause |
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Term
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Definition
| The complex network of tiny islands of gray matter in the brain that filters incoming sensory impulses is the |
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Term
| SKIN AND SKELETAL MUSCLES; CNS TO THE VISCERAL ORGANS |
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Definition
| The somatic nervous system consists of nerve fibers that connect the CNS to the _________ whereas the autonomic nervous system consists of fibers that connect the _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| Nerve fibers of the _______ division of the autonomic nervous system arise from the brainstem and sacral region of the spinal cord |
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Term
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Definition
| A soldier suffers a brain injury, and becomes unable to speak. The damage is likely in |
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Term
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Definition
| Which of the following is a major portion of the diencephalon |
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Term
| MUSCLES IN THE LEFT ARM AND LEG ARE PARALYZED |
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Definition
| If the left corticospinal tract is severed in the neck near the first cervical vertebra |
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Term
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Definition
| The outermost layer of the meninges is the |
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Term
|
Definition
| The neurotransmitter that is depleted in Parkinson disease is |
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Term
| CHOROID PLEXUSES IN THE VENTRICLES; PROTECTS THE BRAIN FROM BLOWS TO THE SKULL |
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Definition
| Crebrospinal fluid is produced by _______ and it ___________ |
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Term
| PAIN IMPULSES FROM THE LEFT SIDE ARE BLOCKED |
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Definition
| If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed |
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Term
|
Definition
| The neurotransmitter _________ combines mainly with alpha receptors |
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Term
|
Definition
| Nerve tracts other than the corticospinal tracts that transmit impulses into the spinal cord are called extrapyramidal tracts TF |
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Term
|
Definition
| The area of the skin supplied by sensory nerve fibers from a particular dorsal root is called a |
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Term
|
Definition
| Most cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses in the |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| PRECENTRAL GYRUS OF THE FRONTAL LOBE |
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Definition
| The primary motor areas of the brain are in the |
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Term
| MOTOR CONTROL OF THE MUSCLES ASSOCIATED WITH SPEECH IS LOST |
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Definition
| If the area of the crebral hemisphere corresponding to Broca's area is damaged |
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Term
|
Definition
| If fibers in the ascending tract of the cord are cut, the affected person will have a loss of motor functions below the injury TF |
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Term
|
Definition
| Spinal nerves are grouped and named according to function TF |
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Term
|
Definition
| Interruption of blood flow to the brain that can damage the cerebrum is called a |
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Term
|
Definition
| Brain waves during sleep are ________ waves |
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Term
| THE PIA MATER, ARACHNOID MATER, DURA MATER |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brain that coordinates voluntary muscular movements is the |
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Term
|
Definition
| The choroid plexuses project into the ventricles TF |
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Term
|
Definition
| The fourth ventricle is in the |
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Term
|
Definition
| The ______ root of a spinal nerve consists entirely of motor neuron axons |
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Term
|
Definition
| The brain waves most closely associated with mental activity are |
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Term
| UP THE SPINAL CORD TO THE THALAMUS |
|
Definition
| The spinothalamic tract conducts impulses |
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|
Term
| LOOSE CONNECTIVE TISSUE, BLOOD VESSELS, AND ADIPOSE TISSUE |
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Definition
| The epidural space contains |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The _______ system of the brain causes feelings about experiences |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following not not a part of the diencephalon |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| NEURONS THAT REACH FROM THE STRIATUM TO THE BASAL GANGLIA |
|
Definition
| The part of the brain that degenerates in Parkinson disease is |
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Term
|
Definition
| The function of the cerebral association areas is |
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|
Term
| RIGHT HEMISPHERE OF THE CEREBRUM RECEIVES SENSORY IMPULSES ORIGINATION ON THE LEFT SIDE OF THE BODY AND VICE VERSA |
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Definition
| The consequence of sensory nerve fibers crossing over is that the |
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Term
|
Definition
| The __________ plexuses of teh spinal nerves are between the neck and the axillae |
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Term
|
Definition
| Over a lifetime, the brain shrinks by about _ percent |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| AMYOTROPHIC LATERAL SCLEROSIS |
|
Definition
| Over the course of several months, Morris has experience difficulty speaking coherently, clumsiness, muscle fasciculations, and increasing weakne |
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|
Term
| ARACHNOID MATER AND PIA MATER |
|
Definition
| An inflammation of the meninges called meningitis usually affects the |
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Term
|
Definition
| Autonomic ganglia provide a degree of independence from the CNS by integrating motor impulses before they are relayed to visceral organs T |
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Term
|
Definition
| Aphasia is the loss of the ability to |
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Term
|
Definition
| The arbor vitae is in the cerebrum TF |
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|
Term
| AN ABNORMAL DORSIFLEXION OF THE GREAT TOE UP, WITH FANNING OF THE SMALLER TOES, THAT INDICATES DAMAGE TO THE REFLEX ARC |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| CAN MOVE, BUT SEEMS UNAWARE OF SELF |
|
Definition
| A person in a persistent vegetative state |
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|
Term
| SYMPATHETIC POSTGANGLIONIC FIBERS |
|
Definition
| Which of the following are generally adrenergic fibers |
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Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following parts of the mature brain develops from the forebrain |
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Term
|
Definition
| The simplest level of CNS function is the |
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Term
|
Definition
| If the reticular formation is injured, the person might exhibit signs of |
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Term
|
Definition
| Brain waves are recordings of activity in the |
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Term
|
Definition
| The subarachnoid space within the meninges contains cerebrospinal fluid TF |
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|
Term
| ASSOCIATED WITH THE VERTEBRA ABOVE |
|
Definition
| A spinal nerve passing through the intervertebral foramen is |
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Term
|
Definition
| The basal nuclei include the |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brainstem that includes the cardiac and vasomotor centers is the |
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Term
|
Definition
| The central nervous system (CNS) consists of |
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|
Term
| CONTROL OF POSTURAL REFLEXES |
|
Definition
| Which of the following is not a function of the hypothalamus |
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Term
|
Definition
| The _______ are membranes between the CNS and its bony coverings |
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Term
|
Definition
| The __________ division of the autonomic nervous system prepares the body for energy-expending, stressful situations |
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Term
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| The interconnected, fluid-filled cavities in the brain are called |
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Term
|
Definition
| The part of the brain that assigns value to a memory is the |
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Term
|
Definition
| When the flexor muscles of one arm contract in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscles of the other arm contract. This phenomenon is called |
|
|
Term
| RECEPTOR, SENSORY NEURON, INTERNEURON, MOTOR NEURON, EFFECTOR |
|
Definition
| Which of the following lists te parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence |
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Term
|
Definition
| Brain damage to the temporal lobe, where recent memory is processed, can impair long-term memory TF |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Which of the following are descending tracts in the spinal cord |
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|
Term
| DEEP REGIONS OF THE CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES; AID IN CONTROL OF MOTOR ACTIVITIES |
|
Definition
| Basal ganglia are located in the ______ and __________ |
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Term
|
Definition
| The _____ separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum |
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Term
|
Definition
| The dura mater is the outermost layer of the meninges TF |
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Term
|
Definition
| By age _ the frontal cortex has lost half its neurons |
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Term
|
Definition
| Gray matter of the spinal cord is mostly compsoed of |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| The human body secretes about _______ milliliters of cerebrospinal fluid daily |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Spinal shock is a permanent loss of some of the cord's functions TF |
|
|
Term
| A TEST OF THE PRESSURE THAT THE CEREBROSPINAL FLUID IS UNDER |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| SUBSTANTIA NIGRA; PARKINSON |
|
Definition
| Dopamine is secreted by the ______ and is deficient in _________ disease |
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|
Term
| CORRESPONDING REGION ON THE OPPOSITE SIDES OF THE BRAIN MAY TAKE OVER THE INTERPRETATIVE FUNCTIONS |
|
Definition
| If the general interpretative are of the dominant hemisphere is damaged in a child, the |
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Term
|
Definition
| The brain has about one hundred million neurons TF |
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|
