Term
| Haematopoietic stem cell (HSM) |
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Definition
| Common precursor from which all blood cells are derived |
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Term
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Definition
| Proportion of whole blood made up by RBC |
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Term
- Increased Destruction
- Decreased Production |
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Definition
| Reduction in RBC's can be due to |
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Term
Reduced/ ineffective bone marrow
Defects of clotting factors |
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Definition
| Types Decreased Productivity = Reduction in RBCS |
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Term
Autoimmune destruction
Hyperslenism |
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Definition
| Types Increased destruction = Reduction in RBCS |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Generate erthyrocytes, thrombocytes hranular leukocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Generates T + B lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Type of immunity neutrophils involved in |
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Term
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Definition
| Usual response to infection which involves increase of neutrophils in blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Granulocyte important in allegry for recruiting mast cells, destroying parasites |
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Term
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Definition
| Involves in specific immmunity |
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Term
| antigen stimulation by infection |
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Definition
| Lymph nodes enlarge and become reactive in response to |
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Term
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Definition
| Part of the spleen full of lymphocytes |
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Term
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Definition
| Red pulp of the spleen consists of RBCs and Macrophages allowing for |
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Term
Thrombocytopenia
Haemolytic anaemia |
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Definition
| Removal of the spleen can be useful treatment for immune |
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Term
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Definition
| an abnormality of the circulatory system that results in inadequate organ perfusion + tissue oxygenation |
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Term
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Definition
| Shock due to blood loss following trauma, surgery, |
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Term
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Definition
Shock due to pump failure
- blunt/penetrating chest trauma
- Air embolus
- MI |
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Term
| Tension Pneumothorax (surgical emergency) |
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Definition
| Shock due to lung collapse and mediastinal shift impairing venous return to the heart |
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Term
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Definition
| Immediate treatment for Tension pneumothorax |
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Term
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Definition
Shock due to loss of sympathetic tone = systemic vasodilation
Hypotension
Bradycardia
Or spinal cord injury |
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Term
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Definition
| Shock caused by bacterial release endotoxin |
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Term
| Anaphylactic (vasogenic) shock |
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Definition
| Shock due to abnormally exaggerated allergic reaction to drug or other antigen |
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Term
Skin pallor
Tachycardia
Tachypnoea
Hypotension
Confusion
Reduced urine output |
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Definition
| Signs and symptoms of shock |
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Term
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Definition
| Constant replacement of RBCs |
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Term
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Definition
| Globular Haemoglobin proteins borken down to |
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Term
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Definition
| Haem groups minus the iron converted to _ then secreted as _ |
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Term
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Definition
| Iron bind to _ and is recycled |
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Term
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Definition
| Erythropoiesis is hormonally regulated by |
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Term
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Definition
| Name of Percentage of RBCs in whole blood. |
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Term
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Definition
Normal haematocrit
- in males
- in females |
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Term
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Definition
| When reduced it combats oxidative stress. maintaining normal reduced state in cell |
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Term
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Definition
| Reduction in haemoglobin concentration |
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Term
Increased Reticulocytes
Work hypertrophy - eg splenomegaly |
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Definition
| Indication of increased RBC destruction |
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Term
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Definition
| Approx 90% of Chronic anaemias result of |
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Term
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Definition
| The presence of abnormal large RBCs in the blood |
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Term
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Definition
| Causes of megoblastic anaemia |
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Term
| A failure to become SMALLER, not and increase in size |
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Definition
| The larger cell size in megablastic anaemia is due to |
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Term
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Definition
| Cannot be absorbed directly, Binds to intrinsic factors in stomach then is absorbed in ileum |
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Term
Animals
Body store = 2-4years |
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Definition
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Term
Inadequate intake
Pernicious anaemias
Gastrectomy |
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Definition
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Term
leafy veg
Yeast
Body store = 4months |
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Definition
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Term
Inadequater intake
Malabsorption - Coeliac disease, Crohns disease
Haemolysis
Pregnancy
Drugs |
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Definition
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Term
ALcohol
Liver disease
Hypothyroidism
Marrow failure |
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Definition
| Causes of non-megaloblastic macrocytosis |
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Term
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Definition
| Form of anaemia resulting from B12 def, autoimmune condition |
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Term
| Hypersegmented neutrophils |
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Definition
| In Pernicous anaemia blood films usually show |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Absorption of iron is regulated by |
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Term
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Definition
| Absorprtion of iron is limited |
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Term
Exhaustion of iron stores
Falling red cell MCV
Microcytic anaemia
Thin curved nails |
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Definition
| Consequences of negative iron balance |
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Term
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Definition
| Long term excess iron absorption with parenchymal iron loading and eventual organ damage |
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Term
Weakness
Joint pains
Arthiris
Diabetes/cardiomyopathy |
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Definition
| Clinical features of primary iron overload |
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Term
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Definition
| Iron overload damages which gland |
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Term
anaemia - decreased hb iron
Reduced iron storage - low serum ferritin |
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Definition
| Iron defs can be confirmed by a combo of |
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Term
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Definition
| Deoxyhaem -> Oxyhaem reaction driven to the right by |
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Term
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Definition
| _ PO2 Favours oxygen binding |
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Term
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Definition
| Mutations of Beta globin genes only manifiest... |
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Term
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Definition
| Inherited disorders of either structure or rate of synthesis of one or more globin chains |
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Term
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Definition
| high percentage of haemoglobinopathy trait in people of which origin |
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Term
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Definition
| Haemoglobinopathies are common in areas of the world where _ is |
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Term
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Definition
| Sicle cell disorder inheritance |
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Term
| test for insoluble deoxygenated Hb |
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Definition
| Sickle test for sickle cell disorder |
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Term
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Definition
| Redduced rate of globin chain synthese |
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Term
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Definition
| Needs to be checked before prescribing iron in suspected thalassaemia |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess Alpha chains in erythroblasts due to the fact Beta is absent |
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Term
| Ineffective erythropoiesis - massive erythroid expansion to produce Fcells - bone marrow expansion - skeletal changes + iron overload |
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Definition
| Result of B thalassaemia Major |
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Term
Red cell transfusion
splenectomy |
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Definition
| Treatment of B thalassaemia major |
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Term
| First few months of life when gamma-beta globin production switches |
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Definition
| B thalassaemia major is not clinicaly expressed until |
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Term
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Definition
| Alpha Thalassaemia is more severe because |
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Term
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Definition
| Excess gamma chains in foetus and beta chains in adults |
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Term
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Definition
| In alpha thalassaemia there is high affintity for o2 but poor delivery therefore precipitate in RBCs leading to |
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Term
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Definition
Disease seen in all generations
50% likelihood of child infected if parent is infected
Same chance in females and males |
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Term
| Deletion of 2 alpha genes on one chromosome 16 |
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Definition
| a thalassaemia trait is indictated by |
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Term
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Definition
| B thalassaemia inheritance is |
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Term
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Definition
| sickle cell disease caused by a specific point mutation in codon 6 that changes |
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Term
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Definition
| The destriction of red blood cells |
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Term
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Definition
| Increased rate of red cell destruction exceeding bone marrow capacity for red cell production |
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Term
Erythroid hyperplasia (increased bone marrow red cell production)
Excess red cell breakdown products eg billirubin (clinical features differ by aetiology and site of red cell breakdown) |
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Definition
| Consequences of haemolysis |
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Term
| EXTRAVASCULAR RED CELL DESTRUCTION |
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Definition
| More common classificatiion of RBC destruction. Hyperplasia at site of destruction. |
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Term
| ABO incompatible blood transfusion |
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Definition
| Intracellular red cell destruction is incompatible with which blood transfusion |
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Term
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Definition
| In general inherited disorders are _ to the red cell |
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Term
| Normochromatic mormocytuc |
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Definition
| Red cells in most cases of anaemia are |
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Term
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Definition
| Reticulocytes a a characteristic _ tinge |
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Term
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Definition
| Most common cause of inherited haemolytic disease in Northern Europe. Red cells are Speroidal with reduced diameter and more intense staining |
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Term
Jaundice
Splenomegaly
Anaemia |
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Definition
| Symptoms of hereditary spherocytosis |
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Term
| nuclear maturation defects; |
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Definition
| macrocytic anaemias likely to be due to |
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Term
| cytoplasmic maturation defects |
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Definition
| microcytic anaemias likely to be due to |
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Term
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Definition
| Spherocytes can be seen in |
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Term
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Definition
| Necessary enzyme in the generation of reduced glutathion which protects the red cell from oxidant stress |
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