Term
|
Definition
- using unconformity-banded stratigraphic packages (sequences) for correlation
- sequences are due to local (basinwide) or eustatic (worldwide) changes of sea level |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Cross-Cutting Relationships |
|
Definition
| Faults are younger than the rocks they cut |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Inclusions & Components |
|
Definition
| Inclusions and components are older than the rocks in which they occur. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Cross-cutting relationships
2. Included fragments (components)
3. Unconformities |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Metamorphic Rocks |
|
Definition
- Banding (non-flat layers) and aligned minerals or intergrown crystals
- Shiny surface
- Ringing sound when struck |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Matching of stratigraphic units from one place to another by any characteristc
-lithostratigraphy
-color
-unconformities
-geophysical characteristics (radioactivity, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| -Correlation of rock units based on what they look like (lithology) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Basic unit of lithostratigraphy
- Clearly identifiable, mappable, body of rock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Based on Smith's concept of biotic succession.
- Stratigraphic ranges of guide fossils used to tell relative time.
- Need species ranges: time of appearance evolution and extinction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Basic unit of Biostratigraphy
- A stratigraphic interval characterized by a particular set of fossils |
|
|
Term
| Types of fossil preservation (6) |
|
Definition
1. Replacement - dissolved chemicals replace minerals in fossil.
2. Permineralization - fossilization of wood.
3. Carbonization - changed to carbon through distillation (heating, burial).
4. Unaltered - w/o change.
5. Moldic - fossil same as matrix.
6. Recrystallization - from unstable to stable. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Changes in parts (organs, limbs) help to guide the course of evolution.
- Most changes (mutations) are detrimental or neutral.
- Specialized feature of an organism (a positive change) which helps the organism to survive in an ecological niche (not necessarily optimally, constrained by evolutionary heritage) |
|
|
Term
| What can body fossils be used for? |
|
Definition
- Correlation: tracing time equivilant strata.
- Paleoecology, paleoclimatology, paleogeography, paleoenvironments.
- Tracing evolution. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Unlike body fossils, trace fossils cannot be moved so they are able to tell us exact locations of organisms.
- Provide information about the BEHAVIOR of organisms. |
|
|
Term
| How are body fossils classified? |
|
Definition
- According to the rules of biological taxonomy.
- Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species. |
|
|
Term
| How are trace fossils classified? |
|
Definition
Ichno = trace
- According to ichnospecies, ichnogenera (plus, categories like walking, burrowing, etc.) |
|
|
Term
| Biological Species Concept |
|
Definition
| - Basic unit of taxonomy: Group of organisms that can mate successfully and produce fertile offspring |
|
|
Term
| How can you determine if long-dead organisms interbred? |
|
Definition
You can't.
That is why paleontologist's have the paleontological species concept: Define spcies on the basis of morphologic similarities and differences. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- A change over time (in organisms).
1. Microevolution.
2. Macroevolution.
- does not always proceed from simple to complex, just change.
horses - complex to simple;
cephalopods - simple to complex |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A change on the species level through time. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Change an individual organism goes through in its life. |
|
|
Term
| Evidence of Evolution (According to Darwin) (3): |
|
Definition
1. Embryology;
2. Homologous structures;
3. Vestigial Structures. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The similarity of the embryos of vertebrate animals in their early stages. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Desendant structures derived from the same ancestral one.
i.e forelimbs of vertebrate animnals (human arm, horse leg, bird wing, etc) have identical bones, in same order, but different shapes adapted for different things. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Structures having the same function but not derived from shared ancestry, but rather from ecological pressure.
i.e birds and bees both have wings. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Small, useless structures that are in the process of disappearing.
i.e horses with extra toes, whale pelvic bones |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for evolution (after Darwin): |
|
Definition
1. Genetics;
2. Molecular Information. |
|
|
Term
| Mechanisms of Evolution (Darwin): |
|
Definition
1. Natural Selection;
2. Adaptation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Weeds out individuals that cannot successfully survive to reproductive age. |
|
|
Term
| How do evolutionary changes arise and accumulate? |
|
Definition
- Genetics.
- changes are passed from parent to offspring thru genetics.
- changes arise through genetic recomninations and mutations (inexact replicas in DNA). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Branching diagram; evolutionary hypothesis in which taxa are grouped based on evidence of common ancestry (shared, derived characters). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Species can evolve only once, but similar structures can evolve more than once in repsonse to similar ecological pressures.
i.e birds and bees have wings. |
|
|
Term
| How fast does macroevolution occur? |
|
Definition
Two theories:
1) Phyletic gradualism: gradually, the result of a slow acumulation of changes.
2) Punctuated equilibrium: rapidly, followed by along interval or morphological stasis. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When numerous species all go extinct within a short interval of geologic time.
- due to some major environmental perturbation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Annihilation of all individuals of a species. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rapid evolution of a group of organisms. (transistion of air-breathing fish to amphibians)
Result of:
1) Adaptive breakthrough;
2) Result of extiction event;
3) Following the development of new habitats. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Said stratigraphic record was complete, so if you didn't see an intermediate it didn't exist.
BUT gradualism does occur and the stratigraphic record is broken (but not everywhere). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Assumed stratigraphic record was broken, which caused gaps in evolutionary lineages.
- Archaeopoteryx discovery showed intermediates do exist. |
|
|
Term
| How does an organism become a body fossil? |
|
Definition
- death or shedding of parts;
- survive scavenging and decay;
- survive further desication by weather, burial in sediment, reworking of sediment, possible dissolution by water, lithification, possible further dissolution and metamorphism |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The study of the process of fossilization. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Chemical fossils:
- chemical breakdown products of organic tissues. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Evidence of activity of organisms (track marks, burrows, bitemarks, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Direct or altered remains of an organism. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Evidence of ancient life (older than 11,000 years is considered ancient).
Does not have to be rock. Amber works too, for example. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| time it takes for half of the material to decay. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Absolute ages of rocks assessed using radioactive isotopes;
- radioactive isotopes have been decaying at a fixed rate since rocks were formed
- as the parent material decays a daughter material accumulates in rock |
|
|
Term
| Chronostratigraphic (Time-Stratigraphic) Units |
|
Definition
Time Unit: abstract concept.
Time-Stratigraphic Unit: Tangible unit of strata.
All the strata deposited during a particular interval of time. |
|
|
Term
| How much time is missing (Disconformity)? |
|
Definition
Very small in geologic terms. Only a couple million years.
- strata above and below the unconformity show little evidence of a gap.
- we usually know there's a time gap b/c we're missing one or more fossil zones. |
|
|
Term
| How much time is missing (Angular Unconformity)? |
|
Definition
Strata have been folded or tilted, then eroded and sediment placed on top.
- himalayas are about 35 m.a old. takes about 35-40 m.a to fold, then another 40 to erode. |
|
|
Term
| How much time is missing (Non-Conformity)? |
|
Definition
Batholiths and magma chambers are usually around 10km below the surface.
- About 40 million years or more to erode away 10 km of igneous rock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strata above and below the unconformity are parallel to each other. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Unconformity strata are at an angle to surrounding sedimentary strata. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sedimentary strata are layered on top of igneous or metamorphic rock. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
A break in the stratigraphic record due to erosion or non-deposition of strata:
1. non-conformity;
2. angular unconformity;
3. disconformity. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Biotic Succession |
|
Definition
Fossil organisms succeed one another stratigraphically in a definite and determinable order
- due to the non-repeatable nature of biological evolution and extinction. |
|
|
Term
| Principal of Original Lateral Continuity |
|
Definition
Strata originally extended in all directions until they thinned out or terminated against the edges of their basin of deposition.
- b/c of their original, continuous, tabular shapes, strata can today be correlated across valleys, etc where erosion or faulting has occured. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Original Horizontality |
|
Definition
Sedimentary strata were originally deposited in a nearly horizontal position
- if not found that way there were probably moved. |
|
|
Term
| Principle of Superposition |
|
Definition
| In an undisturbed succession of rocks, older beds occur below younger beds. |
|
|
Term
| Nicholas Steno's Principals |
|
Definition
1. superposition;
2. original horizontality;
3. lateral continuity. |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Sedimentary Rocks |
|
Definition
| Distinct grains, bedding, possible fossils |
|
|
Term
| Classifications of Metamorphic Rocks |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of Igneous Rocks |
|
Definition
| interlocking crystals, glass |
|
|
Term
| Compaction and dewatering |
|
Definition
| compression of deep lying sediments by the weight of overlying sediments reduces pore spaces and squeezes water out |
|
|
Term
| How are sediments turned into rocks |
|
Definition
Lithification:
1. compaction and dewatering;
2. cementation. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| siliclastic w/ angular grains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Siliclastic with rounded grains |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| loose particles resulting from weathering of silica-bearing rocks at the earths' surface |
|
|
Term
| Two ways to classify rocks |
|
Definition
1. descriptive: using fabric and compositon;
2. genetic: igneous, metamorphic, or sedimentary. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The way Earth's systems work is the way they have always worked. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Changes that occur as parents pass on their genetic characteristics to offspring. |
|
|
Term
| To determine if rock beds are disturbed (5) |
|
Definition
- fault?
- similar rocks above and below
- go to another location and see similar rocks in same succession?
- bending of strata?
- if they are flat-lined they might be okay, but sometimes rocks can be flipped entirely upside down (Recumbent folding) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Chemicals (calcium carbonate, silica, iron oxide) are precipitated from water, fill up pore spaces, and grains are bound together. |
|
|
Term
| Conditions conducive to fossilization: |
|
Definition
1. Anoxic
2. High salinity
3. Extreme dryness or cold
4. Enclosure in substance such as ice or sap (anoxic)
5. Rapid burial and/pr sedimentation (anoxic) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Non-marine deposits showing low sea level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| rise in relative sea level |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Drop in relative sea level |
|
|
Term
| How do sea level changes affect the sedimentary record (Transgression)? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do sea level changes affect sedimentary record (Regression)? |
|
Definition
| Facies shift toward ocean |
|
|
Term
| To apply Walther's Law... |
|
Definition
| There must be no significant break in the sedimentary succesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Various meanings
- usually refers to the appearance of rock (lithology, color, fossils, etc.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
One part of a sedimentary body (rock or sediment) compared to others of equivilant age.
- essentially, the sediment deposited in one depositional environment.
* A FORMATION * |
|
|
Term
| How do we interpret lateral relationships of facies? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Vertically superimposed facies in the sedimentary record were laterally adjacent to eachother at the time of deposition. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Marine deposits, showing high sea level. |
|
|
Term
| Interpreting a stratigraphic section: |
|
Definition
| In a transgression, strata fining upwards. A regression, strata fining downwards. |
|
|
Term
| What tools can we use to interpret depositional environments? |
|
Definition
1. Walther's Law
2. Presence of fossils
3. Types of sedimentary rocks
4. Sedimentary structures |
|
|
Term
| How can the presence of fossils help us interpret depositional environments? |
|
Definition
| Creatures are very sensitive indicators of the environment |
|
|
Term
| How can types of sedimentary rocks help us interpret depositional environments? |
|
Definition
Carbonate rocks (such as limestone) are formed almost exclusively in warm, shallow, marine environments.
Siltzied grains often deposit in deep water. |
|
|
Term
| What sedimentary structures help us interpret depositional environments? |
|
Definition
| Ripple marks, cross-bedding, stromatalites, mudcrack, raindrops, etc. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Flat surfaces; oldest at bottom
Caused by short lapses in sedimentation or changes in grain size or composition (changes in tide). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Strata are inclined at different angles (caused by changes in current diretion or strength). |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Bedding planes rippled by currents (wind or water).
1) asymetrical: rivers, beaches, deserts, down-wind side is shorter
2) symetrical: current moving back and forth (ossilation), shallow water, the reflection of waves, pond edges, swamp edges, tidal flat environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
any sedimentary struture that shows stratigraphic-up (younging) direction
* remember: this is how we can test whether strata are in correct succession or not |
|
|
Term
| Graded-bedding as a geopetal structure: |
|
Definition
Vertical change from large to small grain size (due to one rapid depositional event); current started out strong, then disipated - coarser grains at bottom, finner at top.
Tend to occur at river basins (esp. ones tht tend to flood), undersea landslindes, continental rise (turbidites, etc. ) |
|
|
Term
| Mudcracks and raindrop impressions as geopetal structures: |
|
Definition
Mudcracks: caused by drying of mud. Vs point to the center of the earth, and are concave to the sky.
Raindrop impressions: caused by rain falling on wet mud. The small craters of raindrop impressions are also concave to the sky. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Rounded masses formed around organic matter.
- environments: aqueous, usually marine.
- microorganisms perserved in concretions show us how many organisms (except for bones, teeth, shells) became fossilized.
- some bacteria change their aqueous environments enough to cause precipitation of certain chemicals (calcium carbonate, iron oxide, silica, etc) which fossilze the creatures they surround |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Ancient soil profiles
- Often identified by reddish soils (oxidized iron and developed in places that have not been glaciated)
- environments: terrestrial |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Scoop-shaped structures on the bases of beds (caused by currents)
- environments: continental slope-rise (underse landslides - turbidites), continental shelf (storms - tempestites), slumps on slope, triggered by earthquakes. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
* geopetal stucture
Horizontal to domal structures built by blue-green (cyano)bacteria
- environments: aqueous, usually form in carbonate environments
threat like bacteria grow upward thru sediment and caronate, mud and sand are trapped. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major depositional environments represented in the sedimentary record? |
|
Definition
1. Marine
2. Mon-Marine
3. Transitional |
|
|
Term
| Non-Marine Envrionments Principle Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Terrestrial or freshwater fossils, sometimes reddish color |
|
|
Term
| Stream Channel Characteristics |
|
Definition
| asymetrical ripples, cross-beds, conglomerates |
|
|
Term
| Flood Plain Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Graded beds; symetrical ripples; paleosols |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| coal; plant fossils; concretions |
|
|
Term
| Lake Deposits Characteristics |
|
Definition
Clay; silt; varves; freshater fossils; dropstones in glacial lake deposits
Varves: represent clay (winter) silt (summer) from one year
Dropstones: result of stones frozen into glacial lake |
|
|
Term
| Alluvial Fan - Playa Lake Characteristics |
|
Definition
Graded-beds;cross-beds;paleosols; evaporite minerals
- thin in valley, thixk against the mountain
- playa lakes oftentimes get destroyed and are not preserved b/c they are near tectonic environments |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Cross-beds; sand-sized grains; generally no fossils; commonly dunes
- wind dominated environments
- angle of repose in dune environments up to 45 degrees
- angle in aqueous environments up to 20 |
|
|
Term
| Glacial Landscapes Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Till; cross-beds in outwash plains; glaicial grooves |
|
|
Term
| Transitional Marine - Non-Marine Environments Characteristics |
|
Definition
| Usually marine or brackish water fossils; sometimes reddish or greenish in color |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Sand-sized grains; crossbeds; shells |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Horizontal beds; crossbeds; oysters |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Are between high/low tide; symetrical ripple marks; mudcracks; rain impressions; few trace fossils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Symetrical ripple marks; horizontal bedding; occasional shelly beds; few body and trace fossils |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Cross-bedding; graded beds; fine to coarse grains |
|
|
Term
| Marine Environments Characteristics |
|
Definition
Slope
Rise
Deep Ocean
Carbonate Platforms
Turbidite Currents
Marine fossils |
|
|
Term
| Theory of plate tectonics |
|
Definition
| Continents move over the Earth's surface becaue they form parts of moving plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Concept that landmasses were united in a supercontinent; Pangea in the late Paleozoic |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
1. Jigsaw puzzle fit of continents
2. Glaciation in S. Hem
3. Similarities in S. Hem biotas
4. Similarities in positions of stratigraphic successions, Moutnain belts, etc. |
|
|
Term
| Glaciation in S. Hem as evidence for Pangea: |
|
Definition
- large boulders (drift)
- till
- glacial grooves (most important b/c they show the direction of glcial flow)
- lake beds with dropstones |
|
|
Term
| Similarities in S. Hem as evidence for Pangea: |
|
Definition
- Glosspoteris Flora (late Paleozoic)
- Lystrosaurus, Thrinaxodon, Gynognathus (Permian-Triassic reptiles)
- Mesosaurs (freshwater reptile, Permian)
found only in S. America and W. Africa |
|
|
Term
| How were biotic similarties in the Southern Hemisphere explained before continental drift? |
|
Definition
1. Rafting
2. Land bridges
3. Island stepping-stones |
|
|
Term
| Evidence for fragmentation of Pangea (4): |
|
Definition
1. rift valleys (east africa) = newly formed or failed rifts
2. mid-atlantic ridge (undersea mountain chain) marked place of rupture of the Southern Hemisphere landmass (Gondwana)
3. Ancient failed rifts = places of modern river valleys
4. paths of apparent polar wander |
|
|
Term
| Paths of apparent polar wander: |
|
Definition
- young rocks: pole positions similar to present
- old rocks: pole positions progessively distant from present
if the north pole were stationary, continents would have wandered |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Concept that the Earth's surface is composed of a moasic of mobile plates
- mobile lithosphere (crust and upper mantle) is driven by convection in asthenosphere (plastic region of mantle where rock becomes viscous and capable of flow under high temp/pressure condtions)
- when two adjacent convetion cells are positioned under a continent magma rises and rifting occurs - a midocean ridge is formed |
|
|
Term
| What happens during seafloor spreading? |
|
Definition
-Lithosphere is subducted (destroyed) along deep-sea trenches
- Oceanic lithosphere is renewed every 300-400 m.a (usually only oceanic lithosphere is subducted b/c it is more dense so stratigraphic record comes mostly from continents) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Tectonically active zones between plates |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
When plates collide
1. Subduction zones: continental plate slamming against oceanic plate. the oceanic plate gets subducted, volcanoes occur.
2. Suture zones: two continents collide; neither is subducted but folding is caused, mt ranges. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Where plates spread apart
- rift zones, midocean ridges |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Inactive plate margins
- Don't normally get destroyed versus active margins so there's a lot of stratigraphic evidence
- where most sedimentation occurs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Strike-slip faults form as plates diverge from mid-ocean ridges
- lithosphere is neither created nor destroyed
- displacement along faults can be 10-100s of kms; accreting tectonostratigraphic terranes. |
|
|
Term
| Tectonostratigraphic Terranes |
|
Definition
| Ocean basin added to continental crust |
|
|
Term
| Longest Interval of Geologic Time |
|
Definition
-Precambrian
- Archean and proterozoic eons (begins at time of Earth's insepction ~4.5 g.a ago)
-88% of Earth's history |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Formation of Earth, including solidification of lithosphere
-Development of the cratons (cores of continents)
-Formation of ocean and atmosphere
-1st life
-1st glacial episodes arising from 2 supercontinent assemblies |
|
|
Term
| Correlation of Precambrian strata |
|
Definition
- Few fossils makes correlation difficult
- Most PC rocks metamorphic or igneous so dating is usually isotopic and there is a possibility of reset ages
- Oldest rock: ~ 4.1 G.A |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Heavy elements to center, lighter ones to lithosphere |
|
|
Term
| How did oceanic and continental lithosphere differentiate? |
|
Definition
| Fractional crystalliztion and partial melting |
|
|
Term
| Origin of Continents and Oceans |
|
Definition
-Continental Accretion
-Mobile Crust Stage
-Platform stage |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Result of collision and orogenesis (mountain building) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| (Archean) the "playdough" blobs were still warm so they could move and suture easily |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
(Proterozoic)
- Lithosphere well-differentiated
- Plate tectonic processes operating
- stable continents provided a place for weathering, erosion, and deposition
- development of a reasonable stratigraphic record |
|
|
Term
| Proterozoic Supercontinents |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Supercontinent breakup at end of proterozoic led to paleozoic continents: |
|
Definition
1. Gondwana (S. Hemp continents: Africa, S. Am, Antarctica, Indian, and Australia)
2. Laurentia (Core of N. Am, Greenland, N. Ireland, Scotland, W. Norway)
3. Baltica (Sweden, S. Norway, Finland, Denmark)
4. Siberia (Russia east of Urals) |
|
|
Term
| Early atmosphere and ocean produced by: |
|
Definition
Outgassing
- 4.5-3.0 Ga: mostly Nitrogen, with lesser amounts of water vapor, CO2, SO2, etc.
ANOXIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Alternating thin beds of ferric iron and SiO2 (chert) 3.7-1.9 Ga
ANOXIC |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
FeO in sediments [1.9 Ga - phanerozoic]
Oxic |
|
|
Term
| Origin of oxygen in atmosphere: |
|
Definition
-Mostly due to photosynthesis of cyanobacteria
- chemical dissociation of carbon dioxide (by UV radiation)
- an anoxic early atmosphere was critical to the evolution of life |
|
|
Term
| What we cant' recreate in a lab? |
|
Definition
-formation of cell wall
-reproduction
-spark of life |
|
|
Term
| Precambrian life: major steps (7) |
|
Definition
1. chemosynthesis
2. photosynthesis
3. heterotrophy
4. symbiosis & development of eukaryotic cell
5. sexual reproduction and genetic recombination
6. multicelluarl organisms and organ systems
7. resistant skeletons |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
- Archaeobacteria (3.5 Ba)
- Making their own food
- Prokaryotes capable of living under anoxic conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
-Eubacteria 3.5 Ga
-development of oxygentated atmosphere |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Symbiosis & Development of Eukaryotic Cell |
|
Definition
| As result of incomplete heterotrophy. Blob eats prokaryote. |
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Term
| Pluses of multicelluar organisms and organ systems: |
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Definition
- changes can develop faster than they could before with asexual creatures
- division of functions among organ systems leads to efficiency |
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Term
| Pluses of resistant skeletons: |
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Definition
- protect against UV rays, predations
- anchor muscle systemts |
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Term
| Phanerozoic Life: Major Steps (3): |
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Definition
1. invasion of land (ordovician 470 Ma) spores of what appears to be land-dwelling plants, arthropods first animals
2. invasion of air (devonian 360 Ma) insects primitively have wings
3. development of social structures (carboniferous 320 Ma) us, insects, dinosaurs |
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Term
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Definition
| Shelly fossils: trilobites (most common), brachiopds, archaocyathids, mollusks, hyoliths, 1st chordates |
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Term
| Early Paleozoic Marine Revolution |
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Definition
- Sweeping reorganization of marine ecosystems
- adaptive radiation of multicellular animals ("cambrian explosion")
- changes in predator-prey systems led to predation resistand skeletons
- mat-dominated communities gave way to burrowed sedimentse
-organismic control over geochemical cycles |
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Term
| Burgess Shale Type Deposits |
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Definition
Deposits of exceptionally preserved organisms
- the preservation of non-biomineralized parts |
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Term
| Factors in burgess-shale type deposits |
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Definition
- Biological innovations
- favorable depositional conditions:
* rise in sea level onto continental shelves and rapid sedimentation on shelves
* burial of organic remains in environments limiting predation (anoxic; salinity stressed envrionments) |
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Term
| Cambrian Mass Extinctions |
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Definition
Series of extinctions resulting in overturn of biota.
At a rate of every 1-2 millions years. |
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Term
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Definition
- Tremendous radiation of marine invertebrates: triolovites, bryozoane, brachiopods, corals, mollusks, echinoderms,etc.
-1st land plant spores
- mass extinction at end. why? we don't know. |
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Term
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Definition
- Mid-paleozoic marine revolution
- diversification of land plants (Silurian-Devonian)
- 1st land animals(Silurian arthropods)
- 1st insects(devonian, scales on backs modified to wings)
- 1st gymnosperms and forests (devonian)
- 1st land vertebrates (devonian)
- mass extinction (devonian) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
(Devonian)
Amphibians; evolved from lobe-finned fishes - could breathe air but still spent most of time in water. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Mid-Paleozoic Marine Revolution |
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Definition
-escalation in predator-prey systems, especially fishes molluks, brachiopods, enchinoderms.
- fish with jaws imposed lots of pressure on other predators and prey |
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Term
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Definition
-Adaptive radiation of crinoids (carboniferous)
-1st reptiles (carboniferous)
-Adaptive radiation of insects, gymnosperms - extensive coal swamps
-Pangea
-Mass extinction @ end of permian
-transition to land |
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Term
| Mass extinction at end of Permian |
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Definition
- Most significant in Earth history
- more than 95% of marine invertebrates gone; brachiopods, snails, etc.
-Supercontinent assembling, squishes most of the ocean shelves where these creatures live, changes climate and ocean circulation patterns |
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Term
| Transition to land problems (5): |
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Definition
1. gas exchange
2. osmotic balance
3. support (w/o H2O buoyancy)
4. desication (and temp regulation)
5. protection of babies (developing embryos) |
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Term
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Definition
Animals: lungs, trachea
Plants: stomata |
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Term
| Osmotic Balance Solutions: |
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Definition
Animals: internal saline system (blood)
Plant: Vascular network (roots) |
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Term
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Definition
Animals: skeletal, muscular, and ligaments framework
Plants: vascular tissue (w/ water), lignin (cellulose) |
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Term
| Desication and temp regulation solutions: |
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Definition
Animals: skin, cuticle, scales, hair, feathers
Plants: waxy, epicuticle, bark |
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Term
| Protection of babies solutions: |
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Definition
Animals: amniotic egg, internal fertilization and embryonic development
Plants: seed covers, cones, seeds enclosed in ovaries |
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Term
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Definition
-Cladistics
-Core concepts: derived characters are used to reconstruct common ancestry relationships. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| shared, derived characters |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Related group showing primitive character states |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| primitive character state |
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Term
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Definition
| derived character present in only one taxon |
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Term
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Definition
Character state that arose independently in different taca (convergent character)
wings in birds and bees |
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Term
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Definition
Species: a lineage; the largest unit of taxic evolution.
Clade: (monophletic group) a group of species that includes an ancestral species and ALL OF ITS DESECENDANTS |
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Term
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Definition
1. Paraphyletic groups: one or more descendents of an ancestor are excluded from the grou (reptiles; mammals and birds are excluded)
2. Polyphletic groups: the common ancestor is placed in another taxon (sponges; derived from 2+ ancestors)
3. Grade: artificial taxon; represents a level of evolutionary organization (the flyers; everything that can fly) |
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Term
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Definition
-Cyclic sedimentary successions - basis for Walther's Law
- Often marine/non-marine cycles w/ coal beds |
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Term
| Development of Appalachian Mountains |
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Definition
- Valleys are anticlines and hills synclines
(Ordovician) Taxonic orogeny = collision of Laurentia w/ Avalonia Islands
(Devonian) Acadian orogeny = Laurentia and Baltica collide
(Pennsylvannian) Appalachian orogeny = Laurentia and Gondwana collide - creation of Pangea |
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Term
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Definition
| Pieces of exotic lithosphere sutured to another continent |
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Term
| Early-Mid Mesozoic Paleogeography and Sealevel |
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Definition
-Beginning of Triassic: Pangea was assembled. Sea level relatively low.
-Initial breakup of Pangea (Triassic-Jurassic) resulted in rising sea level. |
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Term
| Late Mesozoic Paleogeography and Sea Level |
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Definition
- Cretaceous: high spreading rates at mid-ocean ridges.
- sea level rose dramatically (almost highest level in history) creating vast eperic seas led to creation of western coal deposits (Carboniferous, ordovician, cambrian). |
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Term
| Mesozoic Terrestrial Life |
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Definition
- Gymnosperms predominate (Triassic-Jurassic);
- Angiosperms evolve (Jurassic-Cretaceous);
- Insects radiate (help pollenate angiosperms);
- 1st mammals (Triassic);
- Age of "reptiles" - diversify and dominate land and sea. |
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Term
| Mesozoic Marine Revolution |
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Definition
- escalation in predator-prey systems, especially in fishes, mollusks, vagile echinoderms (hardened shells, spines, poisons.)
- scleractinian corals evolve (reefs);
- rudist clams (reef builders);
- crustaceans and enchinoderms (more spiny, thicker skeletons;
- 1st bony fishes (Teleosts, Triassic). |
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Term
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Definition
| Dinosaurs, crocodiles, pterosaurs, turtles, lizards, shankes, icthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, mosasaurs, etc. |
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Term
| How are the major groups of dinosaurs identified?` |
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Definition
- Pelvic morphology:
- Ornithischia: bird hipped, bones facing backwards;
- Saurischia: lizard hipped, bones facing in opposite directions. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Giant turtle looking, armored, clubs on end of tails |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Birds are dinosaurs because... |
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Definition
They are feathered saurischian theropods.
- bird style hips arose twice - homoplasy. |
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Term
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Definition
Mass extinction at end of cretaceous:
-dinos, pterosaurs, icthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, ammonites, rudist clams, many marine planktonic algae, etc. went extinct.
- Cause: ? Time of rapid rifting, sea level rise, volcanic activity, rapid climate change, meteorite or asteroid impact. |
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Term
| Cenozoic Paleogeography and Sea Level |
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Definition
- Continents drfit toward current positions;
- Sea level highly variable, related in part to glacial - interglacial episodes. |
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Term
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Definition
- Basin and Range formed (Oligocene);
- Columbia and Snake River plateau formed (Miocene);
- uplift of Colorado Plateau (Pliocene). |
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Term
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Definition
- Mammals diversify (Age of Mammals);
- Adaptive radiation of angiosperms - appear in Jurassic, dominant in Cretaceous, evolved by leaps and bounds thru Cenozoic.
- grasses radiate (Miocene)
- Insects radiate (coeveloution with angiosperms and mammals) |
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Term
| End - Pleistocene Extinction |
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Definition
- Pleistocene glacial episodes: much of Northern Hemisphere covered by continental glaciers;
- Mass extinction wiped out (affecting mostly terrestrial mammals) giant sloths, mammonths, mastadons, cave bears. |
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