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| A term derived from two Greek words meaning “cutting up.” |
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| means the study of the function of living organisms and their parts |
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| the scientific study of disease |
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| chemical, cells, tissues, organs, systems |
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| five levels of organization |
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| terms used to describe the body position when it is not in anatomical position |
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| cuts the body or any of its parts into upper and lower portions |
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| cuts the body or any of its parts into front and back portions |
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| cuts the body or any of its parts into left and right portions |
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| cuts the body into EQUAL left and right parts |
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| body portion consisting of the head, neck, and torso |
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| body portion consisting of upper and lower extremities |
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| two major cavities of the body |
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| structure that divides the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity |
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| anything that occupies space and has mass |
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| molecules are made up of particles called ___ |
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| positively charged particles within the nucleus of an atom |
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| electrons inhabit regions of an atom called _______ |
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| substances with molecules having more than one kind of atom |
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| occurs when atoms share elctrons |
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| the symbol K+ represents the potassium _____ |
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Definition
| a compound that dissociates in water to form ions |
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Definition
| molecules that have a carbon-carbon bond in them are classified as _______ compounds |
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| in saltwater, salt is the solute and water is the ______ |
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Definition
| When water is used to build up small molecules into larger molecules, we call the process __________ |
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| solutions that have an excess of hydrogen ions |
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| chemicals that maintain a stable pH in the blood |
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| electrons are gained or lost |
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Definition
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Definition
| steroid hormones are ____ |
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Definition
| pH lower than 7 is a(n) ____ |
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| phospholipid, cholesterol |
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Definition
| two fat-based molecules that make up part of the structure of the plasma membrane |
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| a term that refers to small structures inside the cell, means "little organs" |
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| movement of substances across a cell membrane using energy |
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| refers to the movement of fluids or dissolved molecules into the cell by trapping them in the plasma membrane |
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Definition
| disease caused by the inability of cells to transport Cl- ions |
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Definition
| process in protein synthesis that uses the information in mRNA to build a protein molecule |
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Definition
| process in protein synthesis that forms the mRNA molecule |
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| segment of base pairs in a chromosome |
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| the total genetic information packaged in a cell |
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| epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous |
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Definition
| four types of tissue in the body |
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| movement of substances across a cell membrane without using cell energy |
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Definition
| disease caused by an inherited mistake in the genetic code that prevents production of normal blood clotting proteins |
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| the production of abnormal, undifferentiated cells |
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| tissue that is least likely to regenerate itself |
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| "protein factories" in the cell, made of RNA |
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| tubelike passages that carry substances throughout the cell |
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| chemically processes and packages substances from the endoplasmic reticulum |
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| "powerhouse" of the cell; most of the cell's ATP is formed here |
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| bags of digestive enzymes in the cell |
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| a long cell projection used to propel sperm cells |
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| short hairlike structures on the free surfaces of some cells |
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| directs protein synthesis, contains DNA; the "brain" of the cell |
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| small structure in the nucleus that helps in the formation of ribosomes |
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| the primary organs of the digestive systems make up this long tube |
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| another name for voluntary muscle |
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| another name for involuntary muscle |
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| the nervous system can generate special electrochemical signals called |
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| hair, nails, sense organs |
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Definition
| appendages of the skin (3) |
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Definition
| part of both the lymphatic and endocrine systems |
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Definition
| part of both the male reproductive system and the urinary system |
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Term
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Definition
| the gonads for the male reproductive system are the ______; for the female reproductive system ________. |
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Definition
| the skeletal system is composed of bone and these two related tissues: _____ & _____ |
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Definition
| an "artificial ear" used to improve hearing |
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Definition
| undifferentiated cells taken from embryonic tissue or cord blood and can be used in "organ engineering" |
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| integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, reproductive, respiratiory, digestive, urinary |
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Definition
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Definition
| protects underlying structures, has sensory receptors, and regulates body temperature |
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| provides a rigid framework for the body and stores minerals |
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| provides movement, body posture, and heat |
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| uses electrochemical signals to integrate and control body functions |
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| uses hormones to regulate body functions |
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Definition
| responsible for the transport of substances from one part of the body to another |
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| transports fatty nutrients for the digestive system into the blood |
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| exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide and helps regulate acid-base balance |
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| causes physical and chemical changes in nutrients so they can be absorbed into the blood |
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| cleans the blood of metabolic waste and regulates water and electrolyte balance |
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Definition
| ensures the survival of the species rather than the individual |
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Definition
| objective abnormalities that can be seen or measured |
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| subjective abnormalities felt only by the patient |
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Definition
| a disease with an undetermined cause |
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Definition
| affects a larger geographical location than does an epidemic |
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Definition
| an attenuated pathogen given to a person to stimulate immunity |
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Definition
| tumor that tends to spread to other regions of the body |
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Definition
| process by which cancer cells are spread by lymphatic or blood vessels |
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Definition
| malignant tumors that arise from connective tissue |
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Definition
| malignant tumors that arise from epithelial tissue |
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Definition
| cause of cancer that damages or changes DNA structure |
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Term
| redness, heat, swelling, pain |
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Definition
| four primary signs of inflammation |
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Term
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Definition
| intercellular parasites made up of DNA or RNA and surrounded by a protein coat |
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Definition
| causes mycotic infections |
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| can be gram-positive or gram-negative |
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| insert their genetic code into the host's genetic code |
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| one-celled organism with a nucleus; can be a ciliate |
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Definition
| similar to plants but with no chlorophyll |
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| tiny primitive cells without nuclei; can be rod shaped |
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Definition
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Definition
| can be bacilli or cocci shaped |
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Term
| stratum corneum, stratum germinativum |
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Definition
| the two main layers of the epidermis |
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Term
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Definition
| as new skin cells approach the surface of the skin, their cytoplasm is replaced by this unique waterproof protein |
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Definition
| the upper region of the dermis forms projections called _____ that form unique fingerprints |
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Definition
| sweat glands found all over the body that produce a transparent, watery liquid |
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Definition
| sebaceuous glands secrete an oil called |
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Definition
| the "rule of nines" is used in the treatment and prognosis of _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| the most common type of skin cancer is ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| results from a fivefold increase in sebum secretions, usually occurs during adolescence |
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Definition
| receptors in the skin that respond to pain |
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Definition
| the receptors in the skin that respond to light touch |
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Definition
| another name for a skin boil |
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Definition
| skin cancer that can develop from a mole; the most serious form of skin cancer |
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Definition
| a rare skin cancer that usually develops in AIDS patients |
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Term
| Squamous Cell Carcinoma, Basal Cell Carcinoma, Melanoma, Kaposi Sarcoma |
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Definition
| four types of skin cancer |
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Term
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Definition
| thin layer of cartilage on the end of bones where they form joints |
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Definition
| the hollow area in the shaft of a long bone where marrow is stored |
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Definition
| the needle-like threads of spongy bones |
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Term
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Definition
| structural units of compound bones are called either osteons or ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| osteocytes and chondrocytes live in small spaces in the matrix called _____ |
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| endochondral ossification |
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Definition
| the process of forming bone from cartilage |
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Definition
| bone growth can continue if this remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis |
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Definition
| the two major divisions of the human skeleton |
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Term
| synarthroses; aphiarthroses; diarthroses |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| cords/bands made of strong connective tissue that hold bones together |
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Definition
| abnormal side-to-side curvature of the vertebral column |
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Definition
| the skeletal disorder characterized by excessive loss of calcified matrix and collagen fibers |
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Definition
| microbial infection of the bone |
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Definition
| fracture that invites the possibility of infection because the skin is pierced |
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Definition
| degenerative joint disease that involves wearing away of articular cartilage |
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Definition
| strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone except for the joint |
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Definition
| fibrous lining of the hollow cavity in the long bone |
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Definition
| inflammatory joint disease that is caused by an increase of uric acid |
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Definition
| another name for muscle cell |
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Term
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Definition
| cardiac muscle makes up the bulk of the tissue of the _____ |
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Definition
| the muscle attachment to the more movable bone |
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Definition
| the muscle attachment to the more stationary bone |
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Definition
| protein that makes up the thin myofilament |
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Definition
| the protein that makes up the thick myofilament |
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Term
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Definition
| the basic functional unit of contraction in a skeletal muscle |
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Term
| movement, posture, heat production |
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Definition
| three functions of the muscular system |
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Definition
| the molecule that supplies energy for muscle contraction |
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Definition
| waste product produced when the muscle must switch to an energy supplying process that does not require oxygen |
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Definition
| a single motor neuron with all the muscle cells it innervates |
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Definition
| minimal level of stimulation required to cause a muscle to contract |
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Definition
| type of muscle contraction that produces movement in a joint allows the muscle to shorten |
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Definition
| type of muscle contraction that does not produce movement and does not allow the muscle to shorten but increases muscle tension |
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Definition
| a term that describes movement of a body part away from the midline of the body |
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Definition
| term used to describe the movement that is opposite flexion |
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Definition
| describes the hand position when the body is in anatomical position |
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Definition
| excessive stretching or tearing of muscle fibers |
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Definition
| inflammation of muscle and tendon |
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Definition
| a viral infection of motor nerves that may progress to life-threatening paralysis of the respiratory muscles |
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Definition
| a group of muscle disorders characterized by muscular atrophy and that often progresses to death before age 21 |
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Definition
| autoimmune muscle disease characterized by weakness and chronic fatigue |
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Definition
| skeletal muscle can also be called |
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Definition
| smooth muscle can also be called |
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Term
| peripheral nervous system |
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Definition
| name of the nervous system division that includes the nerves that extend to the outlying parts of the body |
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Definition
| the name of the nervous system division that includes the brain and spinal cord |
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Definition
| a group of peripheral axons bundled together in an epineurium is called |
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Definition
| the two types of cells found in the nervous system |
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Definition
| the knee jerk is a type of neural pathway |
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Term
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Definition
| self-propogating wave of electrical disturbance that travels along the surface of a neurons plasma membrane |
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Term
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Definition
| the exterior of the resting neuron has a slight ______ charge, whereas the interior has a slight _____ charge |
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Term
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Definition
| this ion rushes into the neuron during a nerve impulse |
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Definition
| place where impulses are passed from one neuron to another |
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Definition
| chemicals used by neurons to communicate (ex. dopamine, acetylcholine) |
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| dura mater, arachnoid layer, pia mater |
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Definition
| three membranes that make up the meninges |
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Term
| parasympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates effectors during non-stress conditions |
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Term
| sympathetic nervous system |
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Definition
| the part of the autonomic nervous system that regulates effectors during the "fight-or-flight" response |
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Term
| cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glandular epithelium |
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Definition
| the autonomic nervous system consists of neurons that conduct impulses from the brain or spinal cord to these three types of tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| highly branched part of the neuron, carries impulses toward the cell body |
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Definition
| a single projection that carries nerve impulses away from the cell body |
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Definition
| white, fatty substance that surrounds, insulates the axon |
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Definition
| cells that make myelin for axons outside the CNS |
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Definition
| part of the brainstem that contains cardiac, respiratory, and vasomotor centers |
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Definition
| part of the brainstem that is a conduction pathway between the brain and body; influences respiration |
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Definition
| part of the brainstem that contains relays for visual and auditory impulses |
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Definition
| regulates body temperature, water balance, sleep-wake cycle, and sexual arousal |
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Definition
| sensory relay station from various body areas to the cerebral cortex; also involved with emotion and alerting and arousal mechanisms |
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Definition
| regulates muscle coordination, maintenance of equilibrium, and posture |
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Definition
| sensor perception, willed movements, consciousness, and memory are mediated here |
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Definition
| carries messages to and from the brain and the rest of the body; also mediates reflexes |
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Definition
| disorder caused by the loss of myelin |
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Definition
| general term for a tumor in the nervous system |
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Definition
| disease characterized by an abnormally low level of dopamine |
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Definition
| cessation of blood flow to the brain; a stroke |
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Definition
| syndrome that includes memory loss, short attention span, and reduced intellectual capactiy |
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Definition
| recurring or chronic seizure disorder |
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Definition
| infection/inflammation of the meninges |
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Definition
| compression or degeneration of the seventh cranial nerve |
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Definition
| the specific mechanoreceptor for hearing |
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Term
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Definition
| the gustatory cells are involved with the sense |
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| sweet, sour, bitter, salty |
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Definition
| the four primary taste sensations that result from the stimulation of the taste buds |
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Term
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Definition
| taste buds can be found on much larger structures on the tongue called |
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Definition
| the chemoreceptors responsible for the sense of smell |
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Definition
| the tough, white outer layer of the eye |
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Definition
| the transparent part of the sclera, the window of the eye |
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Definition
| the colored part of the front of the eye |
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Definition
| the hole in the eye, lets light in |
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Definition
| tears are formed in this gland |
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Definition
| the ciliary muscles pull on this to help the eye focus |
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Definition
| these are the receptors for night vision or dim light |
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Definition
| the receptors for red, blue, and green color vision |
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Definition
| the dark pigmented middle layer of the eye that prevents the scattering of incoming light |
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Definition
| thick jelly-like fluid or humor of the eye |
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Definition
| the thin, watery humor of the eye |
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Definition
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Definition
| the collective name for the incus, malleus, and stapes |
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Definition
| the tube connecting the middle ear and the throat |
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Definition
| the watery fluid that fills the bony labyrinth |
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Definition
| the thick fluid in the membranous labyrinth |
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Definition
| the snail-shaped structure in the inner ear |
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Definition
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Definition
| nearsightedness caused by the elongation of the eyeball |
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Definition
| distortion of the image in the eye caused by irregularities of the cornea or lens |
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Definition
| an inflammation of the conjunctiva, "pink eye" |
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Definition
| an improper alignment of the eyes, can converge (cross) |
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Definition
| damage to the retina caused by hemorrhage and abnormal vessel growth |
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Definition
| caused by increased fluid pressure in the eye |
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Term
| age-related macular degeneration |
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Definition
| progressive degeneration of the central part of the retina |
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Term
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Definition
| an X-linked genetic condition in which colors are not seen properly |
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Definition
| an infection of the middle ear |
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Term
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Definition
| chronic inner ear disorder of unknown cause, characterized by tinnitus, deafness, and vertigo |
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Term
| IPMAT (interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| not an active phase of mitosis |
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Definition
| time between cell division |
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Term
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Definition
| # of chromosomes and organelles doubles |
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Term
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Definition
| 1st active phase of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleoli, nuclear membrane disappear in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| centrioles move to opposite sides of the nucleus in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle fibers develop and become visible in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| chromatin (unstructured chromosomes) develops into visible chromosomes in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes align on an equatorial plane in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes split and begin to move to opposite poles in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| last active phase of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| chromosomes reach opposite poles and revert back into chromatin in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| spindle fibers disappear in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| nucleoli reappear in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| cytokenesis occurs in this stage of mitosis |
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Term
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Definition
| amplify changes rather than reverse them |
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Term
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Definition
| oppose or negate a change in a controlled condition |
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