Term
| How does physical location of cells in an embryo influence cell determination and differentiation? |
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Definition
Whether or not there's pressure coming from all sides or not (if it's on the edge or not)
If a cell has pressure coming from all sides, it most likely not undergo cell division. Because if it were to divide, there'd be no room to grow out. |
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Term
| What is one way cancer allows tumors to grow? |
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Definition
| It inhibits the INHIBITION of cells dividing from the inside of a tissue. Thus resulting in tumors inside of a tissue. |
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Term
| How does the neighboring cell's plasmalemma chemical characteristics affect cell differentiation and determination? |
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Definition
| Fats and protein content differs in each cell's plasmalemma, but all the plasmalemma is in contact, so the combinations of these chemicals could make a new type of cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| chemical released into surroundings, like a hormone |
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Term
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Definition
| Constant rate of growing. Young organism looks like small adult, has internal bones usually |
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Term
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Definition
| Dramatic rate of growing. Young look dramatically different than adult. |
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Term
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Definition
| Each stage after a period of growth |
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Term
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Definition
| Last instar before adulthood |
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Term
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Definition
1. Incomplete metamorphosis: instar is called a nymph (looks like tiny adult) [ex grasshoppers, roaches, spiders]
2. instar is called a larvae (look like totally different creatures) [ex butterflies, frogs] *Last larval stage is pupa |
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Term
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Definition
| Last larval stage (in complete metamorphosis.) Contains chunks of adult tissue |
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Term
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Definition
| Chunks of adult tissue contained in the pupa |
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Term
| 6 causes of development (formation of tissues and organs) *Begins in last half of gastrula stage* |
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Definition
| 1. cell differentiation 2. amount of cell division 3. shape of cell division (shape of organ etc.) 4. cell migration 5. osmosis 6. apoptosis (programmed cell suicide) *ex. webbing between fingers and toes leaves |
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Term
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Definition
chemical that makes shell (exoskeleton) harden
*Included in many insectisides, so bugs are crushed against their own shell |
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Term
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Definition
| process of breaking out of shell |
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Term
| 4 Benefits of Complete Metamorphosis |
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Definition
1. Allows growth with exoskeleton
2. In most cases, the larva eat completely different food, so no competition for food between parent and young
3. Reduced competition for space (parent and young usually occupy different areas)
4. One of the stages is more mobile |
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Term
| 9 Hypothesis for why we age and die |
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Definition
1. Accumulated damage
2. Excessive caloric consumption
3. Decrease in immune system
4. Change in hormonal levels
5. Accumulation of Toxins
6. Accumulation of senescent cells
7. Loss of genes by genetic mutation
8. Loss of genes due to depletion of telomeres
9. Decrease in activity of longevity genes |
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Term
| Accumulated damage hypothesis |
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Definition
| Simplest explanation, includes injuries, viruses, bacteria, alcohol/drugs, over-eating |
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Term
| Excessive caloric consumption |
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Definition
| Studies have shown that starvation actually prolongs life in organisms. (Studies with c. elegans [nematodes]) |
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Term
| Decrease in immune system |
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Definition
| Become more susceptible to pathogenic organisms |
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Term
| Change in hormonal levels |
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Definition
| Human growth hormone injections into humans have appeared to reduce effects of aging. This is illegal in US, and most physicians and scientists agree that it's unethical |
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Term
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Definition
| Each cell constantly makes toxins due to electrons out of ETS joining with o2 in an uncontrolled reaction making a highly reactive oxygen radical that can kill cells. So, humans evolved an enzyme to detoxify it called superoxide dismutase. Changes the oxygen radical to water or oxygen. As you age, you continue to make toxins but less SOD. |
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Term
| Accumulation of senescent cells |
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Definition
| As cells die, they release chemicals that can cause inflammation in the arteries and other cardiac problems |
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Term
| Loss of genes by genetic mutation |
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Definition
| UV light, background radioactivity, exposure to environmental chemicals that cause DNA damage (mutigens) cause mistakes copying during cell division |
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Term
| Loss of genes due to depletion of telomeres |
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Definition
| Every time a cell divides, a bit of the tip of the chromosome gets eaten away, so we created telomeres like caps for the ends that don't contain genes. As you age, these get smaller. Telomerase rebuilds telomeres, but this enzyme shuts down after differentiation. |
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Term
| How many times can a cell divide? |
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Definition
| About 50. Except pluripotent stem cells seem to divide more. *Cancer reactivates its telomerase gene so it can continuously reproduce |
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Term
| Decrease in activity of longevity genes |
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Definition
| studies with nematodes found that these genes become inactive as we age |
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Term
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Definition
Rebuilds telomeres.
Shuts down after cell differentiation.
Plants have active telomerase even after determination. |
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Term
| 4 benefits of being a plant? |
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Definition
1. Have a much greater proportion of undifferentiated cells than animals
2. cell migration is impossible/unnecessary in plants because of cell walls
3. growth of buds in spring produce phloem cells, etc. so it's embryonic growth
4. plants don't seem to die from age |
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Term
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Definition
| transmission of info about different traits of an organism from one generation to the next |
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Term
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Definition
| Austrian, worked with 28,000 pea plants and crossing them. |
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Term
| Theories of Inheritance (original theories) |
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Definition
| Pangenesis Hypothesis (pieces from each of mom and dad, Homunculus Hypothesis (whole child is in sperm, + egg version as well), Blending Theory |
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Term
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Definition
1. Principle of Segregation
2. Principle of Dominance
3. Principle of Independent Assortment |
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Term
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Definition
| For each trait, an individual has 2 "hereditary factors" (Rr, etc) 1 from each parent. These 2 factors are kept segregated during the entire life of the organism, and keep the genes more or less the same (you actually pass your father and mother's genes on) |
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Term
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Definition
| For each trait, there are two forms of the hereditary factors: a dominant form, and a recessive form. *Most diseases are recessive |
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Term
| Princple of Independent Assortment |
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Definition
| The way hereditary factors for one trait are inherited (R from the father, r from mother, etc.) has no effect on the way other traits are inherited. |
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Term
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Definition
| information that determines the nature of a particular trait. (eye color, disease, proteins etc.) A stretch of DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| specific information of the gene. Most genes have 2 (R or r) |
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Term
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Definition
| location of a gene on a chromosome |
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Term
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Definition
| allelic composition of an organism. 1 or more genes ex. Rr or RR or rr |
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Term
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Definition
| what trait is shown (ex. Rr genotype makes round phenotype) |
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Term
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Definition
| having different alleles. (ex. Rr) |
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Term
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Definition
| occurs in many chromosome pairs but not all. When chunks of each chromosome at same loci get swapped. Not actually a modification of Princ. 1 because one is still coming from each parent |
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Term
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Definition
| Sort of blending of the alleles. ex snapdragons R=Red r=white RR=dark red, Rr=pink, rr=white. |
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Term
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Definition
| Multiple (?) dominance. There are 4 phenotypes for blood, and 3 alleles. IA IA= Type A. IA+i=Type A. IB+IB=Type B IB+i=Type B IA+IB=Type AB i+i=Type O |
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Term
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Definition
| Large molecule stuck to protein is a chromosome, DNA is in chromosome. The "rails of ladder" are sugar phosphate. The "rungs" are Nitrogen based nucleotides A, T, C, G. |
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